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AIM
INTRODUCTION
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
LABORATORY TESTS
SEIVE ANALYSIS
COMPACTION TEST
C.B.R. TEST
CONCLUSION
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AIM
Reduce the cost of road (black cotton soil) near about 50-60% by soil
stablisation technique. With the help of stablisation agent like jute, fly
ash, lime and water proofing compound and also improve the c.b.r value
near about 18-20 times.
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF PROJECT
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Soil stabilization is a new process by which we improve the soil characteristic and economic
Stabilization. In a broad sense, incorporates the various methods improved for modifying the
properties of soil, to improve the engineering properties of soil and improve the performance of
soil. Stabilization is being used for several of engineering works, the most common application
being in the construction of road and air field pavements, where the main objective is to increase
the strength or stability of soil and to reduce the construction cost by making best use of locally
available material. When for construction the available soil is not suitable for the intended
purpose then the soil stabilization is required. In its other senses, the stabilization process
includes the drainage, pre-consolidation, compaction many other such processes. However,
generally the term stabilization is restricted to the processes which alter the soil material itself for
improvement of its properties. For the purpose of stabilization, a chemical or a cementing
material is used to a natural soil.
4
In the earth structures, the soil stabilization is used to decrease the compressibility and
permeability of the soil mass and to increase its shear strength. The soil stabilization requires
increasing the bearing capacity of the foundation soils. But, the main use of stabilization is to
improve the natural soil for the construction of airport runways and highways. The principles
of the soil stabilization are used for controlling the grading of aggregates and soils in the
construction of bases and sub bases of the airport runways and highways.
For the military and other emergency purposes, the areas are made trafficable with the use of
soil stabilization in a short period of time. Sometimes, for making the suburban streets and city
to make them more noise-absorbing, the soil stabilization is used.
1.3 Soil stabilization may results in any one or more of the following
changes:-
Increase in stability.
Change in physical properties like density or swelling.
Change in physical characteristics.
Evaluating the properties of given soil.
Deciding method of supplementing the lacking property by the effectives and economical
method of stabilization.
Designing the stabilized soil mix for intended stability and durability values.
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Considering the construction procedures by adequately compacting the stabilized layers.
Change in chemical properties.
Retaining the desired minimum strength water proofing.
1.4 Based on the above properties, the various techniques of soil stabilization
may be grouped as follows:-
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If the stabilizer added in small proportion could modify the undesirable properties of certain soils
(such as highly clayey soils) making them more useful as construction materials. Such stabilizers
may be called modifiers.
The most common modifier used in the case of highly plastic soils is lime. Portland cements also
acts as modifier in some cases.
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CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION OF SOIL
Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and mechanical processes that
include weathering and erosion. It is a mixture of mineral and organic constituent’s that are in sol
solid,
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Fig 2.2 Soil particles
A soil mass consists of solid particles, water and air. The solid particles are called soil grains. The void space
between the soil grains is partly filled with water and partly with air. Thus, Soil consists of three constituents viz.
solid particles, air and water which are blended together to form a complex material.
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Triangle texture of soil
Of the above, hydrolysis and carbonation are the most effective. Saprolite is a particular example
of a residual soil formed from the transformation of granite, metamorphic and other types of
bedrock into clay minerals. Often called "weathered granite", saprolite is the result of weathering
processes that include: hydrolysis, chelation from organic compounds, hydration (the solution of
minerals in water with resulting cat-ion and anion pairs) and physical processes that include
freezing and thawing. The mineralogical and chemical composition of the primary bedrock
material, its physical features, including grain size and degree of consolidation, and the rate and
type of weathering transform the parent material into a different mineral. The texture, pH and
mineral constituents of saprolite are inherited from its parent material.
2.4.4 Climate
Climate is the dominant factor in soil formation, and soils show the distinctive characteristics of
the climate safe zone in which they form mineral precipitation and temperature are the primary
climatic influences on soil formation.
