A≤ymbw ˛4

\ºq-Xncnkap-Zmb]cn-jvI-c-tWm-Zy-a-߃
˛ kmln-Xy-Øn¬

efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\Ø
- ns‚ IrXn-If
- psS kzm[o\w

4.1 sIm´m-c°
- c Xmeq-°n¬s∏´ tIm´-h´- Øv C√Øv 1909 am¿®v 30\v efn-
Xmw-_nIm A¥¿÷\w P\n-®p. {ioaqew {]Pm-k`m saº-dmbncp∂ sI.
Zmtam-Z-c≥ t]m‰n-bmWv ]nXmhv. amXmhv \ßø A¥¿÷-\w. `¿Ømhv

cma-]pcw Aa-\-°c C√Øv \mcm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn. \thm-∞m\ ImYn-I-

cpsS c≠mw \nc-bn-emWv kmlnXy \ncq-]-I¿ A¥¿÷-\-Øn\v ÿm\w
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- v. 1920 Ifn¬ hn.-Sn. bpsSbpw C.-Fw. F n-s‚bpw t\Xr-
Xz-Øn¬ \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ
- n-epw, 1930 IfpsS DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ cmjv{Sob

kmaqly Pohn-XØ
- nepw ]ptcm-Ka
- \
- k
- m-ln-Xy-{]-ÿm\w ]cn-h¿Ø-\Ø
- ns‚
Ae-sbm-en-Iƒ krjvSn-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ Xo£vWX A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚
cN-\I
- f
- nepw ]S¿∂p Ib-dn.

4.2 Hmtcm kaq-lhpw FXn¿i-‡n-Isf AXn-\p-≈n¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ krjvSn-

°pI F∂Xv Ncn{X \ntbm-K-am-Wv. A\y-k-ap-Zm-b-°m¿°v A{]m-]y-amb

B I¿Øhyw \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ

- nse kv{XoIsf tI{μo-Ic
- n®v \nd-th-
‰n-b-h-cn¬ {][m\n A¥¿÷\w Xs∂. ]pcpj ta[m-hnXz a\:ÿnXn-
bp≈ kzk-ap-Zm-bØ
- nse kv{XoI-fpsS {]iv\ß
- ƒ (kv{Xo-[\
- w, A[n-th-Z-

\w, hr≤-hn-hm-lw, _mey-ssh-[h

- yw, k]Xv\o a’-cw, s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk
\ntj-[w, amaq-ep-Iƒ), Ah-cpsS Bfl-]o-U\
- ß
- ƒ Ch-sb√mw kaqlZrjvSn-
bn¬ i‡-ambn Ah-Xc
- n-∏n®v AXn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-Ic
- n®v B alm-\c
- I
- Ø
- n¬
81
\n∂pw ktlm-Z-cn-amsc tamNn-X-cm-°pI F∂Xmbn-cp∂p BZy-Im-e-I-Y-I-
fpsS e£yw. Xm≥ I≠-dn™ ad-°p-Sb
- v°p-≈nse alm-\c
- I
- sØ Ipdn®v
Ah¿t°sd ]d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. “A¥¿÷\ Pohn-X-ß-sf√mw Xs∂

hnjm-Zm-flI
- ß
- f - ƒ am{X-am-Wt- √m”˛ ({]Xn-[z-\n)1.
- mb Hmtcm Znhm-kz-]v\ß
- ns‚ ‘hn[n-_ew’ F∂ IY-bn¬ a\-bv°se Hcp Zmkn ]d-
A¥¿÷-\Ø
bp-∂p-≠v. “Cuizcm! ]Øv P∑w ]´n-bmbn P\n-®mepw Cu \ºq-cm-cpsS

CtSev s]Æmbn s]d-°t√ ]l-hmt\”2 F∂v. PmX-It-- Zm-jØ

- m¬ Aßs\
]nd∂p hoW-h-cpsS tXß-ep-Ifpw {]Xn-tj-[-ßfpw {]Xn-Im-c-ßfpw am\-
- p-amWv Ah-cpsS aqSp-]-S-Øn¬ (1931), {]Xn-[z\n (1934),
knI kwL¿j-ßf

hn[n-_ew (1936), {]Xn-Imc tZhX (1938) Ip‰-k-ΩXw (1940), Pohn-Xhpw ac-

Whpw (1946) XpS-ßnb IY-If
- nse {]ta-bw.

4.3 F∂m¬ H‰-bv°p≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw {]Xn-tj-[-ßfpw hy¿∞-am-

sW-∂pw, Xpey Zp:JnXsc kwL-Sn-∏n®v t]mcm-Sp-I-bmWv ]cn-lmc am¿§-

sa∂pw Ipdn-tb-SØv Xm{Xn-bpsS IY-bmb “{]Xn-Im-c-tZ-h-X”- bn¬ ]d-bp∂
IYm-Imcn Imem-\p-km-cn-bmb ho£Ww ]pe¿Øp-∂p. kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-

cWØn\p-th≠n CS-Xp-]£
- Øp \n∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw kmlnXy krjvSn
\S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX A¥¿÷\w AXns‚ adp-hi
- hpw ImWm-Xn-cp-∂n-√.
`q]-cn-jvIc
- W
- Ø
- m¬ XI¿∂-Sn™ \ºq-Xncn IpSpw-_ß
- ƒ Bcpw ImWm-

Xn-cp-∂t- ∏m¬ efn-Xmw-_nI AXp ImWp-Ibpw D≈n¬ X´pw-hn[w Ah-Xc

- n-
∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXmWv ‘a\p-jy-]p{Xn’ F∂ IY.

4.4 ‘aqSp-]-S-Ønse’ \mbn-I-bmb ]m∏n hr≤-\mb Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS

\memw thfn-bm-Wv. Ahƒ°v PohnXw \c-IX
- p-ey-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-fpsS
a\-   n¬ A\p- c m- K - Ø ns‚ BZy- k v ] ¿iw \S- Ø nb Ip´≥ \ºq- X ncn
82
tIm¨{K- p-Im-c\
- m-bn. kap-Zm-bm-`n-am-\n-bm-bn. HSp-hn¬ Abmƒ A]v^s‚
aIsf kw_-‘°
- m-cn-bp-am-°n. Abmsf ImØv., hnhm-ln-Xb
- m-bn´pw If-¶-
ta¬°m-Ø-h-fmbn XncnsI sN∂ ]m∏n hnUvVn-bmbn amdn. ]m∏n-bpsS

hnIm-cß
- sf Bcpw am\n-°p-∂n-√. Ahƒs°mcp lrZ-ba
- p-s≠∂pw CjvSm-
\n-jvSß
- f
- p-s≠∂pw Bcpw Xncn-®d- n-™n-√. Ah-fpsS ico-cØ
- n¬ Hcn-°-
se-¶nepw kv]¿in® Ip´≥ \ºq-Xn-cnbpw ]m∏nsb a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian-®n-

√. kuI-cy-]q¿Δw Abmfpw Ahsf ad∂p If-™p.

4.5 1931 Ime-L´- Ø

- n¬ Ahn-hm-ln-Xb
- mb Hc-¥¿÷-\sØ Hcp \ºq-Xn-

cn bphm-hn-s\-s°m≠v Npw_n-∏n-°pI F∂ hnπ-hI

- c
- a
- mb Imcyw efn-Xmw-
_nI A¥¿÷- \ - Ø ns‚ IY- b n- e p- ≠ v . Akq- c yw- ] - i y- b m- b n- c n- t °≠
A¥¿÷-\-am-Wn-hn-SpsØ hnj-bw. \nXy-I-\y-I-bmbn acWw hsc Ign-
tb-≠-hƒ. acn®p NnX-bn¬ sh°p-tºm-tg°pw Hcp Xmen sI´n NS-ßn-

\mte Ahsf kpaw-Ke

- n-bm-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcp kap-Zm-bØ
- n¬ Cu
IY sR´- e p- f - h m- ° p- ∂ Xp Xs∂. Hm¿Ω sh® \mfp- I ƒ°n- ∏ pdw Hc-
¥¿÷\w Pohn-X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn sskzcy-ambn InS-∂p-d-ßp-∂p, Ah-km\

\n{Z-bm-WX
- v. ChnsS ]m∏n-bpsS Zp:ÿnXnbv°p Imc-W°
- m-cm-cm-sW-∂X
- ns‚
{][m\ DØcw \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ
- nse Zpcm-Nm-cß
- ƒ F∂p Xs∂.

4.6 ‘{]Xn-Im-c-tZ-hX’ F∂ IY-bn¬ {`jvS-bm-°-s∏´ ‘Ipdn-tb-SØp

Xm{Xn’ Xs∂ {][m\ IYm-]m-{Xw. Ahƒ IYm-Im-cn-tbmSv kz¥w IY ]d-
bp-∂p. amwk-Zm-l-Øns‚ el-cn-bn¬s∏´p kv{Xosb ]ng-∏n-°p∂ ]pcp-j-

t\m, Ah-t\m-sS-Xn¿°p-hm≥ th≠n kzbw ]ng®p t]mIp∂ kv{Xotbm,

Bcm-W-[nIw Ip‰-°m-sc-∂mWv Xm{Xn-bpsS tNmZyw. FgpØpImcn-bpsS
- n-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. “{]Xn-Im-cØ
DØ-ca - ns‚ elcn ]nSn®p s]m´n-∏p-ds
- ∏´ \nß-
83
sf-¥n-\mWv B `mcw X∂-Øm-t\-s‰-Sp-ØXv ? A_-eI
- fpw ASn-aI
- f
- p-amb
A¥¿÷-\ß
- f
- n-emsI A`n-am-\t- _m-[a
- p-W¿Øm-Øs
- Xt¥? CØcw Imcy-
ß-fn¬ H‰-sbm-‰-bmb {]h¿Ø\w hnP-bn-°n-√. ]e-t∏mgpw AX-]-I-S-

amWp Xm\pw. A∂p Xm{Xn-bp-≠m-°nb sImSp-¶m‰v kap-Zm-b-Øn-s\¥p

KpWw sNbvXp?. B ImcWw ]d™v ]pcp-j∑
- m¿ A¥¿÷-\ß
- sf ]q¿Δm-
[nIw a¿±n-®p. AtX kw`-hK
- Xn Hm¿Øp A¥¿÷-\ß
- ƒ°v Xe XmgvØn

