Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seta

Original article

Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to

improve pump efficiency
Tajul A. Norizan, Eslam Reda, Zambri Harun ⇑
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The effort to reduce swirls and vortices in pump intake which originated from high vorticity regions in
Received 27 October 2016 the pumped fluid has been a major task in pump station design because it affects the pump performance
Revised 5 June 2017 and ultimately the energy consumption. In this paper, a numerical study on the influence of cross sec-
Accepted 5 June 2017
tional shape of floor splitter on the effectiveness of vorticity reduction in pump intake was carried out
Available online xxxx
with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. A simulation model setup consisting of a
rectangular channel and a column pipe positioned at the downstream of the channel was developed with
Keywords:
the incorporation of Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) k

turbulence model. The model was
Anti-vortex device
Vortex reduction
tested with the installation of floor splitter at the bottom of the channel directly beneath the column pipe.
Pump sump Four floor splitters with different cross sectional shapes were examined in the simulation. The results
showed that the use of floor splitter is effective in reducing flow vorticity. Two of the floor splitter types,
which have square and trapezoidal cross sections, produced results similar to the findings in the exper-
iment by Kang et al. (2014) and thus gives some certainties to simulation. Triangular cross section, which
was derived from the trapezoidal cross section, exhibited the best overall performance in vortex reduc-
tion. On the other hand, another shape derived from the trapezoid, which was a trapezoidal cross section
with rounded edges, displayed superior vortex suppression than triangular cross section near pipe
entrance but limited to areas without interference from counter flows such as the flow near the back wall.
Triangular cross section displayed better performance in the region with counter flows thanks to its sharp
apex. These results are helpful to determine our ongoing experimental study as well as actual site
installation.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction and output in the orange production in Mazandaran province, Iran

The world’s energy utilization must be driven on a sustainable
pathway in which the global annual energy intensity is set to pro-
gress a declination by 2.6 percent per year between 2016 and 2030
to achieve our climate change objectives [2]. Therefore, increasing
number of studies on optimization of energy usage can be
observed especially in the publications of journals related to sus-
tainable energy and green technology. For example, the initiative
to reduce energy wastage through utilization of electric motors
and other electrical appliances was taken by several food and bev-
erage factories in Nigeria [3]. Warm House program conducted by
the city of Changchun in northeast China could be considered as a
unique approach in improving energy efficiency where nearly half
a million houses underwent retrofitting of thermal insulation in
the building [4]. A study on the balance between energy input
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: zambri@ukm.edu.my (Z. Harun).
could as well be a marked effort in addressing energy efficiency
issue in related industries [5].
Pumping system is one of the machine types which consumes a
significant amount of electrical energy especially large capacity
pumps. Based on a report by European Commission, nearly 22 per-
cent of energy supplied by electric motors in the world is utilized
to power up pumping systems [6]. One of the main causes of
reduction in pump efficiency is swirling flow problem at the intake.
This is because swirls in the intake flow could cause load fluctua-
tion to the pump impeller and consequently energy consumption
will increase to cater the excessive loads while the impeller is
rotated. Reduction in effectiveness of pump intake and increase
in operating cost may occur if the swirling flow problems are not
resolved [7].
In recent years, pumping station designers and pump manufac-
turers are continuously exploring ways to increase efficiency in
pump operation, from modification of electric motor drive to sump
design optimization. Extensive studies on hydraulics of pump

