TM 1

Unit – I: Introduction to Turbo Machinery

Syllabus: Turbo machines (Hydraulic & Thermal), Classification of Turbo machines, Comparison with
positive displacement machines, Fundamental equation governing turbo machines, and Different losses
associated with turbo-machinery, Applications of Turbo machines.
Impact of Jet
Impulse momentum principle and its applications, Force exerted on fixed and moving flat plate, hinged plate,
curved vanes, series of flat plates and radial vanes, velocity triangles and their analysis, work done equations,
vane efficiency.

1.1.Turbo Machines: A fluid machine is a device which converts the energy stored by a fluid into mechanical
energy or vice versa. The energy stored by a fluid mass appears in the form of potential, kinetic and
intermolecular energy. The mechanical energy, on the other hand, is usually transmitted by a rotating shaft.
Machines using liquid (mainly water, for almost all practical purposes) are termed as hydraulic machines.
➢ A turbo machine is a device in which energy transfer occurs between a flowing fluid and rotating
element due to dynamic action. This results in change of pressure and momentum of the fluid.
➢ TYPE: If the fluid transfers energy for the rotation of the impeller, fixed on the shaft, it is known as
power generating turbo machine.
➢ If the machine transfers energy in the form of angular momentum fed to the fluid from the rotating
impeller, fixed on the shaft, it is known as power absorbing turbo machine.

Figure 1 Pelton Wheel

1.2 Classification of turbo machines:

1. Based on energy transfer a) Energy is given by fluid to the rotor - Power generating turbo machine E.g.
Turbines b) Energy given by the rotor to the fluid – Power absorbing turbo machine E.g. Pumps,
blowers and compressors
2. Based on fluid flowing in turbo machine
a) Water
b) Air
c) Steam
d) Hot gases
e) Liquids like petrol etc.
3. Based on direction of flow through the impeller or vanes or blades, with reference to the axis of shaft
rotation
a) Axial flow – Axial pump, compressor or turbine
b) Mixed flow – Mixed flow pump, Francis turbine
c) Radial flow – Centrifugal pump or compressor
d) Tangential flow – Pelton water turbine
4. Based on condition of fluid in turbo machine
a) Impulse type (constant pressure) E.g. Pelton water turbine
b) Reaction type (variable pressure) E.g. Francis reaction turbines
 TM 2

5. Based on position of rotating shaft

a) Horizontal shaft – Steam turbines
b) Vertical shaft – Kaplan water turbines
c) Inclined shaft – Modern bulb micro.

1.3 Comparison between positive displacement machines and Turbo machines:

Sr. Aspect Positive Displacement Machines Turbo Machines

No
1 Action Involves thermodynamic and mechanical
action between nearly static fluid and slow
moving surface, volume change causes
pressure change
2 Operation Involves reciprocating motion, unsteady
flow of fluid, fixed amount of fluid being
positively contained during its passage
through the machine, stopping of the
machine during operation traps a certain
amount of fluid whose state is different
from that of the surroundings
3 Mechanical Employs low speed, complex in
features mechanical design, heavy per unit output,
valves are present, vibration problems,
heavy foundations required.
4 Efficiency of Efficiency of energy conversion during
energy both expansion and compression is high.
conversion
5 Volumetric Low
efficiency
6 Fluid phase Relatively minor importance in these
change and machines.
surging
Involves thermodynamic and dynamic
action between a continuously flowing
fluid and a rotating element. The
pressure change occurs primarily by
means of dynamic action of a rotating
element.
Involves rotary motion with nearly
steady flow. Stopping of the machine
will let the fluid state change rapidly
and become same as that of the
surroundings.
High speed machines, simple in design,
light weight, no valves, vibration not
severe, light foundation required.
Low.
High, Nearly 100%.
Cavitation, surging cause serious
difficulties to smooth operation.

