NERVOUS SYSTEM - Governs intelligence and reasoning, learning and memory

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- coordinates and controls body functions - It is divided into right and left hemisphere
A. BRAIN  RIGHT HEMISPHERE- receives sensory input from and controls muscular activity in the left half of
- Composed of 4 major regions the body.
1. BRAIN STEM  LEFT HEMISPHERE- receives sensory input from and controls muscular activity in the right half of
- Connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain the body.
- Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain - Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
- Contains several nuclei involved in vital body functions such as control of heart rate, blood  FRONTAL LOBE
pressure, and breathing - Important in the control of of voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood, olfactory
 MEDULLA OBLONGATA reception.
- Most inferior portion of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord.  PARIETAL LOBE
- Contains discrete nuclei with specific functions such as, regulation of heart rate and blood vessel - Principal center for the reception and conscious perception of most sensory information, such as
diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance and coordination. touch, pain, temperature, balance and taste.
 PONS  OCCIPITAL LOBE
- Immediately superior to the M. Oblongata - Functions in the reception of visual input.
- Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts as well as several nuclei.  TEMPORAL LOBE
- Its nuclei relay information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. - Involved in olfactory and auditory sensations and plays an important role in memory.
 MIDBRAIN B. SPINAL CORD
- Located just superior to the pons - Extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the second lumbar vertebra.
- Smallest region of the brainstem - About 45 cm long in men and 42 cm long in women, ovoid-shaped, and is enlarged in the cervical and
- Contains nuclei involved in the coordination of eye movements and in the control of pupil lumbar regions.
diameter and lens shape. - 31 COLUMNS
- Contains the substantia nigra, which is involved in the regulation of general body movement.  eight cervical: neck and upper extremities
2. CEREBELLUM  12 thoracic: thoracic and abdomen
- Means little brain  five lumbar: lower extremities
 five sacral: lower extremities, urine and bowel control
- Involved in balance, maintenance of muscle tone, and coordination of fine motor movement.
 one coccygeal
3. DIENCEPHALON
TRACTS
- Part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum  Descending tract
- Main parts-Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus - Consists of axons that conduct action potentials away from the brain.
 THALAMUS - anterior portion of cord carrying motor information; associate "d"escending to "d"own impulses are carried to
- Largest part of the diencephalon peripheral nerves
- Influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain.  Ascending tract
 EPITHALAMUS - Consists of axons that conduct action potentials towards the brain.
- A small area superior and posterior to the thalamus - the posterior portion of cord that carries sensory information up to the brain
- Involved in the emotional and visceral response to odors and teh pineal body. (PINEAL BODY- SPINAL NERVES
endocrine gland that may influence the onset of puberty.) - categorized by region of the vertebral column
 HYPOTHALAMUS - 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Most inferior pary of the diencephalon  CERVICAL NERVES-C1 TO C8
- Important in maintaining hoemostasis  THORACIC NERVES-T1-T12
- Plays central role in the control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst.  LUMBAR NERVES- L1-L5
- Sensations, such a asexual pleasure, feeling relaxed and “good” after a meal, rage and fear are related  SACRAL NERVES-S1-S5
 COCCYGEAL NERVES-CO1
to the hypothalamus.
- These nerves are organized into three plexuses where nerves come together and then separate.
4. CEREBRUM
 CERVICAL PLEXUS
- Largest part of the brain
 - Spinal nerves c1-c4
- Branch: Phrenic Nerve (innervates the diaphragm)
 BRACHIAL PLEXUS
- Spinal Nerves c5 to t1
- 5 major nerves emerge form the brachial plexus to supply the upper limb and shoulder (axillary nerve, radial
nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, ulnar nerve and median nerve)
 LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS
- Four major nerves exit to supply the lower limb. (Obturator, femoral, ischiadic tibial-sciatic, common fibular.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Consists of all the nerves and ganglia located outside the brain and spinal cord.
NERVES

SENSORY or AFFERENT DIVISION

- Conducts action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS
- The neurons that transmit action potentials from the periphery to the CNS are
sensory neurons.
MOTOR or EFFERENT NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Conducts action potentials from the CNS to the effector organs such as the muscles
and glands.
- Neurons that transmit action potentials from the CNS towards the periphery are
motor neurons.
- Can be further subdivided into the SOMATIC MOTOR N.S. and AUTONOMIC N.S.
ENTERIC N. S.
- Associated with the digestive tract
SOMATIC MOTOR NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Transmits action potentials from CNS to skeletal muscles
AUTONOMIC
- Transmits action potentials from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and the
glands.
- 2 Divisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
SYMPATHETIC
- Fight-ot-flight system (prepares the body for physical activity, it prepares the person
to either stand and face a threat or leave as quickly as possible.
- Prepares a person for physical activity by increasing HR and BP, by dilating
respiratory passageways and by stimulating perspiration
- Stimulates the release of glucose from the liver for energy.
- Inhibits digestive activities
PARASYMPATHETIC
- Stimulates vegetative activities such as digestion, defecation and urination.
- Slows heart rate and respiration
- Causes pupil to constrict and lens to thicken