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
2213-1388/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Norizan TA et al. Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to improve pump efficiency. Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
2 T.A. Norizan et al. / Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
sump have been carried out to accomplish the latter, either by
experimental or theoretical approach. For example, Rudolf and Klas
[8] performed a numerical simulation using commercial Computa-
tional Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software to identify the cause for the
problem which involves decrease in pump head and efficiency
curves of the pumps in a chemical plant. It was found that the flow
in the pump sump created vortices, identified to be the main cause
of the problem and therefore correction devices, namely floating
sieves, vertical plate and cone with baffles were proposed as reme-
dial measures. Another study which used experimental and
numerical methods was conducted by Chuang et al. [9] using pump
sump model with sluice gate aimed to investigate the effect of flow
discharge and gate submergence on the flow in pump sump. The
result indicated that the pump become less efficient with increas-
ing discharge and gate submergence. In the experiment carried out
by Dimas and Vouros [10] to study the effect of cross flow velocity
at fore bay on swirl in pump suction pipe, it was concluded that for
a sump with geometries similar to the model in their study, there
exists a critical cross flow velocity in which the swirl angle in the
suction pipe could not be further reduced and the only way to min-
imize the excessive swirl is by using appropriate flow-correction
devices.
There are standards and guidelines for pump sump design pub-
lished by standards bodies such as the American National Stan-
dards Institution (ANSI) [11], the British Standards Institution
(BSI) [12] or the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME)
[13]. According the American National Standard for Pump Intake
Design [11], one of the options to reduce flow vorticity is by instal-
ling anti-vortex device (AVD). Floor splitter is a type of AVD which
has been used widely due to its fabrication-friendly feature beside
its effectiveness in suppressing vortices. However, the guideline
does not describe detailed dimensions of the floor splitter and
therefore many floor splitters used vary greatly from one another
in terms of shape and dimension. Kang et al. [1] suggested floor
splitter with trapezoidal cross section as an effective shape of floor
splitter to reduce vorticity in pump intake based on the results of
swirl angle measurement in the suction column. Serrated profile
on floor cone type AVD is proven to be the contributor of elimina-
L
W1
D
y
x
W2
z
C
Fig. 1. Intake configuration.
Please cite this article in press as: Norizan TA et al. Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to improve pump efficiency. Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
tion of small eddies on AVD surface which helps reduce vorticity in
suction intake [14]. Kim et al. [15] concluded that the effect of vor-
tex suppression mechanism by AVD is greater with increasing flow
rate. There are various AVD designs implemented in several studies
which differs from the conceptual design proposed in ANSI HI
9.8/1998 but have successfully eliminated excessive swirls and
vortices, such as cross-shaped rectangular bar with 99 degrees
taped end [16], trident [15,17] and conical sill [18].
In this paper, a numerical simulation of flow in pump intake
with the installation of floor splitter type AVD with different cross
sectional shapes was carried out to investigate the influence of
cross sectional shape of floor splitter on the effectiveness of its vor-
tex suppression ability. Four types of cross-sections are tested
where two of them are similar to the ones employed in the exper-
iment by Kang et al. [1]. The other two variants are derived from
the trapezoidal cross section used in the study. An open source
CFD software OpenFOAM was used to perform the simulation with
the implementation of distinctive governing equations, turbulence
models and solver methods in order to produce valid numerical
results.
2. Modelling of sump
Fig. 1 shows the setup of the pump sump model used in this
study. The sump is a regular single intake sump with a suction col-
umn on the upstream side. In order to induce vortices at the intake,
the suction column is positioned asymmetrically, a method similar
to the one used in the experiment of Rajendran et al. [19]. All the
dimensions are expressed in terms of the diameter of suction pipe,
D, taken as 88 mm (outer diameter 100 mm). The water flows
along a rectangular channel and through the suction pipe which
is situated at the end of the channel and placed asymmetrically
with respect to the channel width (W1 = 2.15D and W2 = 1.35D).
The pipe submergence S was set to 4.5D to generate vortex on
the floor, from experimental observations, and the pipe was
extended for a total distance of 12D. Values for the backwall clear-
ance X and floor clearance C were nominated as 0.9D and 0.8D,
respectively. Flow rate at the suction pipe was 0.003 m3/s while
 T.A. Norizan et al. / Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 3

the Reynolds number, based on the pipe diameter and average flow 2

qu0i u0j ¼ 2lt Sij
qkdij ð3Þ
velocity in the pipe, was 45,000. With these configurations, vortex  3
formation was induced at the floor of the channel and floor splitter 1 @U i @U j 1 @U k
Sij ¼ þ
dij ð4Þ
was installed in the system to suppress the vortices. The origin is 2 @xj @xi 3 @xk
taken at the ground level below the center of the pipe inlet as
The turbulent viscosity, lt is calculated from turbulent kinetic
shown in Fig. 1 where x is the opposite of the incoming flow into
energy, k, and dissipation rate,
, as following.
the sump, y is the spanwise direction and z is the vertical direction.
Water flow was considered incompressible and isothermal with 2
k
constant density (q ¼ 1000 kg=m3 ) and viscosity ðl ¼ 1 CPÞ. lt ¼ qC l ð5Þ

