OCCUPATIONAL RISK

IN HEALTHCARE
Prof. Dr. Rusli Bin Nordin
MBBS; MPH; PhD; FFOMI; FAOEMM; AM
Professor of Public Health & Head
Clinical School Johor Bahru
Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Monash University Sunway Campus
E-mail: rusli.nordin@med.monash.edu.my
Tel: 012-7211994 (Mobile) /07-2264868 (Office) /07-2211628 (Direct)
Fax: 07-2262413
Joint ICOH / ISSA Recommendations for protecting Health Care
Workers’ Health (Kitakyushu, 2004)

• Occupational risk prevention for health care

workers varies from country to country. In some
countries, preventive measures are fairly well
developed, in others they are practically non-
existent.
• Regarding infectious risks, prevention is mostly
insufficient in countries where these diseases are
highly prevalent.
• Health care workers often have little knowledge of
their occupational risks as well as preventive
means.
Hazards in healthcare
• Physical
Noise, Heat, Vibration, Lighting
• Biological
HIV, HBV, H1N1, DF/DHF, TB, Leptospirosis
• Chemical
Chemical disinfectants (e.g. EO, Glutaraldehyde)
• Ergonomics
Prolonged standing, awkward postures, repetitive work
• Psychosocial
Shift work, stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, work
disengagement, work-related quality of life, harassment, violence
Special issue: reproductive health (men and women)
 Content
1. Occupational Risk in Healthcare: Introduction
• OSHA 1994 & Regulations/ Guidelines / Codes of Practices
2. Occupational Risk in Health Care: Health Care Workers (HCW)
3. Occupational Risk in Healthcare: Patients
4. Occupational Risk in Healthcare: Employers
5. Health Risk Management
• OSH-MS
• Safety & Health Committee
• Safety Officer
• HIRARC Guidelines
• Medical Surveillance
• Ergonomic Redesign of Workplaces
• Universal Precautions
• Healthy Hospital Register
• Health Promotion Activities & CME
• Employee Assistance Program
• Workplace counseling
• Workplace compensation
6. Conclusion
OCCUPATIONAL RISK
IN HEALTHCARE
Introduction
Occupational Risk in Healthcare: Introduction
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA 1994) (Act 514)

Part IV GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS AND SELF-

EMPLOYED PERSONS
15. General duties of employers and self-employed persons
to their employees 18
16. Duty to formulate safety and health policy 22
17. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to
persons other than their employees 23
18. Duties of an occupier of a place of work to persons other
than his employees 25
19. Penalty for an offence under section 15, 16, 17 or 18 26
Section 15 is one of the most important sections in the
Act.

It states the general duties of employers and self-

employed persons to their employees.

(1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-

employed person to ensure, so far as is practicable, the
safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees.

(OSHA, 1994)
17. General duties of employers and self-employed
persons to persons other than their employees

(1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every

self-employed person to conduct his undertaking in
such a manner as to ensure, so far as is practicable,
that he and other persons, not being his employees,
who may be affected thereby are not thereby exposed
to risks to their safety or health.
(OSHA, 1994)
19. Penalty for an offence under section 15,
16, 17 or 18

A person who contravenes the provisions of

section 15, 16, 17 or 18 shall be guilty of an
offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a
fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding two
years or to both.
(OSHA,1994)
 Occupational Risk in Healthcare: Introduction
OSHA 1994 & Regulations/ Guidelines / Codes of Practices

Part VI GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

24. General duties of employees at work 33

25. Duty not to interfere with or misuse things 34
provided pursuant to certain provisions
26. Duty not to charge employees for things done 35
or provided
27. Discrimination against employee, etc 35
24. General duties of employees at work
(1) It shall be the duty of every employee while at work:

(a) to take reasonable care for the safety and health

of himself and of other persons who may be
affected by his acts or omissions at work;
(b) to co-operate with his employer or any other
person in the discharge of any duty or
requirement imposed on the employer or that
other person by this Act or any regulation made
thereunder;
(OSHA 1994)
24. General duties of employees at work…
(1) It shall be the duty of every employee while at work:..