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2.4.5 The direct influences of climate include:
1. A shallow accumulation of lime in low rainfall areas as caliches
2. Formation of acid soils in humid areas
3. Erosion of soils on steep hillsides
4. Deposition of eroded materials downstream.
Very intense chemical weathering, leaching, and erosion in warm and humid regions where soil
does not freeze
Climate directly affects the rate of weathering and leaching. Soil is said to be formed when
detectable layers of clays, organic colloids, carbonates, or soluble salts have been moved
downward. Wind moves sand and smaller particles, especially in arid regions where there is little
plant cover. The type and amount of precipitation influence soil formation by affecting the
movement of ions and particles through the soil, and aid in the development of different soil
profiles. Soil profiles are more distinct in wet and cool climates, where organic materials may
accumulate, than in wet and warm climates, where organic materials are rapidly consumed. The
effectiveness of water in weathering parent rock material depends on seasonal and daily
temperature fluctuations. Cycles of freezing and thawing constitute an effective mechanism
which breaks up rocks and other consolidated materials.
Climate also indirectly influences soil formation through the effects of vegetation cover and
biological activity, which modify the rates of chemical reactions in the soil
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2. Sand and silt are the products of physical and chemical weathering; clay, on the other hand, is
a product of chemical weathering but often forms as a secondary mineral precipitated from
dissolved minerals. It is the specific surface area of soil particles and the unbalanced ionic
charges within them that determine their role in the cat-ion exchange capacity of soil, and hence
its fertility. Sand is least active, followed by silt; clay is the most active. Sand's greatest benefit
to soil is that it resists compaction and increases porosity. Silt is miner logically like sand but
with its higher specific surface area it is more chemically active than sand. But it is the clay
content; with its very high specific surface area and generally large number of negative charges
that gives a soil its high retention capacity for water and nutrients. Clay soils also resist wind
and water erosion better than silt and sandy soils, as the particles are bonded to each other.
3. Sand is the most stable of the mineral components of soil; it consists of rock fragments,
primarily quartz particles, ranging in size from 2.0 to 0.05 mm (0.079 to 0.0020 in) in
diameter. Silt ranges in size from 0.05 to 0.002 mm (0.002 to 0.00008 in). Clay cannot be
resolved by optical microscopes as its particles are 0.002 mm (7.9×10−5 in) or less in
diameter.[40] In medium-textured soils, clay is often washed downward through the soil
profile and accumulates in the sub-soil.
4. Soil components larger than 2.0 mm (0.079 in) are classed as rock and gravel and are removed
before determining the percentages of the remaining components and the texture class of the
soil, but are included in the name. For example, a sandy loam soil with 20% gravel would be
called gravelly sandy loam.
5. When the organic component of a soil is substantial, the soil is called organic soil rather than
mineral soil. A soil is called organic if:
Mineral fraction is 0% clay and organic matter is 20% or more
Mineral fraction is 0% to 50% clay and organic matter is between 20% and 30%
Mineral fraction is 50% or more clay and organic matter 30% or more.
2.6 Structure
The clumping of the soil textural components of sand, silt and clay forms aggregates and the
further association of those aggregates into larger units forms soil structures called peds. The
adhesion of the soil textural components by organic substances, iron oxides, carbonates, clays,
and silica, and the breakage of those aggregates due to expansion-contraction, freezing-thawing,
and wetting-drying cycles, shape soil into distinct geometric forms. These peds evolve into units
which may have various shapes, sizes and degrees of development. A soil clod, however, is not a
ped but rather a mass of soil that results from mechanical disturbance. The soil structure affects
aeration, water movement, and conduction of heat, plant root growth and resistance to erosion.
Water has the strongest effect on soil structure due to its solution and precipitation of minerals
and its effect on plant growth.