  
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) k

turbulence model @ @ @ lt @k
was implemented to close the turbulent flow problem. The govern- ðqkÞ þ ðqkU i Þ ¼ lþ þ P k
q
ð6Þ
@t @xi @xj rk @xj
ing continuity and momentum equations are listed below.   
@ @ @ l @


2
@U i ðq
Þ þ ðq
U i Þ ¼ lþ t þ C 1
P k
C 2
q ð7Þ
¼0 ð1Þ @t @xi @xj r
@xj k k
@xi
@U @ h i
@U j
qU j i ¼
Pdij þ 2lSij
qu0i u0j ð2Þ Pk ¼
qu0i u0j ð8Þ
@xj @xj @xi
where, U i is the time-mean velocity in the xi direction, P is the time- The standard model constants were used here:
mean pressure and
qu0i u0j is the turbulent shear stress defined C 1
¼ 1:44; C 2
¼ 1:92; C l ¼ 0:09; rk ¼ 1:0; r
¼ 1:3
according to Boussinesq’s turbulent viscosity hypothesis.

(a) Front view (b) Side view

(c) Plan view (d) Isometric view

Fig. 2. Cell sizes in the mesh.

Please cite this article in press as: Norizan TA et al. Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to improve pump efficiency. Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
4 T.A. Norizan et al. / Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

A ready fully developed velocity profile was assigned at the
channel inlet whereas the outlet was set to zero gradient velocity
and zero value pressure. The free surface was treated as symmetry
plane with zero gradient for all the parameters. Standard wall
functions were used to solve the near-wall region at both pipe’s
internal and external surfaces and channel walls.
Originally, the governing equations are derived for an ideal case
assuming cubic fluid elements. In the numerical simulation, the
more similar to this standard case the cells are, the more accurate
the solution is. For this reason, tetrahedral cells, specially if highly
skewed, introduce a numerical error source to the solution. On the
other hand, hexahedral cells, besides their zero skewness, they can
be aligned with the flow direction so they will produce zero trun-
cation error in the normal direction. Cell grading, although cost
effective, harms the results since the distance between the cell cen-
ters and faces are not equal. The equality in size, although compu-

(a) Along pipe axis (b) Along pipe axis

(c) At pipe entrance along x-direction (d) At pipe entrance along y-direction
Fig. 3. The grid-dependence analysis. Comparing the four meshes 0.55 (left blank), 1.1 (referred to as F) and 1.65 (FF) and 2.2 (FFF) million cells.

Please cite this article in press as: Norizan TA et al. Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to improve pump efficiency. Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
 T.A. Norizan et al. / Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 5

tationally expensive, is well known to produce more accurate solu-
tions. Brief reviews for the effect of cell shape on the solution accu-
racy can be found in [20–22].
Equal size hexahedral cells were selected (Fig. 2) to assure the
quality of the results. Four mesh densities were examined; 0.55,
1.1, 1.65 and 2.2 million cells. The grid independence (based on
both pressure and velocity components) was achieved at 1.65 mil-
lion cells. The grid-dependence analysis is shown in Fig. 3. The 1.65
million cell mesh fits to the 2.2 million cell mesh even at the crit-
ical pipe entrance and wall vicinity areas with negligible discrep-
ancies of 2% and 5% at each. The time step (0.00125 s) was
selected such that the maximum Courant number was less than
unity to ensure the stability and convergence of the numerical
solution. The simulation ia carried out until the steady state is
reached (a total of 100 s of simulation time). OpenFOAM, an open
source CFD package was used to solve the problem. The pres-
sure–velocity coupling was maintained by the PISO algorithm.
3. Modelling of AVD
Four splitters with different cross sectional shapes are
employed in the simulation to study the influence of shape of

Suction pipe
Direction
of flow

Floor splitter

(a)
1.81D

2.17D

0.12D 0.06D
53°
0.24D
0.24D

0.24D
0.24D

76° 76°

0.24D 0.24D 0.24D 0.24D

A B C D
(b)
Fig. 4. Floor splitter designs.