\S-t°≠n h∂p. Adp-]Øn\men¬s∏´ {`jvS∑

- m-cpsS IpSpw-_mw-Kß
- ƒ°p
t]mep-a-Xm-izm-k-ta-In-bn-√”.3

4.7 Ipdn-tb-SØp Xm{Xn-bpsS Bfl-_en Bfp-I-fpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ Hcp

hy`n-Nm-c-t°-kn¬ IqSp-X-sem-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ht´sd H®-∏m-Sp-≠m-°n-sb-
¶nepw AsXmcp t\¿hgn Im´p-Ib
- p-≠m-bn-√. e£yw am¿§sØ km[q-Ic
- n-
°p-Ib
- n-√. B [oc-Xt- bbpw A`n-am-\t- Øbpw AwKo-Ic
- n®p sIm≠p Xs∂

Ipdn-tb-SØp Xm{Xnsb efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w \ntj-[n-°p-∂p. F∂mepw

\ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Øn\v Xm{Xnsb ad-°m-\m-hn-√. Ccp-fns‚ alm-aq-I-X-
bn¬ \n∂v Xm{Xn-sbmcp sR´n-∏n-°p∂ ]S-°s
- a-dn-™p. AsXmcp [oc-amb

Xm°o-Xm-bn-cp∂p; sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hcm≥ t]mIp∂ Xe-ap-db

- v°p-
≈n¬ hoWv B Xo∏¥w CXm s]m´n-sØ-dn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ shfn-®Ø
- n¬
B {]Xn-Imc tZh-Xb
- psS kI-eI
- p-‰ß
- ƒ°pw am∏p-≠v. Xm{Xn ]Xn-Xb
- m-

bn-Øo-cm-\p-≠mb kml-Nc
- y-ßsf kz¥w `mh-\b
- m¬ A¥¿÷\w hni-
I-e\w sNøp-∂p. AsXmcp Ncn{X hni-I-e-\-a-√. `mh-\-bpsS Awi-amWv
ap¥n \n¬°p-∂-Xv. F∂n-cn-°nepw Xs‚ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ P\n®v amaq-ep-

Isf sh√p-hn-fn®v \ºq-Xncn Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂n-d-ßn-t∏mb Xm{XnbpsS

{]hr-Øn-Isf ap∂n¬ \n¿Øn Imcy-Im-cW klnXw IYm-Imcn hni-I-
e\w sNøp-∂p. 1905 ¬ kvam¿Ø hnNmcw \S-∂p. 1938 emWv {]Xn-Im-ct- Z-
84
hX F∂ IY cNn-°s
- ∏-´X
- v. 33-h¿j-߃°p tijw. A∂v Xm{Xn Pohn-®n-
cp-∂pthm F∂v IYm-Imcn hy‡-am-°p-∂n-√. 23 hb- p-≈t- ∏m-gmWv Xm{Xn
{`jvS-bm-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 56- h-bt  Cu IY {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ ka-bØv

Xm{Xnbv°v D≠m-hm-\n-Sb
- p-≈q. Xm{Xn Pohn-®n-cp-∂pthm? F¶n¬ Ahco
IY hmbn-°m-≥ CS hcnt√ ? Xm{Xn-bpsS kvam¿Ø hnNm-cm-\¥
- c Pohn-
XsØ Ipdn®v hy‡-amb sXfn-hp-I-fn-√. ]e IY-Ifpw {]N-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Nme-°pSn ]pg-tbm-c-ØmWv Xm{Xn°v Xma-kn-°m-\nSw \¬In-b-Xv. Ah-

cpsS XpS¿∂p≈ PohnXw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-≈X
- ns\ kw_-‘n-®v,
A\Xn hnZq-ca
- √
- m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L´- a
- mWv F∂m¬ IqSnbpw tcJ-If
- n-√.

Cu hkvXpX A¤p-X-I-c-am-Wv.

4.8 {`jvS-bm-°-s∏´ kv{Xosb Ipdn®v ]n∂oSv kwkm-cn-°p-Itbm Ah-

cpsS kpJ-hn-hc
- ß
- ƒ Bcm-bp-Itbm Ah¿ Pohn-®n-cn-°pt∂m F∂v Xnc-

°p-Itbm sNøp∂ ]Xnhv \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°n-Sb

- n-en-√. F∂n-cn-°nepw ]{X-
am-kn-II
- fpw B\p-Im-en-Iß
- fpw {]kn-≤o-Ic
- W
- a
- m-cw-`n-®n-cp∂ B ImeØv
Xm{Xo hnNm-cØ
- ns‚ 25-˛mw h¿j-Øn¬ t]mepw Hcp ]n≥a-S°
- tam At\z-

j-Wtam D≠m-bn-s√-∂Xv hnkvab

- I
- cw Xs∂.

4.9 ‘Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw’ F∂ IYbn¬ hn[-hb

- mb Hc-¥¿÷\w ˛

Xm{Xn-˛bmWv \mbn-I. Ahƒ°v tIhew 19 hb- p≈t∏mƒ £b-tcm-Kn-

bmb `¿Ømhv ac-Wa
- S- ™
- p. {hX-ip-jvIa
- mb PohnXw \bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂
Ah-fpsS a\- n¬ sImSp-¶m-‰p-bc
- p-∂Xv A\p-P≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS hnhm-l-

ti-ja
- m-Wv. Ahƒ Abm-fn¬ `¿Øm-hns\ k¶-ev]n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. A¿≤-cm-{Xn-bn¬ lnÃo-cnb tcmK _m[n-X-bmbn Ae-dn-s°m-≠mWv A-
hƒ Xs‚ {]Xn-tj[w {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂X
- v. Xm{Xn-bpsS lnÃo-cnb Hcp imco-
85
cn-It- cm-Ka
- √
- . XnI®p am\-kn-Ia
- m-WX
- v. X\n°v \ntj-[n-°s
- ∏´ PohnX kpJ-
߃ Hcp Npa-cn-\-∏p-dØv a‰p-≈-h¿ A\p-`-hn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-fpsS a\ v
hndfn ]nSn-°p-∂p. Xm{Xn Atcm-KZ- r-VK
- m-{X-bm-Wv. \h-bu-h\bp‡-bp-am-

Wv. F∂n´pw Ahƒ°v Pohn-XØ

- nse ka-kvXk
- p-Jß
- fpw \ntj-[n-°s
- ∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn\v ]gn-Nm-tc-≠Xp hn[n-sb-b√
- . ImcWw P\n®msemcn-°¬
ac-Wa
- p-s≠-∂Xp Xs∂. ]t£ Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂h
- s
- c-IqSn _ew {]tbm-Kn®p

arXyp-hns‚ Nß-e-bn¬ Xf-®n-Sp∂ \nb-a-߃ \n¿Ωn-®Xv kap-Zm-b-am-Wv.

kmhn-{Xn-bpsS Pohn-X-Im-a-\-Iƒ Ahsf am\-knI hn{`m-¥n-bn-te°v Npg-
‰n-sb-dn-bp-∂p. Ah¿Æ-\o-b-amb hn[-Øn¬ ZpjvI-c-amWv Hcp \ºq-Xncn

hn[-h-bpsS Pohn-X-sa∂v A¥¿÷\w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hn[hmhnhm-

lsØ Ipdn®v {]l- k - \ - s a- g p- X nb Hcm- f psS `mcy hn[- h - b m- I p- t ºmƒ
Ahƒ°v F¥p kw`-hn-°p∂p? kmaq-ly-hn-πhw kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn¬
{]mh¿Øn-Ia
- m-°m≥ aSn-°p-∂h
- c
- psS t\¿°mWv Cu IY-bnse kmhn-{Xn-

bpsS lnÃo-cnb hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂X

- v. [ocbpw A`n-am-\n-\n-bp-amb Hcp bph-
Xn-bpsS kºq¿Æ ]X\w ChnsS hc-®n-Sp-∂p.

4.10 ]cn-h¿Ø\w hfsc sshIn-t∏mbn F∂v 1946 ¬ Fgp-Xnb Cu IY

hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse BZysØ hn[hm hnhmlw
\S-∂Xv sIm.-h. 1110 (1934) Nnßw 28-˛mw Xob-Xn-bm-Wv. hn.-Sn.-bpsS `mj-bn¬

“tIc-f°
- c
- b
- n¬ B[n-]X
- y-ap-d∏
- n-®X
- n-\p-tijw \ºq-Xncn a\p-tjym-Nn-Xa
- mb
Hcp k¬I¿Ωw \nd-th-‰n-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AX-∂m-sW∂p Rm≥ hnNm-cn-°p-
∂p”4. hn.-Sn.-bpsS `h-\a
- mb cknI kZ-\Ø
- n¬ sh®mWv B hnhmlw \S-

∂-Xv. Fw.-B¿.-_n. (h-t∂cn ap√-aw-Ke

- Ø
- n-√Øv cma≥ `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv) Bbn-
cp∂p hc≥. h[p, hn.-Sn.-bpsS ]Xv\n {iotZhn A¥¿÷-\Ø
- ns‚ A\p-
PØn \tßa A¥¿÷-\w. C.-hn. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ hn[-hbpw eoe F∂p
86
t]cmb Hcp ssI°p-™ns‚ AΩ-bp-am-Wh
- ¿. Ah-cpsS \n»q-\y-amb Pohn-
XsØ km{º-Zm-bn-I-amb A\m-Y-Xz-Øn-te°v X≈n hnSmsX ssI]n-Sn®p
Pohn-XØ
- n-te°v ho≠pw \S-Øm≥ hn.-Sn.sb t]mep≈ alm-\p-`m-h∑
- m-cpsS

]cn-{iaw sIm≠v km[n-®p.