Soil structure often gives clues to its texture, organic matter content, biological activity, past soil
evolution, human use, and the chemical and mineralogical conditions under which the soil
formed. While texture is defined by the mineral component of a soil and is an innate property of
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the soil that does not change with agricultural activities, soil structure can be improved or
destroyed by the choice and timing of farming practices.
2.8.2. Classes
Size of peds whose ranges depend upon the above type
A. Very fine or very thin: <1 mm platy and spherical; <5 mm blocky; <10 mm prism like..
B. Fine or thin: 1-2 mm platy, and spherical; 5-10 mm blocky; 10-20 mm prism like.
C. Medium: 2-5 mm platy, granular; 10-20 mm blocky; 20-50 Prisms like.
D. Coarse or thick: 5-10 mm platy, granular; 20-50 mm blocky; 50-100 mm prism like.
E. Very coarse or very thick: >10 mm platy, granular; >50 mm blocky; >100 mm prism like.
2.8.3. Grades:
Is a measure of the degree of development or cementation within the pads that results in their
strength and stability.
A. Weak: Weak cementation allows pads to fall apart into the three textural constituents, sand, silt
and clay.
B. Moderate: Pads are not distinct in undisturbed soil but when removed they break into
aggregates, some broken aggregates and little un-aggregated material. This is considered
ideal.
C. Strong: Peds are distinct before removed from the profile and do not break apart easily.
D. Structure less: Soil is entirely cemented together in one great mass such as slabs of clay
or no cementation at all such as with sand.
At the largest scale, the forces that shape a soil's structure result from swelling and shrinkage that
initially tend to act horizontally, causing vertically oriented prismatic peds. Clayey soil, due to its
differential drying rate with respect to the surface, will induce horizontal cracks, reducing
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columns to blocky peds. Roots, rodents, worms, and freezing-thawing cycles further break the
peds into a spherical shape.
At a smaller scale, plant roots extend into voids and remove water and cause the open spaces to
increase, and further decrease physical aggregation size. At the same time roots, fungal hyphen
and earthworms create microscopic tunnels that break up peds.
At an even smaller scale, soil aggregation continues as bacteria and fungi exude sticky
polysaccharides which bind soil into small peds. The addition of the raw organic matter that
bacteria and fungi feed upon encourages the formation of this desirable soil structure.
At the lowest scale, the soil chemistry affects the aggregation or dispersal of soil particles. The
clay particles contain polyvalent cations which give the faces of clay layers a net negative
charge. At the same time the edges of the clay plates have a slight positive charge, thereby
allowing the edges to adhere to the faces of other clay particles or to flocculate (form clumps).
On the other hand, when monovalent ions such as sodium invade and displace the polyvalent
cations, they weaken the positive charges on the edges, while the negative surface charges are
relatively strengthened. This leaves a net negative charge on the clay, causing the particles to
push apart, and so prevents the flocculation of clay particles into larger assemblages. As a result,
the clay disperses and settles into voids between peds, causing them to close. In this way the soil
aggregation is destroyed and the soil made impenetrable to air and water. Such sodic soil tends to
form columnar structures near the surface.
2.8.4. Density:-
Density is the weight per unit volume of an object. Particle density is the density of only the
mineral particles that make up a soil; i.e., it excludes pore space and organic material. Particle
density averages approximately 2.65 g/cm3 (165 lb/cu ft).
Soil bulk density, a dry weight, includes air space and organic materials of the soil volume. A
high bulk density indicates either compaction of the soil or high sand content. The bulk density
of cultivated loam is about 1.1 to 1.4 g/cm3 (for comparison water is 1.0 g/cm3). A lower bulk
density by itself does not indicate suitability for plant growth due to the influence of soil texture
and state.
2.8.5. Porosity:-
Pore space is that part of the bulk volume that is not occupied by either mineral or organic matter
but is open space occupied by either gases or water. Ideally, the total pore space should be 50%
of the soil volume.
The gas space is needed to supply oxygen to organisms decomposing organic matter, humus, and
plant roots. Pore space also allows the movement and storage of water and dissolved nutrients.