Principle components of a turbo machine:

1. A vane carrying rotating element called rotor or impeller or runner.
2. A stationery element or elements.
3. An input or/and output shaft.
4. A housing
Characteristics of a positive displacement machine:
1. The moving part of the machine involves a change of volume.
2. Expansion or compression occurs without an appreciable displacement of the mass centre of gravity of
the contained fluid.
3. Action is nearly static.
4. Commonly involves a reciprocating motion and unsteady flow of fluid.
5. Slow speed machines and complex in mechanical design, heavy/ unit output and employs valves,
heavy foundations required. e.g. Reciprocating compressors, pumps etc.

1.4 Different losses associated with turbo-machinery:

1. Internal Losses: Losses which take place in the inner passages of the machine and directly connected
with rotor or flow of the medium and which are adding heat to the flow medium.
2. External losses: Losses which appear outside of the inner passages of the casing and which do not
transfer the generated heat directly into the flow medium.
 TM 3

Impact of Jet
1.5 Introduction:
The fluid comes out from nozzle with high kinetic energy under pressure. If some plate is fixed or moving is
placed in the direction of jet, a force is exerted by the jet on the plate. The force is calculated by using
Newton’s Second law of motion or impulse –momentum principle.

So impact of jet is nothing but force applied by jet on the plate which may be stationary or moving.
.

Impact of jet

Force exerted Force exerted Force exerted Series of flat

on stationary on moving on hinged plate & curved
plate plate plate vanes

Vertical plate Inclined plate Curved plate

1. Force exerted by jet on a stationary vertical plate:

Consider a jet of water flow through nozzle strikes the flat a stationary vertical plate as shown in fig .
Let V= Velocity of water jet(m/s)
d= Diameter of water jet(m),
𝜋
a= Cross section area of jet= 4 d ²..........(m²)

Figure 2

The jet move along the plate which is right angled to the direction of jet. Hence the jet after the striking will
get deflected by 90°. Hence component of velocity of jet in the direction of jet after striking will be zero.
Derivation:

𝐹𝑥 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

(𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 − 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)
𝐹𝑥 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 TM 4

(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 )

𝐹𝑥 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝐹𝑥 =
(𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 )

𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣 − 0)

𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝒂𝒗²

Note: If the force exerted by jet is to be calculated then final minus initial velocity is taken. But if the force
exerted by the jet on the plate is to be calculated, then initial velocity minus final velocity is taken.
2. Force exerted by jet on a stationary inclined flat plate:
Consider a jet of water flow through nozzle strikes the flat a stationary vertical plate as shown in fig 2.
Let V= Velocity of water jet(m/s)
d= Diameter of water jet(m),
𝜋
a= Cross section area of jet= d ²..........(m²)
4

θ = Angle between the jet & plate.

Figure 3

Let us find the force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction normal to the plate,

𝐹𝑛 = Mass of jet striking per second x (Initial velocity of jet before striking in the direction of n- Final velocity of jet after
striking in the direction of n)

𝐹𝑛 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣 sin 𝜃 − 0)

𝐹𝑛 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 sin 𝜃

This normal force is resolved in the direction of jet & perpendicular to the direction of flow. Then we have,

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑛 cos(90 − 𝜃)

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑛 sin 𝜃
 TM 5

𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 sin2 𝜃

Force in the perpendicular direction of flow:

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑛 sin(90 − 𝜃)

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑛 cos 𝜃

𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

3. Force exerted by jet on a stationary curved plate:

a. Jet strikes the curved plate at the centre:
Let a jet of water strikes a fixed curved plate at the centre as shown in fig. The jet striking the plate comes out
in the tangential direction with the same velocity if the plate is smooth & there is no loss of energy due to
impact of the jet.
Velocity at outlet is divided into two directions which are in the direction of jet & other is perpendicular to it.

Force exerted by the jet in the direction of jet

(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝐹𝑥 =
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )

𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣 − (−𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃))

𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣 + 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Force exerted by the jet in the perpendicular direction of jet:

(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)

𝐹𝑦 =
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(0 − (𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃))

𝐹𝑦 = −𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Note: Negative direction indicate force is acting in the negative direction. here angle of deflection of the jet =
(180-θ).
 TM 6

b. Jet strikes the curved plate at the one end tangentially when the plate is symmetrical:
Let the jet strike the plate at one end tangentially as shown in fig. The plate is symmetrical about x-axis. The
jet striking the plate comes out in the tangential direction with the same velocity if the plate is smooth & there
is no loss of energy due to impact of the jet.