(c) to wear or use at all times any protective

equipment or clothing provided by the employer for
the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health;
and
(d) to comply with any instruction or measure on
occupational safety and health instituted by his
employer or any other person by or under this Act or any
regulation made thereunder.
(OSHA 1994)
 24. General duties of employees at work…

(2) A person who contravenes the provisions of

this section shall be guilty of an offence and
shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not
exceeding one thousand ringgit or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
months or to both.
25. Duty not to interfere with or misuse things
provided pursuant to certain
provisions

A person who intentionally, recklessly or negligently

interferes with or misuses anything provided or done in
the interests of safety, health and welfare in pursuance
of this Act shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on
conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding twenty
thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding two years or to both.
(OSHA 1994)
26. Duty not to charge employees for things done
or provided

No employer shall levy or permit to be levied on any

employee of his any charge in respect of anything done
or provided in pursuance of this Act or any regulation
made thereunder.
(OSHA 1994)
27. Discrimination against employee, etc.
(1) No employer shall dismiss an employee, injure him
in his employment, or alter his position to his detriment
by reason only that the employee:

(a) makes a complaint about a matter which he

considers is not safe or is a risk to health;
(b) is a member of a safety and health committee
established pursuant to this Act; or
(c) exercises any of his functions as a member of the
safety and health committee.
(OSHA 1994)
(2) No trade union shall take any action on any of its
members who, being an employee at a place of work:

(a) makes a complaint about a matter which he

considers is not safe or is a risk to health;
(b) is a member of a safety and health committee
established pursuant to this Act; or
(c) exercises any of his functions as a member of a
safety and health committee.
(OSHA 1994)
(3) An employer who, or a trade union which,
contravenes the provisions of this section shall be
guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to
a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or to a term of
imprisonment not exceeding one year or to both.
(OSHA 1994)
(4) Notwithstanding any written law to the contrary,
where a person is convicted of an offence under this
section the Court may, in addition to imposing a penalty
on the offender, make one or both of the following
orders:

(a) an order that the offender pays within a specific

period to the person against whom the offender has
discriminated such damages as it thinks fit to
compensate that person;
(b) an order that the employee be reinstated or re-
employed in his former position or, where that position
is not available, in a similar position.
(OSHA 1994)
29. Safety and health officer
Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health
Officer) Regulations 1997 have been made
and provide details of registration of SHO, notification
of SHO, duties of SHO and employer.

(3) The safety and health officer shall be employed

exclusively for the purpose of ensuring the due
observance at the place of work of the provisions of
this Act and any regulation made thereunder and the
promotion of a safe conduct of work at the place of
work.
(OSHA 1994)
30. Establishment of safety and health committee
at place of work

(1) Every employer shall establish a safety and health

committee at the place of work in accordance with this
section if:

(a) there are forty or more persons employed at the

place of work; or
(b) the Director General directs the establishment of
such a committee at the place of work.
(OSHA 1994)
 Occupational Risk in Healthcare: Introduction

OSH Act (1994) & Regulations

• Use and Standard of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to
Health (USECHH) Regulations 2000
• Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Hazardous
Chemicals (CPL) Regulations 1997
• Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational
Poisoning, and Occupational Disease (NADOPOD)
Regulations 2004
 P.U.(A) 128/2004 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NOTIFICATION OF
ACCIDENT, DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE, OCCUPATIONAL POISONING AND
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE) REGULATIONS 2004