Because soil pore space is tortuous or highly curved and twisted, the slow diffusion of solutes
and gases through soil pores can limit the bioavailability of substrates to microorganisms. This
property of soils effectively compartmentalizes the soil pore space such that many organisms are
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not in direct competition with one another, which may explain not only the large number of
species present, but the fact that functionally redundant organisms (organisms with the same
ecological niche) can co-exist within the same soil.
2.8.6 Consistency:-
Consistency is the ability of soil to stick to itself or to other objects (cohesion and adhesion
respectively) and its ability to resist deformation and rupture. It is of rough use in predicting
cultivation problems and the engineering of foundations. Consistency is measured at three
moisture conditions: air-dry, moist and wet; and in those conditions the qualities depend upon
the clay content. In the wet state, the two qualities of stickiness and plasticity are assessed. A
soil's resistance to fragmentation and crumbling is assessed in the dry state by rubbing the
sample. Its resistance to shearing forces is assessed in the moist state by thumb and finger
pressure. Finally, a soil's plasticity is measured in the wet state by moulding with the hand.
Finally, the cemented consistency depends on cementation by substances other than clay, such as
calcium carbonate, silica, oxides and salts and moisture content has little effect on its assessment.
The measures of consistency border on subjective as they employ the "feel" of the soil in those
states.
The terms used to describe the soil consistency in three moisture states and a last consistency not
affected by the amount of moisture is as follows:
Consistency of Dry Soil: loose, soft, slightly hard, hard, very hard, extremely hard
Consistency of Moist Soil: loose, very friable, friable, firm, very firm, extremely firm
Consistency of Wet Soil: non-sticky, slightly sticky, sticky, very sticky; non-plastic,
slightly plastic, plastic, very plastic
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Consistency of Cemented Soil: weakly cemented, strongly cemented, in donated (requires
hammer blows to break up)
Soil consistency is useful in estimating the ability of soil to support buildings and roads. More
precise measures of soil strength are often made prior to construction.
2.8.7 Temperature
Soil temperature regulates seed germination, root growth and the availability of nutrients. Soil
temperatures range from permafrost at a few inches below the surface to 38°C (100°F) in Hawaii
on a warm day.
The colours of the ground cover and its insulating ability have a strong influence on soil
temperature. Snow cover will reflect light and heavy mulching will slow the warming of the soil,
but at the same time they will reduce the fluctuations in the surface temperature. Below 50 cm
(20 in), soil temperature seldom changes and can be approximated by adding 1.8°C (2°F) to the
mean annual air temperature.
2.8.8 Color
Soil color is often the first impression one has when viewing soil. Striking colors and contrasting
patterns are especially noticeable. The Red River (Mississippi watershed) carries sediment
eroded from extensive reddish soils like Port Silt Loam in Oklahoma. The Yellow River in China
carries yellow sediment from eroding loess soils. Molli sols in the Great Plains of North America
are darkened and enriched by organic matter. Pod sols in boreal forests have highly contrasting
layers due to acidity and leaching.
Soil color is primarily influenced by soil mineralogy. Many soil colors are due to various iron
minerals. The development and distribution of color in a soil profile result from chemical and
biological weathering, especially redox reactions. As the primary minerals in soil parent material
weather, the elements combine into new and colorful compounds. Iron forms secondary minerals
of a yellow or red color, organic matter decomposes into black and brown compounds,
and manganese, sulfur and nitrogen can form black mineral deposits. These pigments can
produce various color patterns within a soil. Aerobic conditions produce uniform or gradual
color changes, while reducing environments (anaerobic) result in rapid colour flow with
complex, mottled patterns and points of color concentration.
2.8.9 Resistivity:-
Soil resistivity is a measure of a soil's ability to retard the conduction of an electric current. The
electrical resistivity of soil can affect the rate of galvanic corrosion of metallic structures in
contact with the soil. Higher moisture content or increased electrolyte concentration can lower
resistivity and increase conductivity, thereby increasing the rate of corrosion. Soil resistivity
values typically range from about 2 to 1000 Ω·m, but more extreme values are not unusual.