Figure 4

Derivation:
Force exerted by the jet in the direction of jet
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝐹𝑥 =
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )

𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − (−𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃))

𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝐹𝑥 = 2𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Force exerted by the jet in the perpendicular direction of jet:

(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)

𝐹𝑦 =
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

𝐹𝑦 = 0

c. Jet strikes the curved plate at the one end tangentially when the plate is unsymmetrical:
When the curve plate is unsymmetrical about x-axis, then angle made by the tangents drawn at the inlet &
outlet tips of the plate with x-axis will be different.
Let,
θ= angle made by tangent at inlet tip with x-axis,
Ф= angle made by tangent at outlet tip with x-axis
The components of the velocity at inlet are: V1x = V cos θ, V1y = V sin θ
 TM 7

The components of the velocity at outlet are: V2x = -V cos Ф, V2y = V sin Ф
The forces exerted by the jet water in the directions of x & y are:
Derivation:
Force exerted by the jet in the direction of jet
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝐹𝑥 =
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )

𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − (−𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑))

𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑)

𝐹𝑥 = 2𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑)

Force exerted by the jet in the perpendicular direction of jet:

(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)

𝐹𝑦 =
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )

𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣(𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑)

𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑)

3. Force exerted by a jet on hinged plate:

Consider a jet of water flow through nozzle strikes striking a vertical plate at the centre which is hinged at O.
The plate will swing through some angle about the hinge due to force exerted by jet.

Figure 5

Let x= distance of centre of jet from hinge O

θ= angle of swing about hinge,
W = weight of plate acting at CG
 TM 8

From fig:
OA = OA’= x
Under equilibrium condition:

∑ 𝑴𝟎 = 𝟎

Forces acting on the plate are as follows:

1. Normal force by jet on the plate:
𝐹𝑛 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 sin 𝜃′
where 𝜃 ′ = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑗𝑒𝑡 & 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 90 − 𝜃
𝐹𝑛 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 sin(90 − 𝜃)= 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

2. Weight of the plate= W

3. Moment of both force 𝐹𝑛 & 𝑊 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = −𝐹𝑛 x 𝑂𝐵 + W x OA’sinθ

For equilibrium condition, Moment about o = 0

0= −𝐹𝑛 x 𝑂𝐵 + W x OA’sinθ

𝐹𝑛 x 𝑂𝐵 = W x OA’sinθ
𝑂𝐴
𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 × = 𝑊 × 𝑥sin 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 × 𝑥= 𝑊 × 𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝜌𝑎𝑣 2
sin 𝜃 =
𝑊
4. Force exerted by a jet on moving plate:
a. Force exerted by a jet on flat vertical moving plate in the direction of jet & away from the jet:
Fig shows a jet of water striking the flat vertical plate moving uniform velocity away from the jet.

Figure 6

Let
V= Absolute velocity of the jet(m/s)
𝜋
a= Cross section area of jet= 4 d ²..........(m²)
 TM 9

u= velocity of the plate (m/s)

Here jet strikes with relative velocity of jet with respect to plate velocity

𝑉𝑟 = 𝑣-u

Mass of water = 𝜌 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

mass of water = ρ a (𝑣-u)

Force exerted by the jet in the direction of jet
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝐹𝑥 =
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )

𝐹𝑥 = ρ a (𝑣-u) ((𝑣 − u) − 0)

𝐹𝑥 = ρ a (𝑣 − u)2
As plate is moving, the work is done by the jet on the plate.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Work done per second by the jet on the plate = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ×
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Work done per second by the jet on the plate = 𝐹𝑥 × 𝑢

W.D/Sec = ρ a (𝑣 − u)2 × 𝑢
b. Force exerted by a jet on inclined plate moving in the direction of jet:
Let a jet of water strikes an inclined plate, which is moving with uniform velocity in the direction of jet.
Let, V= Velocity of water jet(m/s)
d= Diameter of water jet(m),
𝜋
a= Cross section area of jet= 4 d ²..........(m²)

θ = Angle between the jet & plate.

