Savitribai Phule Pune University

A
Project Stage-I Report
On

Experimental investigation for erosion rate

of Aluminium pipe due to flow of
nanofluids at different operating conditions
By
1) Mr. Patil Ketan Ashok Exam Seat No - B150400917
2) Mr. Shinde Pritam K. Exam Seat No - B150400944
3) Mr. Narkhede Gaurav R. Exam Seat No - B150400910
4) Mr. Rathod Amol R. Exam Seat No - B150400929
Guide
Prof. Suhas M. Shinde

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering
[2018-19]

B. E. (Mechanical Engineering) – 2015 Course

 Savitribai Phule Pune University

Jayawantrao Sawant College of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that,
1) Mr. Patil Ketan Ashok
2) Mr. Shinde Pritam K.
3) Mr. Narkhede Gaurav R.
4) Mr. Rathod Amol R.
Exam Seat No - B150400917
Exam Seat No - B150400944
Exam Seat No - B150400910
Exam Seat No - B150400929

has successfully completed the Project Stage-I of Dissertation entitled

“Experimental investigation for erosion rate of Aluminium pipe due to flow
of nanofluids at different operating conditions” under my supervision, in the
partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical Engineering) of
Savitribai Phule Pune University.
Date :
Place :

Prof. Suhas M. Shinde Prof. Amol Kokare Prof. Dr. Pradeep Patil
Guide Project Coordinator HOD [MECH]
JSCOE, Pune-28

Prof. Dr. M. G. Jadhav

External Examiner Seal Principal, JSCOE, Pune-28

B. E. (Mechanical Engineering) – 2015 Course

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express our profound thanks to all those people who have taken a
great deal of interest and contributed plenty of their help in my work.

First, we would like to express our gratitude to my Guide Prof. Suhas M. Shinde for giving me
this opportunity to work under his guidance. The present work would not been possible without
the consistent guidance, and patience shown by him. We also thank him for keeping faith in us
and continually keeping me encouraged by his valuable suggestions during the span of the
dissertation work.

I am evenly thankful to Prof. Dr. Pradeep Patil, HOD Department of Mechanical Engineering
for their support and adequate advices from time to time while completing this work.

I also express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. M. G. Jadhav, Principal, JSCOE, Hadapsar, Pune-28. for
his encouraging support and valuable suggestions throughout the work and also for making me
available the required facilities in college campus.

At last but not the least, I heartily extend my gracious thanks to all the members of JSCOE.
family, colleagues, friends and all who helped me directly or indirectly in the successful
completion of my dissertation
DATE: _________________

Mr. Patil Ketan Ashok

B150400917
Mr. Shinde Pritam K.
B150400944
Mr. Narkhede Gaurav R.
B150400910
Mr. Rathod Amol R.
B150400929
 Abstract

In the present work an analysis of experimental data obtained exposing metallic targets to the

flow of a number of nanofluids has been carried out. The investigated suspensions were

composed of typical nanometer-sized solid particles, such as Al2O3 at different concentrations,

suspended in base fluid water. The effects of the flow of these nano-materials on reference target

made of commercial metal (aluminum) have been assessed. We are focusing on erosion rate of

aluminium pipe bent at different bend angles at different concentration of nano fluid (Al2O3) and

Experimental investigation of erosion rate for obtained combinations with the help of DOE RSM

method. This is believed to be a useful information about the practical feasibility of advanced

systems, like in heat transfer applications, based on the use of these relatively new fluids.
 INDEX

Sr No. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 Introduction 1

Literature review
2 2

3 3.1 Objectives 3

3.2 Methodology 3

4 Concepts

4.1 Nano fluid 4

4.2 Erosion 5

5 Design 7

6 Setup development

6.1 Working principle 8

6.2 Components 10

7 7.1 Summary 14

7.2 Future work plan 14

References 15
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

1 Effect of nano fluid on heat transfer 4

2 Internal erosion of pipe 6

3 Setup layout 8

4 CAD model 8

5 Actual setup 9

6 Testing of setup 9

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO.

1 Component 10
 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

1.Introduction

Heat transfer enhancement of thermal systems is most important problem in many industrial
applications owing to the lack of energy sources. From the last few decades, we have seen
strange growth in various fields such as electronics, communication and computing
technologies and will continue to grow at faster rate than ever. To enhance heat transfer rate
by reducing energy losses using traditional/or new energy sources, it is most important to deal
with the energy wastage problems, for this purpose extended surfaces technologies used such
as fins, micro channels which are reaching to their limits. Therefore, new technologies which
have potential to improve the thermal properties of cooling fluids are of great interest to the
researchers. Conventional fluids such as water, ethylene glycol and mineral oils possess poor
thermal conductivity. A possible effective way of improving heat transfer performance on
conventional fluids is to suspend small solid particles, such as metallic and non-metallic
particles in conventional fluids. Recent developments in nanotechnology and related
manufacturing techniques have made possible to manufacture the nanosized particles. Fluids
with nanoparticles (diameter less than 100 nm) suspended in conventional fluids are called
nanofluids. The main goal of nanofluids is to achieve highest possible value of thermal
conductivity at the smallest possible concentration of nanoparticles. Nanofluid due to its
molecular chain behavior, nanoparticles properly dispersed in the base fluid achieved major
benefits such as higher heat conduction, microchannel cooling without clogging, reduced
chances of erosion and pumping power with enhancement in thermal conductivity and
stability of mixture. In general the above features of nanofluids provide us the new area of
research in nanofluid technology, plays an important role to improve heat transfer and energy
efficiency in several areas including vehicular cooling in transportation, power generation,
defense, nuclear, space, microelectronics and biomedical devices.