4.11 1962 ¬ cNn-°-s∏´ IY-bmWv ‘a\p-jy-]p{Xn’. Ac-\q-‰m≠v sIm≠v

tIcfw hºn® am‰-ßf

- n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-bn. kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI kmaq-
Zm-bnI ka-hm-Iy-߃ amdn adn-™p. IpSn-bm\pw P∑nbpw s]mbvt∏m-bn.
‘Irjn-`qan I¿j-I\v’ F∂ \bw \S-∏n¬ h∂p. ]Xn-\mdpsI´pw ]Sn-∏p-c-

bp-ambn hncm-Pn-®n-cp∂ C√-߃ Ipfw-tIm-cn-t∏m-bn. ]pXnb apX-emfn˛sXm-

gn-emfn h¿§-ap-bn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰p. “AØmg∏´n-Wn-°m-cpt≠m” F∂v hnfn®p
tNmZn®v ]Sn-∏p-c-b-S-®n-cp∂ C√sØ Ip™m-Ø-eΩ a{¥n-bmb tKmhn-
μ≥Ip´nsb ImWm-s\-Øp-∂X
- mWv IYm kμ¿`w. F√m am‰-Øn\pw Hcp

]cn-[n-hsc Imc-W-°m-cmb Xß-fpsS ap∂n-te°v Zb bmNn®p ssIIƒ

\o´p-∂Xv ]≠v tImcnI \nd®v hnfºn A\ysc Du´nb AΩ-bm-Wv. tKmhn-
μ≥Ip´n B AΩ-tbmSv am∏p tNmZn-°p-∂p. DÆm-\n-√m-Ø-h¿°v th≠n-

bp≈ ka- c Øn\nS- b n¬ tNmdp hnfºnØ∂ ssIIƒ ad- ∂ p- t ]m- b n.

F∂n´pw Ah¿ am‰-Øn-\p-th≠n {]h¿Øn-®-hsc i]n-°p-∂n-√. ]Icw
A\p-{Klw sNmcn-bp-∂p. Cu kvt\lhpw hm’-eyhpw \njvI-]-S-Xbpw

ASpØ Xe-ap-dbv°pw sImSp-°tW F∂mWv tKmhn-μ≥Ip-´n°v AΩ-tbm-

Sp≈ {]m¿∞-\. kmaq-lnI am‰-ßfpsS IpsØm-gp-°n¬ XI¿∂-Sn™
Ht´sd Xd-hm-Sp-If
- p-≠v. Ah-bpsS Iogn-ea
- ¿s∂-cn™ Pohn-Xß
- f
- psS IW-

s°-Sp∏v Bcpw \S-Øn-bn-√. kºXvkar-≤n-bpsS \√ \mfp-Iƒ Htcm¿Ω

am{X-am-bn-sb-¶nepw BVyØw ssIhn-SmsX Ign-tb≠n h∂-hcpw HSp-hn¬

87
Zpc-`n-am-\sØ hni-∏n\p ap∂n¬ ASn-bd sht°≠n h∂-hcpw C°q-´Ø
- n-
ep-≠v. Ah-cpsS Ncn{Xw C∂pw CcpfS™p InS-°p-∂p.

4.12 efn-Xmw-_nIm A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚ ‘XI¿∂ Xe-apd’ F∂ IYm-k-

- n¬ ‘Ip‰-k-ΩXw’ F∂ IY-bp≠v. kvam¿Ø hnNm-cØ
am-lm-cØ - n\p hn[n-
°-s∏´ Hc-¥¿÷\w Xms\-ßns\ If-¶n-Xb
- mbn F∂p hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp

IY-bm-Wn-Xv. Ahƒ Hcp _me-hn-[h

- b
- m-Wv. Ct∏mƒ Hc-hn-lnX K¿`-Øn-\p-
- m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ‘km[-\-’Øns‚ samgn C{]-Im-ca
S-ab - m-bn-cp-∂p. ‘Rm≥ Ip‰-
°m-cn-bm-Wv. Fs∂ ]pdØp X≈mw. ]t£ AXn-\p≈ kIe sX‰p-Ifpw

Fs‚ am{Xw kz¥-am-Wv. a‰mcpw ]¶p-Im-cn√”5 . Cu samgn sshZn-Ik

- Z- -
 n¬ Ne-\a
- p-≠m-°n. {`jvSb
- mb A¥¿÷\w ]nim-Nn-t\-°mƒ \nμybpw
\nIr-jvSb
- p-am-sW∂v kap-Zmbw Icp-Xnbncp-∂p. {]tXy-In®pw kv{XoIƒ.
B tZiØp \n∂p hcp∂ Im‰p t]mepw X´m-\n-Sb
- m-ImsX kzbw kq£n-

®n-cp∂p Ah¿. Ipdn-tb-SØv Xm{Xn-bn¬ \n∂v XnI®pw hn`n-∂-amb Hcp

at\m-`m-h-amWv Cu hn[h sh®p ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. Xm{Xn Xs∂ {]m]n®
]pcp-j∑
- m-cpsS t]cpw AS-bm-fß
- fpw a\:]q¿Δw tiJ-cn®p sh®v ka-ba
- m-

b-t∏mƒ {]Xn-Im-c_
- p-≤n-tbmsS temI ka£w \ncØn sh®p. ]t£ Ip‰-
k-ΩX
- Ø
- nse \mbnI Xs‚ ico-cI
- m-a\
- I
- f
- psS ]qc-WsØ ]m]-ambn Icp-
Xn-bn-√. Ahƒ°v Xs∂ {]m]n® ]pcp-jt- \mSv ]I-bn-√. imco-cn-Ia
- mb Hcm-

hiyw, AXv Xs‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\p Xs∂ `oj-Wn-bm-Ipw-hn-[Ø

- n¬ Xo£vW-
am-bt- ∏mƒ Ahƒ°v Xs‚ {hX-km-[\
- I
- ƒs°√mw `wKw hcp-tØ≠n h∂p.
“AsXmcp ]m]-am-sW-¶n¬ B ]m]-Øn-\p-th≠n Hcp PohnXw apgp-h≥

Rm≥ hnebv°p sImSp°pw”6 A{X-am{Xw Ahƒ°v hne-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p

B kam-Ka
- w. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ahƒ ]›m-Ø]
- n-°p-∂n-√.

88
4.13 hI-Xn-cn-hn-√mØ {]mb-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw hb- \v ssI]n-Sn®p
\¬In IS-aI
- s
- f√mw \nd-th‰n F∂m-iz-kn-°p∂ kap-Zm-bt- Øm-SmWv Ah¿
Ie-ln-®X
- v. ssewKn-IXrjvW ]pcp-js
- \-∂Xp t]mse kv{Xobv°p-ap-≠v F∂

Poh-im-kv{X-]c
- a
- mb kXy-Øn\p t\sc apJw Xncn®p \n¬°p-Ib
- m-bn-cp∂p
\ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bw. F{X AS-°n-sbm-Xp°n sh®mepw A\p-Iq-e-amb
kml-Nc
- y-Øn¬ Cu Ima-\I
- ƒ F√m Nß-es
- °-´p-Is
- fbpw XI¿Øv ]q¿Δm-

[nIw i‡n-tbmsS ]pd-tØbv°p hcpw. \ºq-Xncn s]¨Ip-´n-Isf C{X-

tØmfw Iq´n-eS- b
- v°p∂ kap-Zm-ba
- mWv Ah-cpsS A]Y k©m-cØ
- n-s\√mw
DØ-ch
- m-Zn. ChnsS kaq-ls
- Ø-bmWv A¥¿÷\w {]Xn-bmbn Nq≠n-°m-

´p-∂-Xv. kv{Xo°p am{X-ambn ASn-t®¬∏n-°-s∏´ BNm-c-߃ kv{XobpsS

Xs∂ \mi-Øn\v Imc-Wa
- m-bn-Øo¿∂p. CXv Hcp Ime-L´- Ø
- nse kv{Xo
Pohn-XsØ apgp-h≥ Ccp-´n-em-gvØn-°f
- ™
- p. Cu Zpÿn-Xn-bvs°-Xn-sc-bmWv
IYm-Imcn {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv.

4.14 efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚ ‘BZysØ IY-Iƒ’ F∂ kam-

lm-c-Ønse ‘bm{Xm-h-km\w’ F∂ IY-bnepw Hcp _me-hn-[h Xs∂-

bmWv \mbn-I. Ccp-]X

- p-hb
-  
- p≈ {iotZhn A¥¿÷\w. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ GIm-
Zin sXmgm≥ a‰-¥¿÷-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xoh-≠n-bn¬ Ib-dn-∏-‰nb {iotZ-
hnbv°v Pzcw ]nSn-s∏-´p t_m[-an-√m-Xm-bn. XpW-°m-cn-Iƒ Dt]-£n® Ahƒ

HSp-hn¬ a{Zmkv ]´-WØ

- n-ee
- b
- th bZr-—bm Hcp \ºq-Xncn bphmhv Bip-
]-{Xn-bn-se-Øn®v c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. B tcmK-iø
- b
- n¬ sh®p Xs∂ saUn-
°¬ hnZym¿∞n-bmb B bphm-hns\ sIm≠v Ahƒ°p tamXn-c-an-Sp-hn-

°m\pw Ahsc A\p-cm-K_

- ≤
- c
- m-°p-hm\pw IYm-Imcn XnSp-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- mbn
tXm∂pw. hnhm-l-tijw XncnsI \m´n-tebv°p bm{X Xncn-°p-tºmƒ
{iotZhn {`jvSns\ `b-°p-∂p. tÃj-\n¬ Ahsc ImØp \n∂n-cp∂Xv
89
]qam-ebpw ]qs®-≠p-If
- p-ambn Hcp ]‰w bphm-°f
- m-Wv. \ºq-Xncn \thm-
∞m-\-Øns‚ ap∂-Wn-t∏m-cm-fn-Iƒ. kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ am‰-Øn‚ Im‰p-b¿∂-
t∏mƒ A`n-am-\]
- p-c 
- cw AXp IY-If
- n¬ ]I¿Øn-sh-°p-hm≥ IYm-Imcn

aSn-®n√ F∂Xns‚ sXfn-hmWv {]kvXpX IY.