Figure 7

Here jet strikes with relative velocity of jet with respect to plate velocity

𝑉𝑟 = V-u
 TM 10

Mass of water = ρ a (V-u)

If plate is smooth & loss of energy due to impact of the jet is assumed zero, the jet of water leave inclined
plate with a velocity equal to V-u.
Let us find the force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction normal to the plate,

𝐹𝑛 = Mass of jet striking per second x (Initial velocity of jet before striking in the direction of n- Final velocity of jet after
striking in the direction of n)

𝐹𝑛 = ρ a (𝑣 -u)((𝑣 – u) sin 𝜃 − 0)
2
𝐹𝑛 = 𝜌𝑎(𝑣 – u) sin 𝜃

This normal force is resolved in the direction of jet & perpendicular to the direction of flow. Then we have,

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑛 cos(90 − 𝜃)

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑛 sin 𝜃
2
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎(𝑣 – u) sin2 𝜃

Force in the perpendicular direction of flow:

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑛 sin(90 − 𝜃)

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑛 cos 𝜃

2
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑎(𝑣 – u) sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

As plate is moving, the work is done by the jet on the plate.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Work done per second by the jet on the plate in the direction of jet =𝐹𝑥 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

W.D/Sec = 𝜌𝑎(𝑣 – u)2 sin2 𝜃 × 𝑢

c. Force exerted by a jet of water on an unsymmetrical moving curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at
one of the tips:
Fig shows a jet of water striking the moving curved plate tangentially at one of its tips. The loss of energy is
zero due to tangential flow of jet.
Here jet strikes with relative velocity of jet with respect to plate velocity.
 TM 11

Figure 8

Symbols used:
Let

𝑉1 & 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 & 𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦

𝑢1 & 𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 & 𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦

𝑉𝑟1 & 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 & 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 & 𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦

𝑉𝑓1 & 𝑉𝑓2 = 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 & 𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦

𝑉𝑤1 & 𝑉𝑤2 = 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 & 𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦

𝛼 = Angle between the direction of jet & direction of motion at inlet(Guide blade angle)

𝜃 = Angle between the relative velocity 𝑉𝑟1 with direction of motion at inlet (Inlet Vane angle)

𝛽 = Angle made by the 𝑉2 with direction of motion at outlet.

𝜑 = Angle between the relative velocity 𝑉𝑟2 with direction of motion at outlet (Outlet Vane angle)
Velocity triangle at inlet:

Inlet velocity triangle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷,

𝐴𝐷 = 𝑉𝑤1

𝐵𝐷 = 𝑉𝑓1

In ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐷,

𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑢1 = 𝑉𝑟1 cos 𝜃= Component of Relative velocity in the direction of motion at inlet
Velocity triangle at outlet:

If plate is smooth, loss of energy due to friction will be zero, in that case 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2

In ∆ 𝐸𝐹𝐻,
𝐹𝐻 = 𝑉𝑤2

𝐸𝐻 = 𝑉𝑓2

-(𝑢2 + 𝑉𝑤2 ) = − 𝑉𝑟2 cos 𝜑= Component of Relative velocity in the direction of motion at outlet
 TM 12

Derivation:

Mass of water striking per sec = ρ a 𝑉𝑟1

Force exerted by the jet in the direction of motion:
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐 × (𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
− 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐹𝑥 = ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 { (𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑢1 ) −-(𝑢2 + 𝑉𝑤2 )}

𝐹𝑥 = ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 )............(This equation is true only β is acute angle)

𝐹𝑥 = ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 ) ............(This equation is true only β=90°, 𝑉𝑤2 = 0)

𝐹𝑥 = ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑉𝑤2 )............(This equation is true only β is obtuse angle)

In general form, the equation is as follows:

𝐹𝑥 = ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 )

Work done per second on the vane by the jet = Force x Distance per second in the direction of force
W.D/Sec = 𝐹𝑥 × 𝑢

W.D/Sec = ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 ) × 𝑢

Work done per second per unit weight of fluid striking the fluid striking per second
ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 ±𝑉𝑤2 )×𝑢
= ρ a g 𝑉𝑟1

(𝑉𝑤1 ±𝑉𝑤2 )×𝑢

Work done per second per unit weight of fluid striking the fluid striking per second = Nm/N
g

ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 ±𝑉𝑤2 )×𝑢

Work done per second per unit Mass of fluid striking the fluid striking per second = ρ a 𝑉𝑟1

Work done per second per unit Mass of fluid striking the fluid striking per second = 𝑉𝑤1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 ) × 𝑢 𝑁𝑚/𝐾𝑔
Efficiency of jet:
The work done by the jet on the vane is the output of the jet whereas the kinetic energy of the jet is input.
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
ɳ=
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒

ɳ=
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡

ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 ) × 𝑢

ɳ=
𝑚𝑉12
2
 TM 13

ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 ) × 𝑢

ɳ=
𝑚𝑉12
2
ρ a 𝑉𝑟1 (𝑉𝑤1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 ) × 𝑢
ɳ=
(ρ a 𝑉1 )𝑉12
2
1.13 Force exerted by a jet of water on series of vanes:
The force exerted by a jet of water on single moving plate which may be flat or curved is not practically feasible. It is
only theoretical. In actual practice, large numbers of vanes are mounted on the circumference of wheel at a fixed
distance apart. Thus each plate appears successively before the jet & jet exerts force on each plate.

Figure 9

Let, V= Velocity of water jet(m/s)

d= Diameter of water jet(m),
𝜋
a= Cross section area of jet= 4 d ²..........(m²)

u= velocity of the plate/vane (m/s)

Mass of water = ρ a V
Here jet strikes with relative velocity of jet with respect to plate velocity, Vr = V-u
After striking, the jet moves tangential direction, hence velocity component in the direction of motion of plate
is equal to zero.
Force exerted by the jet in the direction of jet
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝐹𝑥 =
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )

𝐹𝑥 = ρ a 𝑣 ((𝑣 − u) − 0)

𝐹𝑥 = ρ a 𝑣 (𝑣 − u)
Work done per second on the vane by the jet = Force x Distance per second in the direction of force
W.D/Sec = 𝐹𝑥 × 𝑢

W.D/Sec = ρ a 𝑣 (𝑣 − u) × 𝑢

𝑚𝑉 2
𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡 =
2
 TM 14

Efficiency of jet:
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒
ɳ=
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡
ρ a 𝑣 (𝑣 − u) × 𝑢
ɳ=
𝑚𝑉 2
2
2 𝑢(𝑣 − u)
ɳ=
𝑣2

Force exerted by a jet of water on series of Radial Curved vanes:

The tangential velocities of the radial vane at inlet & outlet will not be equal due to different radius. The jet of
water strikes the vanes & the wheel start rotating at a constant angular speed.

Figure 10

Let R1 & R2 = Radius of wheel at inlet & outlet respectively.

ω = angular speed of the wheel
u1 = ω R1 & u2 = ω R2

o Mass of water striking the vanes per second for series of vanes = ρ a V1
o Momentum of water striking the vanes in the tangential direction per sec at inlet= ρ a V1 x Vw1
Similarly momentum of water at outlet per sec = ρ a V1 x (-V2 cos β) = - ρ a V1 x Vw2

o Now angular momentum per second at inlet = moment at inlet * radius at inlet = ρ a V1 x Vw1 x
R1
Similarly angular momentum per second at outlet = moment at outlet * radius at outlet = -ρ a V2 x Vw2 x R2
Torque exerted by the water on the wheel = Rate of change of angular momentum
= Initial angular momentum per second- Final angular
momentum per second
 TM 15

= ρ a V1 x Vw1 x R1 –(-ρ a V2 x Vw2 x R2)

= ρ a V1 (Vw1 x R1 + Vw2 x R2)

Work done per second on the wheel = Torque × Angular velocity

W.D/Sec= ρ a V1 (Vw1 x R1 + Vw2 x R2) xω

W.D/Sec= ρ a V1 (Vw1 x R1 ω + Vw2 x R2 ω)

W.D/Sec= ρ a V1 (Vw1 x𝑢1 + Vw2 x 𝑢2 ).....for β less than 90°.

W.D/Sec= ρ a V1 (Vw1 x𝑢1 - Vw2 x 𝑢2 ).....for β greater than 90°.