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

2.Literature review

Sr. no Title Author Observation

1. Thermal conductivity 1.Huaqing Xie • Addition of nanoparticles into fluids
enhancement of leads to increase in thermal
suspensions containing conductivity ratios with the volume
nanosized alumina fraction of nanoparticles.
2.Yan Liu
particles. • For the same suspension of
nanoparticles,enhanced thermal
conductivity ratio is reduced with
increasing thermal conductivity of
base fluid.

2. Particle size effects on Girish • Selection of small size particle

the slurry erosion of .R.Desale during impact causes less wear of
aluminium alloy material .

3. An interested J. F. Flores • Depending upon nominal

methodology for impingement angle gives less wear
predicting material wear of aluminium pipe
due to erosion
4. Experimental analysis of 1.Gian Piero • Al2O3 as nanofluid minor damage on
corrosion and erosion copper was observed
2.Carla Menale
phenomena on metal • No effect on stainless steel
surface by nanofluid • Severe damage on aluminium with
average reduction (182µm of
thickness).

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

3.1 Objectives:

• Design of experimental setup for erosion measurement of nanofluids.

• Investigate the effect of operating parameters on erosion rate.

• Investigation of erosion rate using numerical technique.

3.2 Methodology:

• Development of test setup for erosion measurement.

• Measurement of erosion rate with the help of DOE-RSM method (using Minitab

Software).

• Experimental investigation of erosion rate for obtained combinations.

• DOE-RSM analysis for correlation development for finding erosion rate for given

operating range.

• Validation of the correlation and results (using numerical investigation – ANSYS

CFD).

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

4.Concept

4.1 Nanofluid

Nanofluids are two phase mixtures engineered by dispersing nanometer sized particles with
sizes ranging below 100 nm in base fluids. The nanometer sized particles which are used for
the dispersion in base fluids are nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires and
nanorods. Materials generally used as nanoparticles include metal oxides (e.g., alumina, silica,
zirconia, titania), oxide ceramics (e.g. Al2O3, CuO), chemically stable metals (e.g. gold,
copper), carbon in various forms (e.g., diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes, fullerene) metal
carbides (e.g. SiC) and functionalized nanoparticles. The base fluid types include oils, water,
organic liquids such as glycols, refrigerants, polymeric solutions, bio fluids, lubricants and
other common liquids.

Fig.1 Effect of nano fluid on heat transfer

Advantages of nanofluid:

Particle size is the major physical parameter in nanofluids, since it can be used to attune the
nanofluid thermal properties as well as the suspension stability of nanoparticles. Hence,
nanofluids can able to flow freely through mini or micro channels with the dispersion of
nanoparticles. The nano suspensions show high thermal conductivity which is mainly due to

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

enhanced convection between the nanoparticles and base liquid surfaces. Another potential
benefit is that the nanoparticles have lower dimensions so that the dispersed nanoparticles
seems to be like a base fluid molecule in suspension.

• The surface area and heat capacity of the fluid are increased.
• The effective thermal conductivity of the fluid is enhanced.
• The collision and interaction among particles, the surface of flow passage and
base fluids are intensified.
• Reduction of particle clogging rather than conventional slurries.

Disadvantages of nanofluids :

• Specific heat of nanofluid is less than that of base fluid.

• Poor characterization of suspensions.
• Cost of nanofluid is high.

Applications of nanofluid :

Nanofluid can be used in following applicatons

• Engine cooling

Addition of nanoparticles to the standard engine coolant has the potential to improve
automotive and heavy duty engine cooling rates.

• Heat Exchanger

Nanotechnology may help accelerate the development of energy-efficient central heating.

When added to water, coolants disperse to form a nanofluid.

4.2 Erosion

Erosion can be defined as the mechanical loss of material by the impact of solid particles (e.g.
sand, certain hard scales, catalysts). The impacting particles gradually remove material from

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

the surface through repeated deformations and cutting actions.Momentum effect of impinged
particles remove fragments of materials from the surface cause erosive wear.

Erosion mechanism can be a combination of several factors in flowing fluids. Some of the
erosion mechanisms are described below:

• Liquid Droplet Erosion

• Erosion-corrosion
• Cavitation-erosion

Erosion is commonly measured in terms of a parameter W which is equal to the mass of

material removed from the surface divided by the mass of the eroding material. Occasionally
it is more convenient to refer the parameter to the volume loss divided by the volume of
eroding material. In either case the parameter is dimensionless.