4.15 ‘hn[n-_ew’ F∂ IY-bn¬ ac-Wm-k∂

- b
- mbn InS-°p∂ Hcp ap…nw-

hr≤ ssh{i-h-W-Øn-√sØ henb Xncp-ta-\nsb H∂p ImWm≥ sImXn-

°p-∂p. k]-Xv\n-bpsS Gj-Wn-aqew {`jvS-bm-°-s∏´ Hc-¥¿÷-\-am-bn-
cp∂p B hr≤. Hcp kv{Xo°pw, Ah-sf{X hni-me-a\
- k
- vIb
- m-bmepw `¿Øm-

hns‚ ]ckv{Xo _‘w kln° hø. al≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS BZy-th-fn-

bmsb-Øp∂ A¥¿÷-\w, XpS¿∂v Abmƒ ]e Imc-Wß
- f
- m¬ th´p-sIm-
≠p-hc
- p∂ kv{XoIsfbpw Abm-fpsS a‰p kw_‘ CS-]m-Sp-Is
- fbpw shdp-
°p-∂Xv kzm`m-hnIw Xs∂. F∂n´pw Cu A¥¿÷-\ß
- s
- f√mhcpw `¿Ør

{]m¿∞\m \nc-X-Ifpw I¿Øhy \n¿Δ-l-W-Øn¬ {i≤m-ep-°-fp-am-bn-cp-

∂p. ImcWw Pohn-XØ
- n¬ Ah¿°v thsdmcp sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v km[y-X-
bn-√. Ah¿ kmaq-ln-Ia
- mbpw kmº-Øn-Ia
- mbpw BNm-c]
- c
- a
- mbpw ZrV-_-

‘n-X-cm-Wv.

4.16 ‘{]Xn-[z\n’ F∂ IY-bn¬ a‰p kv{XoIsf tXSn-t∏m-Ip∂ `¿Øm-

hns\, ac-W-k-a-b-Øv Hcp t\m°p ImWm≥ B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬

B B{Klw k^-ea
- m-ImsX acn-t°≠n hcn-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hc-¥¿÷-\-
amWv \mbn-I. Ahƒ°p Iq´n-cp∂v {`m¥n-bm-tI≠n h∂-h-fmWv AΩp.

ChnsS c≠p kv{XoI-fpsS \mi-Øn\v Imc-W°

- m-c\
- m-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv Hcmƒ
Xs∂. Ah-cp-sS-sb√mw kwc-£W
- Ø
- n\v \nbp-‡\mb ]pcp-j≥. kaqlw
Gev]n® Npa-Xe
- m-t_m[w Abmsf Xo≠n-bn√. F∂m¬ kmaqly kzmX¥yw
90
Abmƒ th≠{X Bkz-Zn-®p. kv{Xosb Akz-X-{¥-bm°n Nß-e-s°-´p-I-
fn¬ Ipcp-°n-bn´ kaqlw Xs∂ \ncp-Øc
- h
- mZ]c-ambn s]cp-am-dnb ]pcp-
js\ kwc-£n-®p. ChnsS _enbmSmIp-∂Xv A¥¿÷-\ß
- ƒ Xs∂. Ccp-

f-S™ \mep-sI´n\p-≈nse PohnX k¶-S-߃ ]pdw temI-Øn\v ImgvN

shbv°pI F∂ ZuXyw IYm-Imcn ka¿∞-ambn \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

4.17 ‘A[n-th-Z\w’ F∂ IY-bn¬ Dev]-Xn-jvWp-hmb ap√-t»cn cma≥

\ºq-Xncn Btfm-lcn `mKhpw A[n-th-Z\ \ntcm-[hpw {]kw-Kn-®p \S-°p-
∂-bmƒ. BcqV buh-\-bmb BZy-`m-cysb AIm-c-W-ambn ([-\-tamlw

\nan-Øw) Xnc-kvI-cn®v A[n-th-Z\w \S-Øp-∂p. ]t£ cma≥ \ºq-Xncn

hnZvKv[a
- mbn I_-fn-∏n-°s
- ∏-´p. hnhm-lm-\¥
- cw \memw cm{Xn BZy kwK-
a-Øn-\mbn Acn-I-sØ-Øn-bXv H∂mw thfn kmhn{Xn Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
Aev]w C—m-`w-K-ap-≠m-sb-¶nepw \ºq-Xncn Ahsf kzoI-cn®p hnhm-l-

Øn-\n-Sbvt°m AXn\p aptºm h[q-hc

- ∑
- m¿ ]ckv]cw hy‡-ambn ImWm-
dn-√ F∂-XmWv Cu kw`hw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X
- v. kmhn-{Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬
CX-\p-Iq-eL
- S- I
- a
- m-bn. Nne¿ thfn-bv°n-Sb
- nse apJ-Z¿i-\k
- a
- b
- Øv hr≤\pw

hncq-]-\p-amb hcs\ I≠v `b-t∂m-Sm-dp-≠-t{X. hnhmlw F∂Xv c≠p

hy‡n-If
- psS am{Xw Imcy-a√
- m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L´- Ø
- nse Ah-ÿb
- m-W-
Xv. AØcw hnhm-lØ
- n¬ G‰hpw A{]-kIvvX
- a
- mb kwKXn h[q-hc
- ∑
- m-

cpsS am\-kn-Ia
- mb s]mcp-Øa
- m-Wv. Ipe-al
- n-abpw [\-hp-sa√mw N¿®bv°p
hnj-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ h[phpw Ah-fpsS CjvS-ßfpw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Xs‚ CjvSt- a-sX∂ Xncn-®d- nhv Hcn-°epw D≠m-ImØ hn[-Øn-emWv Hcp

\ºq-Xncn _men-Is
- b hf¿Øp-∂X
- pw. P\\w apX¬ acWw hsc Ahƒ
a‰p- ≈ - h ¿°p th≠n Pohn- ° p- ∂ p. F∂pw A¥¿÷- \ - ß sf

91
]‰n®psIm≠ncp∂ \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°v ]‰m-hp∂ Hcp Aa-fn-bmWv {]kvXpX
IY-bn¬ IYm-Imcn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

4.18 ‘Ccp-]Xp h¿j-Øn\p tijw’ F∂ IYm-k-am-lm-c-Ønse ‘CXv

Bim-ky-amtWm’ F∂ IY-bn¬ kzX-{¥-Nn-¥I
- b
- mb Hc-¥¿÷-\hpw Ah-
cpsS `¿Ømhpw XΩn-ep≈ Bib kwhm-Z-amWv hnj-bw. ]cnjvImc

{]hm-lØ
- ns‚ ]m®n-en¬ F≥.-]n. \ºq-Xncn F∂ IYm \mb-I≥ `mcysb
]cn-jvIrXthj[mcn-Wn-bm°n ]{X-]w-‡n-I-fnepw {]kw-K-th-Zn-I-fnepw
{]th-in-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ ]pXp-ab
- psS t{]cWm i‡n Aev]s
- am∂p ian-®-

t∏mƒ a‰p ]e-scbpw t]mse Abmfpw ]pd-tIm´p hen-™p. ]m∏n ]g-b-

t]mse A¥-:]pchmkn-\n-bp-am-bn. F¶nepw X\n°p Xpd∂p In´nb ]pXnb
temIsØ A∏msS ad-°m≥ ]m∏n-°m-bn-√. BWp-ß-sf-gp-Xn-s°m-SpØv
ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn-®-√msX A¥¿÷-\-ß-fn-sem-cmƒ°pw {]kw-Kn-°m\pw

Fgp-Xm\pw hi-an-s√∂v ]m∏n-bpsS `¿Ømhv tbmK-t£aw ]{X-Øn-se-gp-

Xn-bXv ]m∏nsb sNmSn-∏n-®p. kz¥w t]cp-hb
- v°msX Ah-fX
- n\p adp-]Snsbgp-
Xn. hmZhpw {]Xn-hm-Zh
- p-ambn teJ\ ]c-ºc Xs∂ ]pdØp h∂p. HSp-

hn¬ teJ-\s
- a-gp-Xn-bXv ]m∏n-bm-sW-∂d- n™v `¿Ømhv AZv`pXw Iqdp-∂p.
Xs∂-s°m-≠-sX√mw Fgp-Xn-®Xv A¥¿÷-\-ß-fpsS A`n-am-\-am-bn-cp∂p
F∂-hƒ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Nn¥n-°p-hm\pw ]d-bp-hm\pap≈ t{]c-Wbpw Bth-

ihpw ]ptcm-Ka
- \
- h
- m-Zn-Iƒ A¥¿÷-\ß
- ƒ°p \¬In. F∂n´p Nn¥n-°p-
Ibpw ]d-bp-Ib
- p-sa√mw sNøp-∂Xv X߃ am{X-am-hW
- s
- a∂v ]pcpj≥ iTn-
®p. h√-t∏mgpw h√-Xp-sam∂p Ipdn-®p-t]m-bm¬ ‘CXv Bim-ky-amtWm’?

F∂ tNmZy-hp-ambn ]ms™-Øpw. ‘CXv Bim-ky-amtWm’? F∂v A¥¿÷-

\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ]m∏n Xncn-®p tNmZn-°p-∂n-SØv ]e I]S ]cn-
jvIc
- W hmZn-If
- p-sSbpw inc v Ip\n-bp-∂p. A¥¿÷-\ß
- ƒ Nn¥n-°m≥
92
XpS-ßn-bm¬ Cf-Ip-∂Xv \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS A[n-Im-ck
- nw-lm-k\w Xs∂bmWv.
Hcn-SØv ]m∏n-bpsS `¿Ømhv ]d-bp-∂p≠v ˛ “Ip‰-a√ Cht‰ ASn-®a
- ¿Øn
ASp-°-f-bn¬ Xs∂ sht®m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv, IpXn-cbv°v sImºp-IqSn apf-

®m¬ ]ns∂ ]d-bm-\pt≠m?”7 X\n°p aotX a‰mcpw ]mSn√ F∂ \bw

F°m-et- Øbpw a¿±I h¿§w ]n¥p-S¿∂p t]m∂n-cp-∂Xp Xs∂.