W.D/Sec= ρ a V1 (Vw1 x𝑢1 ±Vw2 x 𝑢2 ).....General equation.
If discharge is radial at outlet, then β= 90°.
Efficiency of jet:
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒
ɳ=
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐾. 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡

ρ a V1 (Vw1 x𝑢1 ± Vw2 x 𝑢2 )

ɳ=
𝑚𝑉 2
2
2 (Vw1 x𝑢1 ± Vw2 x 𝑢2 )
ɳ=
𝑉12
 TM 16

Numerical on Impact of Jet

Type- I Impact of jet on Fixed Plate
1. Water is flowing through a pipe at the end of which a nozzle is fitted. The diameter of the nozzle is 100
mm & the head of water at the centre nozzle is 100m. Find the force exerted by the jet of the water on
a fixed vertical plate. The coefficient of velocity is given as 0.95. (807)
2. A jet of water of diameter 75 mm moving with a velocity of 25 m/s strikes a fixed plate in such way
that the angle between the jet & the plate is 60°. Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate (i) in the
direction normal to the plate (ii) in the direction of the jet. (807)
3. A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 40 m/s, strikes a curved fixed symmetrical
plate at the centre. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of the jet, if the jet is
deflected through an angle of 120° at the outlet of the curved plate. (808)
4. A jet of water of diameter 75mm moving with a velocity of 30 m/s, strikes a curved fixed plate
tangentially at one end at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The jet leaves the plate at an angle of 20° to
the horizontal. Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate in the horizontal & vertical direction. (808)
Type- II Impact of jet on Hinged Plate
5. A square plate of uniform thickness & length of side 300 mm hangs vertically from hinge at its top
edge. When a horizontal water jet strikes the plate at its centre, the plate is deflected & comes to rest at
angle of 30° to the vertical. The jet is 25 mm in diameter & has a velocity of 6 m/s. Determine the
weight of the plate. (814)
6. A jet of water of 30mm diameter strikes a hinged square plate at its centre with a velocity of 20 m/s.
The plate is deflected through an angle of 20°. Find the weight of plate. If the plate is not allowed, to
swing, what will be force required at the lower edge of the plate to keep the plate in vertical position.
(810)
Type- III Impact of jet on Moving Plate
7. A jet of water of diameter 10 cm strikes a flat plate normally with a velocity of 15 m/s. The plate is
moving with a velocity of 6 m/s in the direction of the jet & away from the jet. Find (i) the force
exerted by the jet on the plate (ii) work done by the jet on the plate per second (iii) find the power &
efficiency of the jet. (816)
8. A 7.5 cm diameter jet having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a flat plate, the normal of which is inclined at
45° to the axis of the jet. Find the normal pressure on the plate: (i) when the plate is stationary and (ii)
when the plate is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s & away from the jet. Also determine the power &
efficiency of the jet when the plate is moving. (817)
9. A jet of water of diameter 7.5 cm strikes a curved plate at its centre with a velocity of 20 m/s. The
curved plate is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet is deflected through
an angle of 165°. Assume the plate smooth find: (i) force exerted on the plate in the direction of jet (ii)
power of the jet (iii) efficiency of the jet.(819)
10. A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 25 m/s impinges on a fixed curved plate
tangentially at one end at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. Calculate the resultant force of the jet on
the plate if the jet is deflected through an angle of 50°. take g= 10 m/s2 (822)
Type- IV Impact of jet on Unsymmetrical moving curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of
the tips
11. A jet of water having a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a velocity of 10
m/s. the jet angle makes an angle of 20° with direction of motion of vane at inlet & leaves at an angle
of 130° to the direction of motion of vane an outlet. Calculate:
(i) Vane angles, so that the water enters & leaves the vane without shock.
(ii) work done per second per unit weight of water striking or work done per unit weight of water
striking the vane per second.(826)
12. A jet of water diameter 50 mm, having a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a curved vane which is moving with
a velocity of 10 m/s in the direction of jet. The jet leaves the vane at an angle of 60° to the direction of
motion of vane at outlet. Determine:
(i) The force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion.
(ii) Work done per second by the jet. (828)