Please cite this article in press as: Norizan TA et al. Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to improve pump efficiency. Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
6 T.A. Norizan et al. / Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

AVD cross section on the effectiveness of AVD in suppressing vor-

tices. Two of the cross sections are similar to the ones used in the
experiment by Kang et al. [1] which are in the form of square and
trapezoid. The selection of these two shapes was based on the
intention of the researcher to test the validity of the simulation
with corresponding outcome from the experiment in a different
pump sump configuration. Besides validity checking, this study
was also intended for investigation of the effects of predetermined
modifications of the trapezoidal shaped cross section, the better
shape proposed from the experiment, on vortex suppression effec-
tiveness. For this purpose, two new cross sectional shapes were
derived from the trapezoidal cross section. Type C AVD has a trian-
gular cross section derived by setting the apex size of the trapezoid
to zero while Type D AVD maintained the shape of a trapezoid but
with rounded edges. Detailed dimensions of the splitters are illus-
trated in Fig. 4.

4. Results and discussion

(a) Without AVD (b) AVD-A
Fig. 5(a) shows vorticity regions in the suction pipe for the case
without AVD installation and the cases with the installation of each
AVD type shown in Fig. 5(b)–(e). The vorticity is a measure of the
angular velocity (spinning speed) of fluid elements. It was used to
reveal the vortices and swirling motions formed in the pump
intake system. The vorticity around an axis i is defined by:

@uj @uk
fi ¼
ð9Þ
@xk @xj
Generally, it can be noticed that high vorticity spots in the
observed region are weakened in every case with AVD installation
(Fig. 5b to (e)) compared to the case without AVD (Fig. 5(a)). The
pump intake with AVD-D (Fig. 5(e)) creates smaller high vorticity
regions compared to all other configurations, especially at the pipe
entrance (z = 0 until z  0.10 mm i.e. near z = C). The results were
further evaluated based on the vorticity distribution at the pipe
entrance and the location 4D above the pipe entrance where this
location is represented with z = 4D + C. As the z coordinate starts
at the floor, the term was added with C to represent the clearance
under the pipe entrance. The reason for the selection of this loca- (c) AVD-B (d) AVD-C
tion is to reflect the measurement of swirl angle in experiment
according to ANSI HI 1998/9.8 standards. The vorticity distribution
at the pipe entrance along x-direction (streamwise) were larger in
magnitude between x = 0 and x =-0.5D which represents the side of
the pipe near the backwall. This may be caused by the interference
of complex flows originated from the backwall. Higher vorticity
region may also exist in the clearance between the backwall and
the outer diameter of the pipe. Smaller clearance will lead to
higher local velocities and thus higher chances of vortex occur-
rence [23]. Nevertheless, the vorticity reduction of AVD Type C
was less affected by this hindrance along the x- and y-direction
compared to other types of AVD indicated by its smallest ampli-
tude of the quasi sinusoidal form of vorticity distribution as shown
in Fig. 6(a) which benefited from its sharp apex. For the vorticity
distribution in y-direction (spanwise), the results showed that
the reduction of vorticity was not as evident as it was in x-
direction mainly due to the orientation of AVD which was parallel
to the direction of flow. The vorticity distribution near the perime-
ter of the pipe exhibited high values due to the cylindrical shape of
the pipe which contributed to high amount of flow separation. This (e) AVD-D
is the reason why bell shaped pipe entrance is more favourable
Fig. 5. Comparison between the high vorticity (magnitude) regions in the four
than straight cylindrical pipe.
cases, shown are y-z plane views with x-axis directed inwards the page. Units
Based on the graphs in Fig. 6, the results from the cases with shown in (a) are in mm.
installation of AVD Type A and B showed conformity with the find-

Please cite this article in press as: Norizan TA et al. Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to improve pump efficiency. Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
 T.A. Norizan et al. / Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 7

(a) Vorticity along x-direction at pipe en- (b) Vorticity along y-direction at pipe en-
trance trance

(c) Vorticity along x-direction at z = (d) Vorticity along y-direction at z =

4D+C 4D+C
Fig. 6. Vorticity distribution across the intake pipe at pipe entrance and 4D above the entrance.