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2.3 Engineering Classification of Soil
Based on the engineering classification, soil may be grouped as:
1. Course grained soil or Granular soil
2. Fine grained soil or cohesive soil
3. Organic soil this classification is also known as general classification or broad classification of soil.
soil
The soil which consists of coarser size particles or coarse grains is termed as coarse grained soil. It is also known as
cohesion less soil or granular soil as there is no cohesion or cohesive forces acting between the particles to bind
them together.r. Particles of this type of soil are rounded, angular, bulky, and hard rock particles and 50% or more of
total material (soil) by weight is retained on 75 micron IS sieve.
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In this type of soil, more than 50% of the total material passes 75 micron IS sieve. Clay is more cohesive than
silt. Fine grained soils have following significant
s engineering properties;
1. It possesses low shear strength.
2. It is impervious practically.
3. It shrinks upon drying and expands upon wetting.
4. It is plastic and compressible. Remember that cohesive property is due to presence of clay minera
minerals in soil. So
term cohesive soil is generally used for clayey soils only.
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CHAPTER 3
NECESSITY OF SOIL STABILIZATION
3.2Deformation of soils:-
The change in shape or volume of soil mass accompanied by vertical or lateral movement under the effect of
external loads is termed as deformation of soils.
3.3Swelling
The increase in the volume of a soil mass, when water is added to it is called swelling.
3.4Creep
The slow and gradual lateral advancement of the soil is termed as Creep.
3.5Heaving
The upward movement of soil is termed as Heaving.
3.6Plastic Flow
The continuous soil deformation in highly plastic soils subjected to constant shearing stress is termed as Plastic
flow.
3.7Lateral Movement
When soil is loaded, shearing stresses are induced in it. When shearing stresses reach a limiting value, shear
deformation takes place in lateral direction causing shearing of soil.
3.8Settlement
Settlement of a structure is its vertical downward displacement due to decrease in the volume of soil mass on
which it is built. Settlement is of following types:
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3.8.1Uniform settlement
If the settlement of structure due to soil displacement is even, it is called uniform settlement. If the settlement of all
the footings of a simple building is uniform, then there is no damage to the building.
3.8.2Differential settlement: If the settlement of structure due to soil movement is uneven, it is called
differential settlement or non- uniform settlement. This settlement is more dangerous as it causes damage to the
structure.
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CHAPTER 4
METHODS OF SOIL STABILIZATION
4.1.1Mechanical stabilization
Mechanical stabilization is the process of improving the properties of the soil by changing its
graduation. Mechanical stabilization is also known as granular stabilization. For the purpose of
mechanical stabilization, the soils are subdivided in to two categories;
1. Aggregates
2. Binders
The mechanical stability of the mixed soil depends upon the following factors:-
1. Mechanical strength of the aggregates
2.Mineral composition
3.Gradation
4.Plasticity characteristics
5.Compaction
There are the following factors which affects the cement stabilization:-
1. Type of soil
2. Quantity of cement
3. Quantity of water
4. Mixing, compaction and curing
5. Admixture.
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Fig.4.1.2 cement stabilization
25
When the soil is heated with further increase in temperature then there is some
verification and fusion, and a brick- like material is obtained and these material can be
used as artificial aggregate for mechanical stabilization.
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CHAPTER 5
MATERIALS USED
5.1 In this project for making economical pavement we use following substance:
1. Fly ash
2. lime
3. Water proofing compound
4. jute
5.1.1Fly ash
Soil stabilization is the alteration of soil properties to improve the engineering performance of
soils. The properties most often altered are density, water content, plasticity and strength,
modification of soil properties is the temporary enhancement of sub grade stability to expedite
construction.