4.19 efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w Xs‚ Ihn-X-I-fn-eq-sSbpw kzk-ap-Zm-b-

Ønse A\m-Nm-cß
- sf Xpd-∂p-Im´nbncp-∂p. A_-eI
- s
- f∂v kzbw ]gn--®n-
cp∂ A¥¿÷-\-ßsf kzm`n-am-\-ap-≈-h-cm°nØo¿°m≥ Ah¿ Ihn-X-

bn-eqsS Blzm\w sNbvXp. kap-Zm-bsØ kmam-\y-ambn hcn™p sI´p-

Ibpw AXns‚ ‘\√-]m-Xn’sb Akm-am-\yamw hn[w \mc-Iob ]oU-Iƒ°v
Cc-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp h∂ A\m-Nm-cß
- t- fmSv s]mcp-Xm≥ Kuc-h]
- q¿Δw
XqenI Nen-∏n-®p. ‘Bbn-c-Øncn’ F∂ IhnXm kam-lm-cØ
- nse ‘Iq´nse

ss]¶n-fn-tbmSv’ (1926) F∂ IhnXbn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°s

- ∏-Sp∂ Infn Hc-¥¿÷-
\-Øns‚ {]XoIw Xs∂.
“hf¿Øp-hm≥ hn{i-a-th-f-bn-¶¬

hnt\m-Z-ta-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn am{Xw
{iocm-ac
- m-taXn ]Z-߃ ]mSn
]Tn-®n-cn°mw ˛ aXn IqI¬ Xo¿∂p”8

A¥¿÷-\-ß-fpsS hnZym-`ym-ksØ Ipdn-®p≈ kqN\ Cu hcn-

I-fn-ep-≠v.
“Agn-°n-S-bv°qsSbe-£y-ambn˛

s´dn-s™m-c©
- m-dc
- n-bn-¶¬ am{Xw
AS°n \n¿tØ-W-a-g¬s°m-gp-t∏m˛
Shƒs°gpw Pohn-X-Xr-jvW-sb√mw”9
93
4.20 a‰p-≈h
- ¿ Fdn-™p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ HuZm-cy-amWv Ah-fpsS Poh≥ \ne-
\n¿Øm≥ DX-Ip-∂X
- v. XØ Xs∂-Øms\ IqSp-s]m-fn®p ]pdØp htc≠n-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.

“hf™p \o≠p-s≈mcp Np≠p-b¿Øn

XpS¿∂p sImØq Nnd-In-´S- n°q
Nnc-¥\w imTy-anZw XpS¿∂m¬

Xpd-∂nSmw \n∂psS IqSp ]t£”10

‘sIm°v’ F∂p {]tbm-Kn-°msX ‘Np≠v’ F∂mWp ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. ChnsS {]Xy-£Ø
- n¬ Xs∂, hntam-N\w A¥¿÷-\ß
- f
- psS t]mcm-´-

Øn-eq-sStb km[y-amIq F∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.

4.21 1935 ¬ Acn-∏m-´p-sh®p \S∂ tbmK-t£-a-k-`-bn¬ hmbn® Ihn-X-

bmWv A¥¿÷\ PohnXw (aq∂p Nn{X-߃)

“bph-Xz-am¿∂ I\y-sb-∏n-Sn®p h√ hr≤\pw

sImSp-Øp Xm≥ IrXm¿∞-s\∂p ta¬°p-ta¬ sRfn-™nSpw
Ipa¿Øy-tc, {ihn-°p-hn≥, ]nXm-°-fmb \nß-fm˛

WnXn-s∂m-cp‰ ImcWw kZm]n ]m]-`m-P\w”11

k]Xv\oa’-cØ
- n¬ Xf¿∂v ]pd-Øf
- Ø
- n-sem-cn-SØv H‰-ap-≠p-SpØv
]p√p-]m-bn¬ ibn-°p∂ A¥¿÷-\sØ Nq≠n-Im-´n, AXn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-

bmb ]nXm-hns\ ‘]m]n’ F∂p Xs∂- I-hb

- n{Xn hnfn-°p-∂p. 1933 ¬ cNn®
‘{`jvS’ F∂ Ihn-Xb
- n¬ kvam¿Ø hnNm-cØ
- m¬ ]pd-¥≈
- s
- ∏´ Hc-¥¿÷-
\-Øns‚ Zpc-hÿ
- b
- mWv hnj-ba
- m-bX
- v.

94
4.22 “]c-\m-co-e-º-S-cmbv \c-temIw Zpjn-t∏m¿
]cn-ip-≤N
- c - mbv a\ `cn-°p-tºmƒ”12
- n-Xc
CX√msX as‰m∂pw {]Xo-£n-t°≠Xn√.

“\mep thfn-bp≠p hb- -dp-]Xp XnI-™n´pw

13
\mep-]mSpw kvacm-‘\
- mbv \S∏q XmX≥”
kv{Xobv°pw ]pcp-j\pw thtΔsd \oXn imkv{X-߃ Na-bv°p∂

]utcm-lnXyw Cu IhnX-bn-eqsS tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p.

4.23 ‘aplq¿Øw sX‰n√’ F∂ \mS-Iob eLp-Im-hy-Øn¬, BNm-c-ß-

fpsS _en-thZnbn¬ Hcp hr≤-h-c\v Cc-bm-b¿∏n-°-s∏´ h[p hnhml

aplq¿Ø-Øn\p sX√p-apºv Ftßmt´m Hfn-t®mSnt]mIm-\p-g-dp-∂p. AXv
bmZr-—n-Ia
- mbn I≠ tXmgn-bp-ambn Ahƒ \S-Øp∂ kwhm-Za
- mWv {]kvXpX
Imhyw. ]g-ab
- psS h‡m-hmb tXmgn ]d-bp-∂p.

“]e ae-cp-Iƒ Xnc-™p-t]m-Inepw

- p-≠mtam amμyw ? ”
a[p-]\
“]c-h-[q-P-\-]-c-s\-∂m-se¥v ?

]pcp-j-s\∂pw ]hn-{X≥.”14

4.24 F{X kv{XoIsf {]m]n-®mepw ]pcp-j-s\∂pw ]hn-{X-\mWv F∂

F°m-es
- Øbpw k¶-ev]a
- mWv ChsS tXmgn Bhn-jvIc
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v. ]mXn-
{hXy \n_-‘-\bpw Nmcn-{X-i-¶bpw kv{XoIƒt°-bp-≈q. ]pcp-j≥ kZm-
Nmc kwln-XI
- ƒ°p-a∏
- p-dØ
- m-Wv. ImcWw {ipXnbpw kvarXn-bp-sa√mw ]pcp-

js‚ krjvSn Xs∂. Ihn-Xb

- psS Ah-km\ cwKØv tXmgn hcm-Ka kqN-
I-amb B¿∏p-hnfn tIƒ°p-∂p. F∂m¬ h[p-hm-Is
- ´, Xm≥ D¬°-WvTm-
Ipew {]Xo-£n-®n-cp∂ CjvS-h-cs‚ hc-h-dn-bn-°p∂ Imdns‚ hnP-b-Im-
95
lfw {ihn-°p-∂p. ChnsS Ime-Øn-\\
- p-kc
- n®v amdp∂ kv{XobpsS a\- mWv
Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v. tXmgn ]g-ab
- p-sSbpw h[p ]pXp-ab
- p-sSbpw {]Xo-I-
ß-fmWv. B[p-\nI hn-Zym-`ym-kØ
- ns‚ kZv^e
- ß
- ƒ \ºq-Xncn s]¨Ip-´n-

bpsS Pohn-XØ
- nepw {]Xn-^e
- n-°m≥ XpS-ßp-∂p F∂-Xns‚ {]Xy£ kqN-
I-amWo Ihn-X.

4.25 ‘Hcp s]m´n-®ncn’ F∂ IhnXbn¬ Hcp \ºq-Xncn s]¨In-Sm-hns‚

PohnXw Fßs\ XI¿∂p F∂p hnh-cn-°p-∂p. buh\ bp‡-bmb Ahsf
thfn Ign®p sImSp-°m-\p≈ kv{Xo[\ØpI HØp-h-cm-sX-bm-b-t∏mƒ

Ahsf hS-°s
- \m-sc-{ºm-¥n-cnbv°p ]nSn®p sImSp-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. HSp-
hn¬ B s]¨Ip´n aZn-cmin ]´-WØ
- nse t]¿s]‰ thiy-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
Bf-dn-bmsX Hcp \mƒ Ahƒ°p ap∂n¬ FØn-s∏-Sp-∂ ktlm-Zc
- t- \mSv
Ahƒs°mt∂ tNmZn-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. Xs∂ F{ºm-¥n-cnbv°p hn‰

XpIbv°p kaw XpI XncnsI Xcmw. Xs∂ ]gb Ah-ÿb

- n-te-bvs°-Øn-
°p-hm≥ km[n-°ptam?. ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS I\y-Im-Xz-Øn-\p≈ hne-bm-bn-
cp∂p A∂-bmƒ FÆn hmßn-bX
- v.