Fig.2. Internal erosion of pipe

Effect of Erosion :

Due to erosion of metal the metal particles which are eroded gets mixed in working fluid
which have following effects :

• Effect on thermal conductivity of fluid.

• Reduction in output power of pump, motor,etc.
• Eroded particles may clog the parts of pump.
• Viscosity of working fluid increases due to mixing of eroded particles

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

5.Design
We have considered the application of radiator in which heat dissipation is very vital
for cooling the engine
Standard parameters in most of the radiator are :-
Velocity rate = 6 feet/sec
Diameter of radiator pipe = 0.5 inch
For calculating Flow rate (Q) we need to know area and velocity
Therefore,
π 2
Area = d
4
D = 0.5 inch = 0.0127m
π
Area = (0.0127)2
4
= 1.2667 × 10−4 𝑚2
Now as we know,

Velocity = 6 feet⁄sec = 1.83 m⁄sec

Q=A×V

= (1.2667 × 10−4 ) × ( 1.83)

3
= 2.318061 × 10−4 m ⁄sec

Q = 834.50196 lit⁄hr

Hence,
To achieve this flow rate we have to use the pump of 0.5 HP, which has flow rating
capacity of 1200 LPH.
Considering 20% losses we should get flow rate around 960 LPH.
Practically during testing of setup we achieved flow rate upto 800 LPH which is near
to the required application which we considered as a radiator.

Final Specification:
Pump = 0.5 HP
Pipe Diameter = 0.5 inch

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

6.Setup development

Fig.3. Setup layout

6.1 Working principle

In this setup, storage tank contains nano fluid (Al2O3) with concentration of 0-7.5%. A pump
of 0.5HP is used to circulate the fluid at required flow rate. Heater is provided to heat the fluid
and temperature is sensed by electronic sensor and displayed on digital display. A rotameter
is used to measure the flow rate in LPH which can be changed by variable flow control valve
provided in the set up. Timer is provided to calculate for how much time setup is in running
condition. Nano fluid is passed through fluid line and then through the aluminium specimen
which mounted in the fluid line using hoses. Then ultimately erosion rate is measured of the
specimen.

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

Fig.4. CAD Model

Fig.5. Actual setup

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

Fig.6. Testing of setup

6.2 Components list

• Tank
• Water pump
• Rota meter
• Pipe and Hoses
• Frame , Plywood
• Electronic circuit
• Specimen : short bend
• Nano fluid

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

Table no.1 Components

Component name Specification Image Cost.

1. Tank 10 liter 800

2.Water pump 0.5 HP 4100

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

3.Rota meter 0-1000 Lph 1500

4.Pipe and Hoses 1200

5.Electronic circuit 2500

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

6.Specimen : short 0.5” ID 3000

bend (22)

7.Nano fluid Al2O3 7,200

8.Micrograph ,Plywood. Frame 6,000

Total cost 26,300/-

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

7.1 Summary

1. Study of concept of project : Nano-fluid , Erosion.

2. Study of different components required for setup and estimated their suitable specification.

3. Estimated the overall costing of setup.

4. Fabrication of project.

5.Testing of setup and make it leak proof.

7.2 Future work plan

1.Bending of pipe specimen

2. Testing of set-up using nano fluid.

3. Result calculation and estimation of erosion rate of specimen.

4.CFD analysis.

JSPM’S Jaywantrao Sawant College of Engineering, Pune-28, BE (Mechanical Engineering)

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 Experimental investigation for erosion rate of aluminium pipe due to flow of nanofluids at different operating conditions

References

Journal papers

• Influence of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the corrosion behavior of brass in simulated

cooling water(2018),Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Q. Yuan, H.-H. Ge, J.-Y. Sha,
L.-T. Wang, C. Wan, F. Wang, K. Wu, X.JMeng, Y.-Z. Zhao.Pg663-675
• Thermal conductivity enhancement of suspensions containing nanosized alumina
particles(2013), Journal of applied physics,Huaqing Xie, Jinchang Wang, Tonggeng
Xi, Yan Liu, Fei Ai et al.Pg4567-4572
• A review on thermophysical properties of nanofluids and heat transfer
applications(2013),Journal of renewable and sustainable energy,Munish Guptaa,Vinay
Singha, Rajesh Kumara, Z. Saidb.Pg639-665
• Heat transfer characteristics in nanofluid, Journal of renewable and sustainable energy
reviews(2016),R.B. Ganvir, P.V. Walke, V.M. Kriplani,Pg452-460

External links

• http://www.unilab.eu/articles/technical-articles/thermodynamic-engineering-

articles/nanofluids/

• https://www.nace.org/Corrosion-Central/Corrosion-101/Erosion/

• http://www.enea.it/it/seguici/pubblicazioni/EAI/anno-2011/n.%204-

5%202011%20Luglio-ottobre2011/nanofluid-flow-effects-on-metal-surfaces

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