Class C-fly ash and class F-lime product blends can be used in numerous
Geo-technical applications common with highway construction:-
To enhance strength properties.
Stabilize embankments.
To control shrink swell properties of expansive soils.
Drying agents to reduce soil moisture content to permit compaction.
Class C-fly ash can be used as a stands alone material because of its self-cementitious properties.
Class fly ash can be used in soil stabilization with the addition of a cementitious agent (lime,
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Lime kiln dust, CKD and cement). The self cementitious behavior of fly ashes is determined by
ASTM D 5239. This test provide a standard method for determining the compressive strength of
cubes made with fly ash and water ( water/fly ash weight ratio .35) test at 7 days with standard
most curing .the cementitious characteristics are ranked as shown below.
It should be noted that the result obtained from ASTM 05239 only characterize the
characteristic of the fly ash water blends and does not alone provide a basis to evaluate the
potential interactions between the fly ash and soil or aggregate the use of fly ash in soil
stabilization and soil modification may be subject to local environmental requirement
pertaining to leaching and potential interaction with ground water and adjacent water courses.
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CHAPTER 6
LABORATORY TEST
Firstly we take the soil from village hathaikheda (near CIST ) and find the properties of soil.
Samples in the laboratory, In order to find out strength properties of soil, a number of
representative samples from different locations are tested.
EXPERIMENT NO.1
Objective:- sieve analysis
Purpose:
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil.
The mechanical or sieve analysis is performed to determine the distribution of the coarser,
larger-sized particles, and the hydrometer method is used to determine the distribution of the
finer particles.
Standard Reference:
ASTM D 422 - Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
Significance:
The distribution of different grain sizes affects the engineering properties of soil. Grain size
analysis provides the grain size distribution, and it is required in classifying the soil.
Equipment: Balance, Set of sieves, Cleaning brush, Sieve shaker,
Test Procedure:
Sieve Analysis:
1) Write down the weight of each sieve as well as the bottom pan to be used in the analysis.
2) Record the weight of the given dry soil sample.
3) Make sure that all the sieves are clean, and assemble them in the ascending order of sieve
numbers (# 4 sieves at top and #200 sieves at bottom). Place the pan below #200 sieves.
Carefully pour the soil sample into the top sieve and place the cap over it.
4) Place the sieve stack in the mechanical shaker and shake for 10 minutes.
5) Remove the stack from the shaker and carefully weigh and record the weight of each sieve
with its retained soil. In addition, remember to weight and record the weight of the bottom
pan with its retained fine soil.
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Fig.13 process of sieve analysis
Data Analysis:
(1) Obtain the mass of soil retained on each sieve by subtracting the weight of the empty sieve
from the mass of the sieve + retained soil, and record this mass as the weight retained on the data
sheet. The sum of these retained masses should be approximately equals the initial mass of the
soil sample. A loss of more than two percent is unsatisfactory.
alculate the percent retained on each sieve by dividing the weight retained on each sieve by
(2) Calculate
the original sample mass.
(3) Calculate the percent passing (or percent finer) by starting with 100 percent and subtracting
the percent retained on each sieve as a cumulative procedure.
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Observation & Calculations
SAMPLE NO: 1
Type Of Sieve Analysis: Dry
Total Weight Of Sample: 1kg
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Graph between sieve size and percentage of passing
300
250
200
percentage passing
150
100
50
0
0 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.85 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075
Graph no. 1
Experiment no.2
1. Objective:-To determine liquid limit of soil sample.
2. DEFINITION:-
The liquid limit of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the weight
of the oven-dried soil, at the boundary between the liquid and plastic states of
consistency. The moisture content at this boundary is arbitrarily defined as the water
content at which two halves of a soil cake will flow together, for a distance of ½ in. (12.7
mm) along the bottom of a groove of standard dimensions separating the two halves,
when the cup of a standard liquid limit apparatus is dropped 25 times from a height of
0.3937 in. (10 mm) at the rate of two drops/second.