FIRST SCHEDULE

[sub-regulation 5(1)]
SERIOUS BODILY INJURY

1. Emasculation
2. Permanent privation of the sight of either eye
3. Permanent privation of the hearing of either ear
4. Privation of any member or joint
5. Destruction or permanent impairing of the powers of any member or joint
6. Permanent disfiguration of the head or face
7. Fracture or dislocation of the bone
8. Loss of consciousness from lack of oxygen
9. Loss of consciousness or acute illness from absorption, inhalation or ingestion of any
substance, which requires treatment by a registered medical practitioner
10. Any case of acute ill health where there is a reason to believe that this resulted from
occupational exposure to isolated pathogen or infected material
11. Any other work related injury or burns which results in the person injured being
admitted immediately into hospital for more than 24 hours
P.U.(A) 128/2004 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NOTIFICATION
OF ACCIDENT, DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE, OCCUPATIONAL
POISONING AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE) REGULATIONS 2004

SECOND SCHEDULE

[sub-regulation 5(1)]

DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE
PART I
DANGEROUS OCCURRENCES WHICH ARE NOTIFIABLE WHEREVER
THEY OCCUR

• COLLAPSE OF SCAFFOLDING
• COLLAPSE OF A BUILDING OR STRUCTURE
• ELECTRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT
• ESCAPE OF A SUBSTANCE
• EXPLOSION, FIRE OR FAILURE OF STRUCTURE
• LIFTING MACHINERY, ETC.
5. Tuberculosis or leprosy
Any occupation involving close or frequent contact with a source or sources of
tuberculosis or leprosy infection by reason of employment:
(a) in the medical treatment or nursing of a person or persons suffering from
tuberculosis or leprosy or in a service ancillary to such treatment or nursing;
(b) in attendance upon a person or persons suffering from tuberculosis or
leprosy where the need for such attendance arises by reason of physical or
mental infirmity;
(c) as a research worker engaged in research in connection with tuberculosis or
leprosy; or
(d) as a laboratory worker, pathologist or post-mortem worker, where the
occupation involves working with material which is a source of tuberculosis or
leprosy infection or in any occupation ancillary to such employment.

6. Viral hepatitis
Any occupation involving:
(a) close and frequent contact with human blood or human blood products; or
(b) close and frequent contact with a source of viral hepatitis infection by reason
of employment in the medical treatment or nursing of a person or persons
suffering from viral hepatitis, or in a service ancillary to such treatment or
nursing.
7. Any illness caused by a pathogen
Work involving a pathogen which presents a hazard to
human health.

8. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Any occupation involving:
(a)close and frequent contact with human blood or
human blood products; or
(b) close and frequent contact with a source of AIDS
infection by reason of employment in the medical
treatment or nursing of a person suffering from AIDS, or
persons infected with a Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV), or in a service ancilliary to such treatment or
nursing.
Occupational Risk in Healthcare: Introduction
OSHA 1994 & Regulations/ Guidelines / Codes of Practices
OCCUPATIONAL RISK
IN HEALTHCARE
HCW
HCW at risk
• Underlying medical conditions
• Hypertension, IHD, DM
• Allergy, Asthma, Eczema, Rhinitis
• Obesity
• Musculoskeletal disorders
• Neurobehavioral disorders
• Mental disorders
• Sensory impairment
• Young, healthy, less experience
• Older, not so healthy, more experience
• Pregnant women
• Breast feeding
Hazards
Health
• Biological
• Virus: HIV, HBV, HCV, Nipah V, H5N1 V, SARS Corona V
• Bacteria: Mycobacterium TB, Lepto Icterohemorrhagica
• Chemical
• Glutaraldehyde, halothane, nitrous oxide, formaldehyde
• Cytotoxics, pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, cleansing agents
• Pyrethrins, pyrethroids, organophosphates
• Physical
• Electric current, heat, light, laser, microwave, radiation, vibration, noise
• Ergonomic
• Work design, posture, repetitive strain injury
• Psychosocial
• Work stress, burnout, anxiety, depression, job dissatisfaction, shift work, night work, violence, harassment,
quality of working life
Safety
• Needle stick injury
• Slipping/tripping
• Fire
• Moving parts of machinery
• Working at height
• Prolonged standing
• Lifting / manual handling
Environmental
• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), air pollution
• Water pollution
(Guidelines for HIRARC, 2008)
Occupational Risk in Health Care:
Health Care Workers (HCW)
Occupational deaths among healthcare workers.
Kent A. Sepkowitz* and Leon Eisenberg†
Emerging Infectious Diseases • Vol. 11, No. 7, July 2005•
Accessed on 23.03.2011: www.cdc.gov/eid