4.26 A¥¿÷- \ - ß - f psS PohnXw hne- s I- ´ Xpw \ndw sI´- X p- a m- ° n-

Øo¿°p∂ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Zpjn® BNm-c-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-tj-[-am-bn-

cp∂p efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚ Ihn-X-Iƒ. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-

Øns‚ AI-Øf
- ß
- f
- nse hnß-ep-Iƒ ]pdw temIsØ Adn-bn-°pI F∂
ZuXyw Ih-bn{Xn ka¿∞-ambn \nd-th-‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kvt\l-iq-\y-amb

IpSpw_ Pohn-Xhpw {]Xn-Im-chpw AXn-\p≈ A¥¿÷-\ß

- f
- psS a\-s m-
cp-°-ßfpw tamN-\-Øns‚ hgn-I-fp-sa√mw Xpd-s∂-gp-Xm≥ A°m-eØv
A¥¿÷\w ImWn® [ocX F∂pw hmgvØs
- ∏-tS-≠X
- m-Wv.
96
4.27 hn.-Sn-bpsS ‘ASp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-ß-tØ°v,’ Fw.-B¿.-_n.-bpsS
‘ad-°p-S-bv°p-≈nse alm-\-cIw’, t{]wPn-bpsS ‘EXp-aXn’ F∂o {]kn≤
\mS-Iß
- f
- psS Iq´-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øm-hp∂ H∂mWv efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w

cNn® kmhn{Xn AYhm hn[hm hnhmlw F∂ \m-SI

- w. ]t£ B aq∂p
\mS-Iß
- f
- n¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvXa
- mb Hcp {]iv\w CXn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂p-
≠v. Hcp _me-hn-[h
- b
- psS Zpcn-Xß
- ƒ. A¥¿÷\w \mS-Is
- a-gpXn ]Øp

cwK-am-bt- ∏mgmWv hfsc bmZr-—n-Ia

- m-bn \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ \Sp-°nb
B kw`hw \S-∂-Xv. hn.-Sn.bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Fw.-B¿.-_n. hn[-hsb
hnhmlw Ign-®p- . \mS-IØ
- ns‚ XpS-°Ø
- n¬ \mcm-bW
- \pw Xm{Xn°p´nbpw

Ip´n-°-fn-°n-S-bn¬ \S-Ønb thfn-®-Sßv \mS-Im-¥y-Øn¬ bmYm¿∞y-am-

Ip-∂p. ]pcp-j∑
- m¿°p am{Xw hn[n-°s
- ∏-´n-´p≈ k‘ym-hμ
- \w kv{XoIfpw
sNøp-I, hn[-hI
- ƒ [cn-°m-dp≈ Xpf-kn-°p-cp-ame awK-ey-am-es
- b∂ a´n¬
I\y-I-bmb Xm{Xnsb [cn-∏n-°p-I, Ip´n-°-fn-bn-eqsS Ah¿ Im´n-°q-´nb

Cu {Inb-Is
- f√mw Xs∂ BNm-c\
- n-tj-[a
- m-bn-cp∂p; hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ kmaqly
hnπ-hØ
- ns‚ apt∂m-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-s\√map]-cn-bmbn, {_“-Nmcn F∂
{]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Xs∂ {_“-N-cy-Øns‚ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿsb ASn-apSn

XI¿°p-∂-Xns‚ kqN\bpw e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse

_me-hn-[-h-Isf ‘kmhn{Xn’amcm-°pI F∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS cNn® Cu
\mS-IØ
- n¬ aq∂p-Xcw IYm-]m-{X-ßf
- p-≠v. amaq¬s°-´p-If
- n¬ apdpsI ]nSn-

°p-∂, XI¿∂-Sn™ Xd-hm-Sns‚ alØzw t]dp∂, Zpcm-Nm-cn-If

- mb bmYm-
ÿnXnIcmWv H∂m-asØ Iq´¿. _me-hn-[-h-I-fpsS Zp¿hn-[n-bn¬ a\w
aSpØ ]ptcm-Ka
- \Imw£n-Ifpw hnZym-kº
- ∂
- c
- p-amb bphm-°f
- mWv c≠mw

hn`m-Kw. Ch-bv°n-S-bn¬ BNm-c-`bw \nanØw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cmbn XpS-

cp∂ aq∂mw hn`m-K°m-cpw.

97
4.28 ‘kmhn{Xn’ \n -lm-b-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn \mS-I-Øn-ep-S-\ofw \ne-
sIm-≈p-∂p. Xs‚ Zp¿hn-[n-bn¬ a\w s\m¥p hne-]n-°mt\ Ahƒ°m-Ip-
∂p-≈q. Ah-fpsS tPyjvTØn tZh-Inbpw `¿Ømhv {io[-c≥ \ºq-Xn-cnbpw

BNm-ce
- w-L\w \SØn hnπhw kzPo-hn-XØ
- n¬ {]mh¿Øn-Ia
- m-°n-bh
- c
- m-
bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS {ia-^e
- a
- mbn kmhn-{Xn-bpsS ]p\¿hn-hmlw \S-°p-∂p.
F∂n´pw tLmj _ln-jvIc
- n® A¥¿÷-\ß
- ƒ°p kzoI-cWw \¬Ip∂

ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ Ahƒ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂n-√. e÷tbm `btam

kwk¿§-Pm-Xa
- mb anYym-t_m-[tam Ahsf AXn¬ \n∂p ]n¥n-cn-∏n-®n-cn°mw
F∂mWp tZhIn ]d- b p- ∂ - X v . A¥¿÷\- Ø ns‚ A- ` n- { ]m- b - Ø n¬

“hn[hsbs∂m-∂n-√, `¿Øm-hn-√m-Ø-hƒ I\y-I, ho≠pw `¿Øm-hp-≠m-

bm¬ k[h”15, AXm-bXv C\n-sbm-cn-°epw Xfn-cn-Sns√∂v Icp-Xnb kz]v\-
߃ ]qh-Wn-bp∂ Ah-ÿ. Hcp ]p\:krjvSn, _me hn[-hI
- ƒ kmhn-{Xn-
am-cmbn ]p\¿÷∑w ssIsIm-≈p∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv A¥¿÷\w B{K-

ln-®-Xv. A{]-Im-c-samcp kpμ-c-temIw A¥¿÷\w kz]v\w I≠n-cp-∂p.

hy‡n-bpsS kpJ-Øn\p am{X--a√ Ah¿ {]m[m\yw I¬]n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \mw
F∂p ]d-™m¬ c≠p hy‡n-Iƒ am{X-a√ ˛ \mw, \ΩpsS _‘p-°ƒ,

kap-Zm-bw, cmPyw F√mw Dƒs∏-Spw. Ah-bvs°√mw ]‰p∂ £oW-Øns‚

Hcwiw \ap-°p-ap-≠m-Ipw ˛ F∂ hnim-e-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eq-sS-bmWv
A¥¿÷\w kap-Zmb {]iv\ß
- sf ssIImcyw sNøp-∂Xv.

t{]wPn-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ

4.29 ap√-aw-Ke
- Øv ]c-ta-iz-c≥ `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv F∂ Fw.]n.-`´- X
- n-cn-∏mSv (1908-
˛1998) t{]wPn F∂ t]cn-emWv {]kn-≤-\m-b-Xv. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zmb ]cn-
jvI¿Øm-°f
- n¬ {]ap-J≥. hnπhw ]d-bpI am{X-a√ {]h¿Øn°pI IqSn
98
thW- s a∂ BZ¿i- { ]- I mcw Ipdn- t b- S - Ø n- √ sØ hn[- h - b mb Bcym
A¥¿÷- \ sØ thfn Ign- ® p. t{]wPn- b psS IhnX ASp- Ø - d n- b pI
F∂Xn\¿∞w \ºq-Xncn \thm-∞m-\sØ A\p-`h
- n-®d- n-bpI F∂m-Wv. Xm≥

Pohn® Ime-Øn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw km£y-amWv At±-l-Øns‚

Ihn-X.

4.30 ‘t{]wPn ]mSp∂p’ F∂ IhnXm kam-lmcw 1968 ¬ ]pdØp h∂p.

A\p-`h
- X
- o-£vWX
- b
- p≈ Ihn-XI
- f
- mWv Cu kam-lm-cØ - v. ‘Iq´nse
- n-ep-≈X
Infn’ F∂ Nnc-]c
- n-Nn-Xa
- mb Imhy kt¶-XsØ t{]wPn a\bv°se XØ-

bm°n am‰n, P∑nØ kwkvImc {]Xn-\n-[n-If

- m-bn, P\-Iob I¿jI ka-c-
ßsf Ah-KW
- n-®p-sIm≠v al-Ømb Imhy-ßsfgpXp∂ alm-Ih
- n-Is
- fbpw
a\-b°
v se Ip™m-Øe
- n-s\bpw Cu XØ Htc kabw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p.
“Cc-tX-Ste ]mhw ad∂p t]mbn-´p≠mw

Nnc-]-RvP-c-kp-Jm-hmk kwkvIm-c-Ømte”16
(I-hnX ˛ XØ-bpsS XØz-im-kv{Xw)

4.31 tIhew hy‡n-]c

- a
- mb A\p-cm-KØ
- n-s‚-tbm, thfn-bp-sStbm h¿Æ-
\-b√ Ifn-tØm-gn, au\-Km-\w, Krl-tZ-h-X, ad-t°-≠Xp ad-°Ww XpS-
ßnb hn`m-Kß
- f
- nse Ihn-XI
- ƒ. A[n-th-Z\
- hpw ]cn-th-Z\ hn[hm hnhml

\ntj-[-ßfpw aqew kPm-Xo-bm-\p-cmKw t]mepw \njn-≤-amb ImesØ

Hcp kaq-lØ
- ns‚ apgp-h≥ ho¿∏p-ap-´e
- ns‚ IY-Iƒ Ah ImgvN sh°p-
∂p. ‘Ifn-tØmgn’ F∂ Ihn-Xb
- n¬ HmØp-]T
- n-°m≥ t]mb Ime-Øp-≠mb