3. APPARATUS:-
1) Porcelain evaporating dishes or similar mixing dishes approximately 4½ in. (114 mm) in
diameter.
2) Pulverizing apparatus - mortar and rubber-covered pestle.
3) U.S. No. 40 (0.425 mm) sieve.
4) Spatula, about 3 in. (75 mm) long and approximately ¾ in. (19 mm) wide.
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5) Balance sensitive to 0.01 g.
6) Watering bottle, with distilled, dematerialized or tap water.
7) Drying tares with covers, such as metal cans with lids, which will prevent moisture
loss. The tares and covers should be marked and weighed as matched pairs.
8) Mechanical Liquid Limit Device(s)
9) Manually operated - consisting of a brass cup and carriage, constructed according to the
plan and dimensions. Electrically operated - a motorized device equipped to produce the
rise and rate of drops of the brass cup as described in Sections 5.2 and 6.4 of this
procedure, respectively. The cup and the critical dimensions of the device shall conform
to those shown in Figure 1 of Appendix A. The device shall be calibrated to give the
same liquid limit value as obtained with the manually operated device.
10) Grooving Tool and Gauge - a combined grooving tool and gauge conforming to the
dimensions.
11) Oven - a thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining temperatures of
230deg.cel (110degC).
12) Desiccators - a container, usually of glass, fitted with an airtight cover, and containing at
the bottom a desiccating agent such as calcium chloride. The device prevents the sample
from absorbing moisture from the air while being cooled for weighing.
LIQUID LIMIT
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LIQUID LIMIT TEST
Experiment no.3
3. APPARATUS
1. Evaporating dishes - porcelain or similar mixing dishes approximately 4½ in. (114 mm)
in diameter.
Weight in gms lid+wet soil in Lid +dry soil Number of Moisture
gms in gms blows contains%
18.597 43.955 35.366 18 51.2195
18.962 40.594 36.014 22 26.895
18.34 32.727 32.164 27 4.07263
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Results:-
Liquid Limit &Plastic Limit Test Result
Observation and Calculations
Determination no 1 2 3
Container no 10 11 12
Mass of container(w1) 12gm 12gm 12gm
Mass of container+wet soil(w2) 45 47 50
Mass of container+dry soil(w3) 39 42 46
Mass of water,(ww= w2- w3) 6 5 4
Mass of dry soil ,(ws= w3- w1) 27 30 34
Moisture content,( w2- w3)/( w3- w1) x 100(%) 22.22 16.67 11.76
No of blows 7 8 10
Liquid limit=16.88%
Plastic limit=18
Experiment no.4
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the California bearing ratio by conducting a load penetration test in the laboratory.
DEFINITION OF C.B.R.:
It is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate a soil mass with standard
circular piston at the rate of 1.25 mm/min to that required for the corresponding penetration of
standard material.
C.B.R =(test load/ standard load) 100
The following table gives the standard loads adopted for different penetration for the standard
material with C.B.R values of 100%
Penetration of plunger (mm) Standard load (kg)
2.5 1370
5.0 2055
7.5 2630
10.0 3180
12.5 3600
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The test may be performed on undisturbed specimens and on remolded specimenwhich may be
compacted either statically or dynamically.
Sub grade soil is an integral part of the road pavements structure as it provides the support to the
pavement from beneath. The sub grade soil and its property are important in the design of
pavements structures. The main function of sub grade is to give the adequate support to the
pavements and for this the sub grade should possess sufficient stability under adverse climatic
and loading conditions. Therefore, it is very essential to evaluate the sub grade by conducting
test.
The tests used to evaluate the strength properties of soils may be broadly divided in to
three groups:
Shear tests
Bearing tests
Penetration tests
Shears tests are usually carried out on relatively small soil samples in the laboratory. Some of the
commonly known shear test, are direct shear test,triaxial compression tests, and unconfined
compression tests.