ings in the study by Kang et al. [1] where the trapezoidal cross sec-
tion displayed better vortex suppression than the square cross sec-
tion. Compared to the results with AVD Type B, the vortex
reduction for AVD Type C was slightly more effective at every eval-
uation point based on the amount of vorticity reduced from the
case without AVD installation. This improvement may be caused
by the reduction of apex size in which the initially trapezoidal
shaped cross section was changed to a triangle by setting the apex
size to zero. As for the case with the installation of AVD Type A, the
vorticity in the pipe was amplified instead of weakened at some
point where it may originate from the shape of cross section which
was a square. Some shapes of AVD might amplify the velocity com-
ponents in the intake flow instead of reducing them and thus cre-
ate new vortices [24]. AVD Type D exhibited a unique vorticity
reduction properties in which it conveyed the best results between
x = 0.5D to x = 0 at z = C (pipe entrance) but amplified the vorticity
towards negative x- and y-direction. These results indicated that
the vorticity reduction ability of AVD Type D is limited to the loca-
tions with little interference of counter flows such as the region
near the backwall. At z = 4D + C, the results for all AVD types are
relatively similar except AVD Type D which displayed a slightly
bigger vorticity along x-direction between x = 0.5D to x = 0. The
magnitude of velocity components inside the pipe at z = 4D + C
for the case without the installation of AVD was weakened after
AVD was installed as depicted in Fig. 7. AVD Type B, C and D pro-
duced similar velocity field due to the same base shape which was
a trapezoid but the velocity components in the direction perpen-
dicular to the flow with AVD Type D installed exhibited bigger
amount which contributed to slightly larger vorticity distribution
as the results in Fig. 6(c).

Please cite this article in press as: Norizan TA et al. Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to improve pump efficiency. Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
8 T.A. Norizan et al. / Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Fig. 7. x-y velocity vectors at the exit section of the intake pipe, colored according to the vorticity component about z-axis.

Please cite this article in press as: Norizan TA et al. Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to improve pump efficiency. Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
 T.A. Norizan et al. / Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
5. Conclusions
A numerical simulation of flow in pump intake with installation
of floor splitter type anti-vortex device (AVD) of various cross sec-
tional shapes was presented. The aim of the study was to investi-
gate the influence of cross sectional shape of floor splitter on
vortex suppression effectiveness. Four different cross sectional
shapes were adopted in the simulation where two of them were
similar with the floor splitter used in the study by Kang et al.
[1]; a square and a trapezoidal cross sections. The selection was
due to validation of the simulation by comparing the outcome
between both studies. The remaining variants were derived from
the trapezoidal cross section, which was verified in the experiment
as the better AVD shape. By manipulating the apex size and the
edge, the new cross sectional shapes took the form of a triangle
and trapezoid with round edges respectively. The simulation was
performed using standard RANS k