Hcp kulr-ZsØ Ipdn®v kvacn-°p-∂p. Kpcp-]p-{Xn-bmWm tXmgn. Hcp \mƒ

A[n-th-Øm-hmb Hcp al≥aq- ns‚ thfn-bmbn Ahƒ ]Sn-bn-d-°-s∏-´p.
Xfn¿°m≥ XpS-ßnb A\p-cmKeX apf-bnte apc-Sn®p t]mIp-∂p. \ºq-
99
Xncn I\y-Ibv°v CjvSm-\n-jvSß
- ƒ ]mSn-√. apXn¿∂-h¿ \n›-bn°pw {]Imcw
Nen-°p∂ Hcp ]mh-bm-Wh
- ƒ. Ah-fpsS Pohn-XK
- Xn a‰p-≈h
- c
- m¬ \n¿Æ-
bn-°s - mWv ‘Ifn-tØm-gn’.
- ∏-Sp-∂p. CXv hy‡-am-°p∂ Ihn-Xb

4.32 ‘Fs‚ Ip‰w’ F∂ IhnX Hcp _me-hn-[h

- b
- psS ]cn-tZ-h\
- a
- m-W.v
“Bscbpw kvt\ln-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-√-sb-\n-s°-¶n¬

- n-se-¥n\p ]nd∂p Rm≥?”17

\mcn-bm-bn-´o-a∂
F∂m-W-h-fpsS tNmZyw. Cu tNmZyw sN∂-e-bv°p-∂Xv BNm-c-
_≤amb kaq-lØ
- ns‚ _[n-cI - n-em-Wv. ‘kp{im-≤-akvXp’ F∂
- ¿Æ-ßf

Ihn-Xb
- n¬ ]m¿ΔXn s\∑n-\n-aw-Ke
- sØ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. A[nth-Z\
- sØ
_n√p-sIm≠v Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿ ]cn-{i-an-®p. hn[hm h[p-hn-\mbn
Xmen Agn®p \¬In. ]pX-ap≠pw ad-°p-Sbpw hen-s®-dn™v kzk-tlm-Zc
- n-
amsc Ccp-´n¬ \n∂pw ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿Øm≥ \mep-sI-´n¬ \n∂v Cd-ßn-Øn-

cn-®-h-fmWv B al-Xn. hnπhw {]kw-Kn-°pI am{X-a-√, kz¥w PohnXw

Xs∂ hnπ-ha - mWv ‘kp{im-≤-akvXp’ F∂
- m-°nb B AΩ-bv°p≈ {]Wm-aa
Ihn-X.

4.33 ‘Hcp Xmc-Øns‚ IY’ F∂ Ihn-Xb

- n¬ kn\n-am-\Sn joesb Ipdn®v
{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS emhWyw ]mc-ºc
- y-ambn AΩ hgnbv°p e`n-®-

Xm-sW∂pw kvam¿Ø-hn-Nmcw sIm≠v ]pd-Øm-°s

- ∏´ A¥¿÷\w Ah-
fpsS apØ-»n-bm-sW∂pw Ihn ]d-bp-∂p. B emh-Wy-ku-`mKyw sIm≠v
Ah¿°v Xmc-kp-μc
- n-bmbn hmgm≥ Ign-™p. Ihn ]d-bp∂ Cu ]q¿Δ-I-

Ym-kq-N\ shdpw tI´p-tIƒhn am{X-am-Wv. joe-bpsS {`jvSb

- mb apØ-»n-
sb-Ip-dn®v aXn∏pw Bcm-[\
- bpw tXm∂pI F∂-XmWv Ihn-Xb
- psS e£yw.
\ºq-Xncn kap-Zmbw H∂-S¶w D®-cn-°mt\m tIƒ°mt\m B{K-ln-°mØ
100
Hcp t]cmWv {`jvSb
- mb A¥¿÷-\Ø
- n-t‚-sX∂v Hcp hmkvXh
- a
- m-bn-cns°
C{]-Im-cs
- amcp IhnX sIm≠v t{]wPn Ahsc Hcp hoc-\m-bn-Ib
- mbn Ah-
- n® ‘\mev°m-en-Iƒ’ F∂ IhnXm kam-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. 1986 ¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic

lm-c-Ønse ‘AXp-anXpw’ F∂ `mKØv t{]wPn kzk-ap-Zm-bsØ Ipdn®v

{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. ‘hn[-hm-hn-hmlw’ F∂ Ihn-Xb
- n-eqsS \ºq-Xncn bphm-
°-tfmSv kzk-ap-Zm-b-Ønse bph hn[-h-Isf hnhmlw sNøm≥ Ihn

Blzm\w sNøp-∂p.

4.34 ‘\ºq-Xncn’ F∂ Ihn-Xb

- n¬ \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS ]q¿Δn-Is
- c-ßs\ tIc-

f-Øn-se-Øn-sb∂pw tZh-kz-sa-ßs\ {_“-kz-am-sb∂pw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. `qan

apgp-h≥ ]e hgnbv°v \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-em-bn-Øo-¿∂p. ‘Ae-
kXm ]pRvPo-IrXw Pohn-Xw’ F∂v \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS Ae-k-Po-hn-XsØ
Ihn ]p—n-°p-∂p. CØcw A[-am-Nm-cß
- ƒs°-Xnsc i_vZa
- p-b¿Ønb Ipdq¿

DÆn-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-t\bpw tbmK-t£-a-k-`-tbbpw Ipdn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

tbmKt£ak`-bvs°-Xn-cmb bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-∑msc Ipdn®pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
AXn-hm-Nm-e-\mb {io. ]›na≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Xe-h≥.

F∂m¬ ]g-©≥ BNm-c-߃ apgp-h≥ ssIhn´v \ºq-Xncn ]cn-jvIm-cn-

bmbn F∂-Xp-sIm≠p am{Xw ]q¿Æ-amb am‰w \S∂p F∂p ]d-bpI hø.
]cnjvImcn-I-fmbn amdnb, B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw kn≤n® \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿

`qcn-]£
- hpw ]g-asb IqsS-s°m≠p \S-°p-∂h
- c
- m-Wv.
“ImWmw j¿´n-\-IØp th¿∏p-]p-fn-\o¿
\°pw Nfn-∏q-Wp-\q¬”18

HSp-hn¬ Ihn kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p˛

“lrØm-en-∂p-a-I-∂n-Sm-∏-g-a-bm¬
\ºqcn \ºq-cn-Xm≥”19
101
4.35 ‘\ºq-cnkv{Xo’ F∂ Ihn-Xb
- n¬ Hcp A¥¿÷-\Ø
- n\v Pohn-XØ
- n¬
A\p-`-hn-t°≠n hcp∂ IjvS-∏m-Sp-Isf Ipdn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.
“\qdmhmw ]pcp-j-∂-tlm, Krln-Wn-am¿,

t]msc-¶n¬ sh∏m-´nbpw;
\odmIpw hsc \mcn-bmƒ°p \nb-Xw˛
Xmt\I ]Xv\o-{h-Xw”20.

F∂v Ihn ]cn-lmkw Ie¿∂ `mj-bn¬ kzk-ap-Zm-bØ

- nse hnizmk
{]am-W-ßsf tNmZyw sNøp-∂p. A¥¿÷-\sØ C√-Øn-\p-≈nse Ccp-
´n¬ X≈n sh∏m-´n-Isf tXSn-t∏m-Ip∂ \ºq-Xn-cn-amsc Bcpw {`jvSc
- m-°p-

∂n-√. Ah-s\∂pw ]cn-ip-≤\

- mbn kZ- n¬ hncm-Pn-°p-∂p. ]mhw A¥¿÷-
\-am-Is´ \nXyhpw Nc-Sp-]n-Sn®v awK-ey-kq‡w P]n-°p-∂p. F∂n´pw Ahƒ°v
e`n-°p-∂Xv iIm-chpw a¿±-\hpw am{Xw. ASn-aI
- s
- f-t∏mse \q‰m-≠p-If
- mbn
Nhn-´n-bc
- b
- vs
- ∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp hn`m-KØ
- ns‚ PohnX Nn{X-amWv Ihn Cu Ihn-

X-bn-eqsS hc-®n-Sp-∂-Xv.

4.36 Bcpw Xs∂ Zb hnNm-cn®v \ºq-Xncn kv{Xosb D∂-a\

- Ø
- n-tebv°p

ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿Øn-√. X߃°p kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ ip≤-hmbp izkn-°W

- -
sa-¶n¬ kv{XoIƒ Xs∂ ap∂n-´n-dß
- W
- w.
“sX√n-ßpƒIr-]-bm¬Øp-d-∂-cp-fnSm

XØbv°p IqtS-h\pw;
X√n-Ø≥ Nnd-Im-e-Xn-∂Xp XI¿˛
Ø√m-sX-bn√m KXn”21

F∂ ]c-a-amb bmYm¿∞ysØ Ihn Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. _‘p-c-°m-

©-\°
- q-Sns‚ Agn-Iƒ sImØn-ap-dn-bv°pI F∂Xv {ia-Ic
- a
- mb {]hr-Øn-
bm-sW-¶n¬IqSn. Xß-fpsS ktlm-Zc
- n-amsc {]m]vXc
- m-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
102
t{]wPn Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°-fpsS e£yw. AXn-\-h¿
]e-hg
- n-Iƒ kzoI-cn®p. eLp-te-JI
- fpw IØp-Ifpw A¥¿÷-\ß
- ƒ°n-S-
bn¬ cl-ky-ambn ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-´p. Ihn-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xn. \mS-I-߃

Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°s
- ∏-´p. kaq-ea
- mb Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø-\Ø
- n\v \mμn Ipdn-®Xv Aß-
s\-bm-Wv.

4.37 “a‰Ω” F∂ Imhy-Øn¬ ]e Jfi-ßf

- mbn hn`-Pn-°s
- ∏-´ncn-°p∂Xv
Hcp a-\p-jym-flmhv kln®p IS-∂p-t]mb Pohn-X-am-Wv. a‰Ω F∂v Ihn
hnfn-°p∂ Hcp _me-hn-[h
- b
- psS Pohn-Xw.