Bearing tests are loading tests carried out on sub grade soils in situation with a load bearing area.
The results of the bearing tests are influenced by variations in the soil properties within the
stressed soil mass underneath and hence the overall stability of the part of the soil mass stressed
could be studied.
Penetration tests may be considered as small scale bearing tests in which the size of the loaded
area is relatively much smaller and ratio of the penetration to the size of the loaded area is much
greater than the ratios in bearing tests. The penetration tests are carried out in the field or in the
laboratory.
TESTS PROCEDURE
The laboratory CBR apparatus consists of mould 150mm diameter with a base plate and a
collar, a loading frame and dial gauges for measuring the penetration values and expansion
soaking.
The specimen in the mould is soaked in water for four days and the swelling and water
absorption values are noted. The surcharge weight is placed on the top of the specimen in the
mould and the assembly is under the placed plunger of the loading frame.
Load is applied on the sample by a standard plunger with dia of 50 mm at the rate of
1.25mm. A load penetration curve drawn. The load values on standard crushed stones are
1370 kg and 2055 kg at 2.5mm and 5.0 penetrations respectively.
A CBR value is expressed as percentages of the actual load causing the penetrations of 2.5
mm or 5.0mm to the standard loads mentioned above. Therefore CBR = (load carries by
standard specimen)* 100.
Two values of CBR will be obtained. If the value of 2.5 mm is greater than of 5.0 mm
penetration, the former is adopted. if the CBR value obtained from test at 5.0 mm penetration
is higher than at 2.5 mm, the test is to be repeated for checking. If the check test again gives
similar results, then higher value obtained at 5.0 mm penetration is reported as the CBR
value. The average CBR value of three test specimen is reported as the CBR value of sample.
36
SOIL TESTING
First we take the black cotton soil and find the CBR value. For this take 5 kg of soil (black cotton
soil). And crush the soil BLACK COTTON SOIL passes by sieve 2.75 mm.
Then prepare a mould and submerged it in water near 96 hours we take near 3sample in
laboratory and take in CBR testing machine.
0 0 0
0.5 8 6.612186
1 12 9.24328
1.5 14 10.78383
2 18 13.86492
2.5 20 15.40547
3 24 18.48656
3.5 28 21.56765
4 31 23.87847
4.5 34 26.18929
5 35 26.95957
5.5 38 29.27039
6 41 31.58121
6.5 44 33.89203
7 47 36.20285
7.5 49 37.74339
8 51 39.28394
8.5 53 40.82449
9 56 43.13531
9.5 59 45.44612
38
LOAD PENETRATION CURVE
70
60
50
40
LOAD DIVISION
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5
PENETRATION (MM)
Graph no. 2
39
NOW WE TAKE BLACK COTTON SOIL AND MIX IT WITH FLY ASH
CONTENT:
FLY ASH 650 gm (15% WEIGHT OF SOIL)
0 0 0
0.5 4 3.081093
1 22 16.94601
1.5 40 30.81093
2 58 44.67585
2.5 70 53.91913
3 81 62.39214
3.5 87 67.0138
4 93 71.63542
4.5 98 75.48678
5 105 80.87
5.5 110 84.73006
6 116 93.20307
6.5 121 96.28416
7 125 97.82471
7.5 127 103.9869
8 140 107.8383
8.5 146 112.4599
9 151 116.3113
9.5 156 120.1626
40
LOAD PENETRATION CURVE
180
160
140
120
100
load division
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.6 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5
penetration (mm)
Graph no. 3
41
CONCLUSION
Above these result we conclude that, if we use individually each gradient then its performance
is not well.
As in the case of fly ash when we use below 20% its CBR Value is good but when we add
more fly ash then its CBR value reduce.
References:
1. Soil Mechanics And Foundation, B.c Punmia, (Laxmi Publication)
2. Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering , K R Arora (Standard Book)
3. Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering S.K. Garg Khanna Publication, Delhi
42