model with a mesh of 1.65
million cells. The results showed that floor splitters with trape-
zoidal base shape produced the best vortex suppression ability.
By reducing the apex size of the cross section to zero, which resem-
bles a triangle, the vorticity at a location with distance 4D above
the pipe entrance was reduced to nearly zero value. Theoretically,
this feature will yield smaller swirl angles if the model is con-
ducted in an experiment with vortimeter measurement as in the
study by Kang et al. [1]. Pump intake flows with swirl angle less
than 5 degrees in a model study can be considered acceptable
[25]. On the other hand, trapezoidal shaped cross section with
rounded edges displayed stronger vortex reduction ability but lim-
ited to the areas where little interference from counter flows such
as the region near the backwall. At z = 4D + C, the cross section of
AVD Type D showed a slightly weaker vorticity reduction com-
pared to other AVD types. This postulates that swirl angle mea-
surements at position z = 4D + C may produce larger values
compared to other AVD types when installed with AVD Type D.
The AVD with triangular cross section managed to reduce the most
vorticity in the areas affected by external flows which benefited
from its sharp apex.
These geometries are to be reproduced when the authors imple-
mented experimental part of the study. Since implementing the
study is costly and laborious, the simulation part has been very
helpful in setting channel and pipe sizes, sizing pumps and espe-
cially insightful when inserting the AVD piece. The results are
finally helpful in the physical implementation in irrigation, drai-
nage and others mentioned by [26].
Acknowledgement
The research has been funded by the Ministry of Science, Tech-
nology and Innovation of Malaysia under science fund grant
SF1326. The Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the
explanatory grant ERGS/1/2013/TK01/UKM/03/2 and UKM impact
grant DIP-2015-006.
Please cite this article in press as: Norizan TA et al. Enhancement of vorticity reduction by floor splitter in pump sump to improve pump efficiency. Sus-
tainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2017.06.001
9
References
[1] Kang W, Shin B, Doh D. An effective shape of floor splitter for reducing sub-
surface vortices in pump sump. J Mech Sci Technol 2014;28:175–82.
[2] International Energy Agency, Energy Efficiency Market Report 2016, Technical
Report, International Energy Agency, 2016.
[3] Ogunjuyigbe A, Ayodele T, Ogunmuyiwa S. Improving electrical energy
utilization in some selected Nigerian food and beverage industries. J Sust
Energy Tech Assess 2015;12:38–45.
[4] Lo K. The Warm House program: Insulating existing buildings through
compulsory retrofit. J Sust Energy Tech Assess 2015;9:63–7.
[5] Mohammadshirazi A, Akram A, Rafiee S, Kalhor E. On the study of energy and
cost analyses of orange production in Mazandaran province, Journal of Sust.
Energy Tech Assess 2015;10:22–8.
[6] European Commission, Study on improving the energy efficiency of pumps,
Technical Report, European Commission; 2001.
[7] Prosser M. The hydraulic design of pump sump and intakes, British
Hydromechanics Research Association/Construction Industry Research and
Information Association; 1997.
[8] Rudolf P, Klas R. Numerical simulation of pump-intake vortices. In: EPJ Web of
Conferences Proceedings; 2015.
[9] Chuang W, Hsiao S, Hwang K. Numerical and experimental study of pump
sump flows. Math Problems Eng 2014.
[10] Dimas A, Vouros A. Effect of cross-flow velocity at forebay on swirl in pump
suction pipe: Hydraulic model of seawater intake at Aliveri power plant in
Greece. J Hydraulic Eng 2012;138:812–6.
[11] Hydraulic Institute, American National Standards For Pump Intake Design
(ANSI/HI-9.8 1998); 1998.
[12] British Standards Institution, Rotodynamic pumps. Design of pump intakes.
Recommendations for installation of pumps (PD CEN/TR 13930:2009); 2009.
[13] Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Standard method for model testing the
performance of a pump sump (JSME S 004); 1984.
[14] Yang F, Liu C. Numerical and experimental investigations of vortex flows and
vortex suppression schemes in the intake passage of pumping system. Adv
Mech Eng 2015.
[15] Kim C, Choi Y, Lee Y. A study on the effectiveness of an anti vortex device in the
sump model by experiment and cfd. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science; 2012.
[16] Choi J, Choi Y, Kim C, Lee Y. Flow uniformity in a multi-intake pump sump
model. J Mech Sci Technol 2010;24(7):1389–400.
[17] Kim H, Park S, Rhee D. Numerical analysis of the effects of anti-vortex device
height on hydraulic performance of pump sump. KSCE J Civil Eng 2016.
[18] Tang X, Wang F, Li Y, Cong G, Shi X, Wu Y, Qi L. Numerical investigation of
vortex flows and vortex suppression schemes in a large pumping-station
sump. J Mech Eng Sci 2010;225:1459–80.
[19] Rajendran V, Constantinescu S, Patel V. Experimental validation of numerical
model of flow in pump-intake bays. J Hydraulic Eng 1999;125:1119–25.
[20] Biswas R, Strawn RC. Tetrahedral and hexahedral mesh adaptation for CFD
problems. Appl Numer Math 1998;26:135–51.
[21] Bern MW, Plassmann PE. Mesh generation, Pennsylvania State University,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering;
1997.
[22] Andersson B, Andersson R, Håkansson L, Mortensen M, Sudiyo R, van Wachem
B. Computational fluid dynamics for engineers. Cambridge University Press;
2011.
[23] Melville B, Ettema W, Nakato T. Review of flow problems at water intake pump
sumps, Technical Report, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research; 1994.
[24] Tullis J. Modelling in design of pumping pits. J Hydrauliv Div
1979;105:1053–63.
[25] Nakato T, Yoon B, A model study of the proposed St. Louis County Water
Company’s water intake near River Mile 37 on the Missouri River, Technical
Report, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research; 1992.
[26] Mariappan P. Flood pumping station. IEM Bulettin 2016:15–9.