• *Memorial-Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York,

New York,USA; and †Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
Occupational Risk in Health Care:
Health Care Workers (HCW)
• Med J Malaysia. 2008 Aug;63(3):222-3.
• Risk of blood-borne infection among health care workers in two Kuala Lumpur
hospitals.
• Hesham R, Tajunisah ME, Ilina I.
• Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. heshrash@hotmail.com

• Health care workers (HCW) are at high risk of acquiring blood-borne diseases.
• This study compared the risk of infection among HCW in different hospital units and also
between HCW and students in medical fields.
• This cross-sectional study involved pre-tested questionnaires that were completed by 625
HCW and undergraduate students undergoing clinical attachments from February to August
2001.
• The respondents were separated into two groups: i) HCW from Hospital Kuala Lumpur, HKL
(n=241) and Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, HUKM (n=153) ii) Medical students
from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM (n=171) and HUKM student nurses (n=60).
• The results obtained showed that the risk of transmission of blood-borne infections varied
significantly according to professional ranks (p<0.05) and to hospital units (p<0.05).
• The medical intensive care (ICU), haemodialysis, and nephrology and urology units
had the highest scores for the risk of infection while the diagnostic laboratory had the
lowest risk of infection (p<0.05).
• Preventive measures taken by the subjects in this study were not satisfactory
especially with reference to the use of personal protective equipment and the practice
of universal precautions.
Occupational Risk in Health Care:
Health Care Workers (HCW)
• Med J Malaysia. 2005 Oct;60(4):407-10.
• Hepatitis B immunisation status among health care workers in two Kuala Lumpur
hospitals.
• Hesham R, Zamberi S, Tajunisah ME, Ariza A, Ilina I.
• Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur.

• Health care workers (HCW) are at higher risk of acquiring blood borne infections such
as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus from
patients.
• To minimise exposure, Universal Precautions Policy guidelines were introduced.
• This study looked into one of the aspects of hepatitis B prevention among HCW in the
Malaysian context.
• The objective of this study was to assess hepatitis B vaccine coverage among HCW. A cross
sectional study involving pre-tested questionnaires was undertaken from February 2001 to
August 2001. Hospital staff in Hospital Kuala Lumpur and Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia as well as undergraduate students undergoing clinical attachments were randomly
chosen. A total of 625 subjects were enrolled. Only 58.4% had taken a complete hepatitis
B vaccination. However, 82.2% have taken at least one dose of the hepatitis B vaccine and
were supposed to complete the schedule in due course. Not all HCW were protected against
hepatitis B.
• Preventing hepatitis B in HCW should be one of the priorities of the hospital
management as it is definitely cheaper than managing chronic hepatitis B cases.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010 Sep;41(5):1192-9.
Knowledge of blood-borne infectious diseases and the practice of universal
precautions amongst health-care workers in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.
Hamid MZ, Aziz NA, Anita AR, Norlijah O.
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University
Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. zaini@medic.upm.edu.my
Objective
• To assess the knowledge of blood-borne diseases transmitted through
needle stick injuries and practices of universal precautions amongst health-
care workers in a tertiary teaching hospital.
Materials & Method
• Cross-sectional study of 215 HCW (63.3% staff nurses) in Serdang Hospital
(January to July 2008).
• Self-administered questionnaire assessing knowledge of blood-borne
diseases and universal precautions and actual practice of universal precautions.
Results
• The mean knowledge score was 31.84 (SD 4.30) and the mean universal
practice score was 9.0 (SD 2.1).
• There was a small, positive correlation between knowledge and actual
practice of universal precautions (r = 0.300, n = 206, p < 0.001) amongst
the cohort studied.
• Age and years of experience did not contribute towards acquisition of
knowledge about blood-borne illnesses or the practice of universal precautions.
European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) 354
Needle Stick and Sharps Injuries and Factors Associated Among Health Care Workers in a Malaysian Hospital
Lekhraj Rampal, Rosidah Zakaria, Leong Whye Sook, Azhar Md Zain
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with needle stick and sharps injuries.
Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Serdang Hospital Malaysia using a
self-administered validated questionnaire. The respondents consisted of 345 HCWs namely
medical assistant officer, staff nurses, medical laboratory technician and community nurse.
Results:
• The overall prevalence of needle stick or sharps injuries was 23.5%.
• Staff nurses had the highest prevalence (27.9%).
• The causes of NSSI in 58% of cases were hypodermic needle and 27.2% cases were recapping.
• Medical ward reported the highest NSSIs (51.9%).
• Knowledge on body fluid transmitted by HIV/AIDS and blood products was high (99.1%).
• Majority stated that they throw needles or sharps immediately after use in sharp bins
• (92.7%), do not separate needles from syringes prior to disposal (98.0%) and do not
• dissemble needles or sharps with hand (98.5%) and do not recap needles after use (94.3%).
• Majority also stated that they were aware about universal precaution guidelines (96.5%) and needle stick and sharps
injury needs to be reported (99.1%). However, out of those health
• care workers (23.5%) who had NSSI, only 30.9% had reported the incident of needle stick and sharps injuries indicating
that there were gaps between knowledge and practice among the HCWs.
• There was a statistically significant association between NSSIs and age (p=0.01) of respondent, working experience
(p=0.001) and job categories (p=0.03).
Conclusions: The prevalence of NSSI was 23.5%. Although the knowledge on Universal
Precautions is good, the prevalence of NSSIs is still high and there are gaps between
knowledge and practice related to HIV prevention. NSSIs continue to pose a serious
occupational problem.
Heart Lung. 1994 Jul-Aug;23(4):352-8.
Universal precautions: an update.
Gershon RR, Karkashian C, Felknor S.
School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
21205.

• Universal precautions, the set of work practice recommendations designed

to help minimize occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens, have
been shown to be effective.
• However, lack of compliance with these recommendations has been well
documented, both before and after the enactment of the OSHA Blood-borne
Pathogens Standard.
Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2004;84(1-2):19-23.
Risk factors of tuberculosis among health care workers in Sabah,
Malaysia.
Jelip J, Mathew GG, Yusin T, Dony JF, Singh N, Ashaari M, Lajanin N,
Shanmuga Ratnam C, Yusof Ibrahim M, Gopinath D.
Sabah Health Office, Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia. jenjen64@tm.net.my

• Age, gender, history of TB contact outside the workplace (other than

family contact), duration of service and failure to use respiratory
protection when performing high-risk procedures, were the main risk
factors of TB among health care workers.
• Based on the study findings, we recommend that health care workers in the
first 10 years of service should take extra precautions, such as using
respiratory protection when performing procedures that are considered to be
of high risk with respect to TB infection.
• They should also undergo TB screening at least once every 2 years and, if
symptomatic, offered prophylactic treatment.
• The Respiratory Protection Program should be fully implemented to help
reduce the risk of TB among health care workers in Sabah.
Risk of TB is elevated in following occupational groups:
1. Hospital employees in wards with tuberculosis patients
2. Nurses in hospitals
3. Nurses of HIV-positive or drug-addicted patients
4. Pathology and laboratory workers
5. Respiratory therapists and physiotherapists
6. Physicians in internal medicine, anaesthesia, surgery and psychiatry
7. Non-medical hospital personnel in house keeping and transport work
8. Funeral home employees and prison employees
Respiration 2005;72:431-446
Occupational Risk in Health Care:
Health Care Workers (HCW)
• Prevalence and risk factors of latent tuberculosis infection
among health care workers in Malaysia
• Shaharudin Rafiza1 , Krishna Gopal Rampal2 and Aris
Tahir3
• 1 Institute for Medical Research, Environmental Health
Research Centre, Occupational Health Unit, Jalan Pahang,
50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• 2 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Department
of Community Health, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
• 3 Institute for Public Health, Jalan Bangsar, 50590 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia

• BMC Infectious Diseases 2011, 11:19 doi:10.1186/1471-

2334-11-19
OCCUPATIONAL RISK
IN HEALTHCARE
Patients
Occupational Risk in Health Care:
Patients
 Classification of impact

Chang A et al. Int J Qual Health Care 2005;17:95-105

International Journal for Quality in Health Care vol. 17 no. 2 © The Author 2005. Published by
Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care; all rights
reserved
 Classification of type

Chang A et al. Int J Qual Health Care 2005;17:95-105

International Journal for Quality in Health Care vol. 17 no. 2 © The Author 2005. Published by
Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care; all rights
reserved
 Classification of domain

Chang A et al. Int J Qual Health Care 2005;17:95-105

International Journal for Quality in Health Care vol. 17 no. 2 © The Author 2005. Published by
Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care; all rights
reserved
 Classification of cause

Chang A et al. Int J Qual Health Care 2005;17:95-105

International Journal for Quality in Health Care vol. 17 no. 2 © The Author 2005. Published by
Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care; all rights
reserved
 Classification of prevention and mitigation

Chang A et al. Int J Qual Health Care 2005;17:95-105

International Journal for Quality in Health Care vol. 17 no. 2 © The Author 2005. Published by
Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care; all rights
reserved
 Analytical framework of the JCAHO patient safety event taxonomy

Chang A et al. Int J Qual Health Care 2005;17:95-105

International Journal for Quality in Health Care vol. 17 no. 2 © The Author 2005. Published by
Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care; all rights
reserved
A taxonomy comprising 22 patient complaint codes and five provider codes was developed. Inter-rater agreement
for complaint codes was good (median Kappa statistic 0.66, interquartile range 0.55–0.80).
Four codes were each used in more than 10% of the patient complaints filed:
• unprofessional conduct (19%)
• poor provider–patient communication (17%)
• treatment and care of patient (16%)
• having to wait for care (11%)

Unprofessional conduct:
• 47% complaints were about staff in general
• 22% identified a physician or dentist
• 12% nursing staff
• 11% administrative or support staff
• 8% allied clinical health professionals

Ref:
THERESA MONTINI, ALICE A. NOBLE AND HENRY THOMAS STELFOX
Content analysis of patient complaints. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2008;
Volume 20, Number 6: pp. 412–420
OCCUPATIONAL RISK
IN HEALTHCARE
Employers
Health Risk Management
• OSH-MS
• Safety & Health Committee
• Safety Officer
• HIRARC Guidelines
• Medical Surveillance
• Ergonomic Redesign of Workplaces
• Universal Precautions
• Healthy Hospital Register
• Health Promotion Activities & CME
• Employee Assistance Program
• Workplace counseling
• Workplace compensation
OCCUPATIONAL RISK
IN HEALTHCARE
Conclusion
Conclusion
• Managing occupational risk in healthcare depends on the
collective responsibility of management (employer) and
healthcare workers (employees).
• Safety and Health Committee has the responsibility to ensure
that OSH activities are diligently observed and in compliance
with the prevailing OSH laws, regulations, guidelines and
approved codes of practices.
• Health risk assessment activities must be carried out when
there are changes to the work processes or when new
technologies and procedures are adopted.
• Health risk management is aimed at ensuring that the
workplace is safe and that each worker is fit for work.
• Employee assistance program is an important component of
the OSH program.
THANK YOU