“`¿Øm-hn≥ NnX thKw sI´m-dp,˛ sa∂m-se∂pw

IØnSpw NpSe XXv]Xv\n X∂m-bp-jvImew”22
hn[-hb
- mb s]¨Ip´n aqh-¥n°p apßn-°p-fn®p tZlw tXm¿ØmsX
Cud≥ ]ngn-™p-Sp-°-Ww. hni-∏-S-°p-hm≥ \ma-am-{X-ambn ImbvI-\n-Iƒ

`£n®v k¿Δw kln®v GI-bmbn HXp-ßn-°g

- n-bW
- w. awKf Imcy-ßf
- n-
sem-∂nepw Hcp hn[-hbv°p ]s¶-SpØp IqSm. Bin-°m≥ C\n-sbm∂pw
_m°n-bn-√m-ØX
- mWv Ah-fpsS Pohn-Xw.

4.38 Cu Imhy-Øn\v Ah-Xm-cnI cNn-®Xv {io. C.-Fw.-Fk

- v. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-
Sm-Wv. A\p-`h
- Ø
- ns‚ IÆo-cp∏p ]pc≠ lrZ-bk
- v]¿in-bmb Hc-hX
- m-cn-I

At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. “CXns‚ I¿Øm-hn-s\-t∏mse IhnXm hmk-

\-bp≈ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p Rms\-¶n¬ Rm\n-hnsS ]cm-a¿in® Ggp kv{XoIsf
Ipdn®pw IhnX cNn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\p Ign-hn-√mØ Rm≥ CXnse

Ihn-XI
- f
- n-semtcm∂pw hmbn-®Xp hnImc Xo{h-Xt- bm-sS-bm-Wv. ]e `mKhpw
hmbn-°p-tºmƒ IÆo¿ AS¿∂p hoWn-cp-∂p”23. th´ A¥¿÷-\-߃
Pohn-®n-cn-s°-Øs∂ ho≠pw hnhmlw Ign-°p-Ibpw AXn-ep-]cn \mSp-
103
\osf kw_-‘-hp-ambn Ign-bp-∂-h-\mWv \ºq-Xn-cn. ]s£ Ah-cpsS
kv{XoI-fpsS ]mXn-{hXyw I¿°-ia
- mbn ]men-°s
- ∏-Sm≥ PmK-cq-Ia
- mb Hcp
\nb-ah
- y-hÿ Xs∂-bp-≠v. ]Xn acn®p Ign-™mepw A¥¿÷\w ]mXn-

{hXyw ImØp kq£n-°W

- w. acWw hsc Ahƒ GI-bmbn Ign-bp-Ibpw
thWw. CXns\Xn-sc-bp≈ Hcp {]Xn-Ic
- W - mWv t{]wPn-bpsS “a‰Ω” F∂
- a
Imhyw. tIc-f-Ønse as‰mcp kaq-l-Ønepw \n-e-hn-en-√m-Ø, F∂m¬

\ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ
- n¬ k¿Δ-km-[m-cW
- a
- mb Cu BNm-ch
- n--ti-jß
- f
- psS
A\n-hm-cy-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp∂p Ihn-bpsS {]Jym-]nX e£yw.

4.39 ‘k]Xv\n’ F∂ Imhy-Ønse hnjbw k]Xv\o Zp:Jw Xs∂. `¿Øm-

hns‚ C√Øv Xms\m-c[
- nI∏‰m-sW∂ Xncn-®d- n-thmsS A¥¿÷\w hoSp-
hn-´n-d-ßp-Ibpw h\n-X-I-fpsS sXmgn¬ tI{μ-Øn¬ Xma-kn®v D]-Po-h-\-
am¿§w Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hmß-√q¿ sh®p IqSnb tbmK-Øn¬

\ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ sXmgn-se-SpØp Pohn-°m≥ Blzm\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p. kv{Xo

Bcp-sSbpw ASn-a-b-s√∂pw kz¥w PohnXw Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ahƒ°p
Ign-hp-s≠∂pw sXmgn¬ tI{μ-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sXfn-bn-®p.

4.40 “EXp-a-Xn-bm-sbmcp s]¨In-Sm-sh-∂m-In˛

eXp-aXn Rmbw ]Tn∏p \n¿Øm≥

Ah-sf∂pw ]ns∂-b-Sp-°-f-X-∂p-≈n˛
eh-i-an-cp∂p \cn-®n-tSWw;
IpS-sb-Sp-Øo-S-Ww, Ip∏m-b-aq-c-Ww˛

IpSn-e-k-ap-Zm-b-\oXn t\m°q!”24
Cu IpSn-e-\o-Xn-bvs°-Xnsc XqenI Nen-∏n-®-Xns‚ ^e-amWv EXp-
aXn F∂ \mS-Iw. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm--bØnse s]¨In-Sm-߃°p hnZym-
104
`ymkØn\p≈ Ah-kcw \ntj-[n-®n-cp-∂p. Ahsc ]pdw-temIw ImWm-
sX-bmWv hf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Gdn h∂m¬ Aºew hsc-bmWv Ah-cpsS
]pd-tØ-bv°p≈ bm{X-Iƒ. AXpw tNe-∏p-X∏pw IpS-bp-ambn XpW-°m-cn-

sbbpw Iq´n am{Xw. A¥¿÷-\ß

- ƒ°v tkz—m-]c
- a
- mb k©m-ck
- zm-X¥yw
A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n√. Ah-cpsS hnlm-c-cwKw ASp-°-f-s°-´m-bn-cp-∂p. ASp-
°-fb
- n¬ sh®p hnf-ºp-I, Nc-Sp-]n-Sn®p P]n-°p-I, tXhm-cn-°pI CsX-√m-

am-bn-cp∂p A¥¿÷-\-߃°v hn[n-°-s∏´ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ. AXn-\p-th≠

hnZym-`ymkw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°v \¬In-bn-cp-∂X
- v. cmam-bWw Iq´n
hmbn-°m-dm-Ip-tºm-tgbv°pw B ]T-\hpw \ne-bv°p-∂p. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-

b-Øn¬ \S∂ Ht´sd ]cn-jvIc

- W {]h¿Ø-\ß
- f
- psS ^e-ambn s]¨Ip-
´n-Iƒ°v IqSn hnZyme-b-Øn¬ tN¿∂p ]Tn-°m-\p≈ kuI-cy-ap-≠m-bn.
C√-ß-fn¬ \n∂p ]pdØp hcp∂ s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°v Xma-kn®p ]Tn-°m-
\mbn kZ\w ÿm]n-°s
- ∏-´p. Ht´sd s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ Cu kwhn-[m\w {]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]pXp-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-te°p {]th-in-®p.

4.41 EXp-a-Xn-bm-b-Xn--\p-tijw tZhIn F∂ s]¨Ip-´n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn-

ep-≠m-Ip∂ kwL¿j-ß-f-mWv “EXp-aXn” F∂ \mS-I-Ønse tI{μm-i-

bw. tZhIn hfsc {]k-cn-∏p≈hfpw hnZy-bm¬ hnthIw t\Sn-b-h-fp-am-
Wv. Pohn-XsØ Ipdn®v Xt‚-Xmb Hcp ImgvN∏
- mSv Ahƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v.

t{]wavPn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Icp-Øp‰ IYm-]m-{X-amWv tZh-In. ]Xn-∂mep

hb- p≈ Hcp s]¨Ip-´n-bn¬ \n∂p-]c
- n-bm-bp≈ am\-knI ]IzX Ahƒ
{]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-. EXp-a-Xn-bm-hpI F∂Xv kz`m-hn-I-amb Hcp imco-cnI

{]{In-bb
- mbn ImWm≥ hnZym-kº
- ∂
- b
- mb Ahƒ°p Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. km[m-
cW t]mse kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ Hcpßn h∂ Ahsf XS-bp-∂Xv Ime-ß-
fmbn A\p-kc
- n®p t]m∂ BNmcßfm-W.v Ahsb `b-°p-∂ Hcp kaq-l-
105
amWv Ahƒ°p Np‰p-ap-≈X
- v. BNm-cß
- f
- \
- p-kc
- n-°m≥ tZhIn \n¿_-‘n-
X-bm-Ip-∂p. DSp-Xp-Wnbv°v adp-Xp-Wn-bn-s√∂ Ahÿ h∂n´p IqSn Ahƒ
a\- m-∂n≤yw ssIsh-Sn-bp-∂n-√. F√m-hcpw {`m¥n-sb∂p ap{Z-Ip-Øp∂

Hc-hÿbnepw Ahƒ ]X-dmsX ]nSn®p \n¬°p-∂p.

4.42 Xs∂ ImWm-s\-Ønb Ip´≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS H∏w AΩm-tØbv°v

]pd-s∏-Sm≥ tZhIn Hcp-°a

- m-Wv. ]t£ Ahsf IqsS sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥
Ip´\v ss[cyw h∂n-√. tZh-In-bpsS thfn-°m-cy-ad- n™v ]n°-‰nßv \S-Ø-
W-sa∂v tcmjm-Ip-e\
- m-Ip∂p Abmƒ. tZh-Inbv°v Ip´s‚ ssIbn¬ sImSp-

Ø-b® Fgp-Øn¬ hmkp-tZ-h≥ C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. XØ Xs∂

- a∂v. “I congratulate you for the brave fight you
AXns‚ IqSp XI¿°-Ws
are putting up against your fate. Victory is yours, I am sure”25. hmkp-tZ-
hs‚ Cu hm°p-Iƒ tZh-Inbv°v Poh-izmkw ]I¿∂p. Xf¿∂n´pw Ah-

km\ \nanjw hsc s]mcp-Xm≥ Ahƒ°p i‡n \¬In-bXv hmkp-tZ-

hs‚ hm°p-I-fm-Wv. a‰m¿°pw \¬Im-\m-ImØ Bizm-khpw IcpØpw
Ah-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ XØ AXns‚ IqSp XI¿Øp ]pdØp

hcpI Xs∂ sNbvXp.

4.43 tZh-Insb hnπ-hI

- c
- a
- m-bn-Øs∂ kz¥w Pohn-XØ
- n-te-°m-\b
- n-°m≥

hmkp-tZ-hs\ t]msem-c`- ykvXhnZy≥ X-øm-dm-bn. \ºq-Xncn bphm-°ƒ°v

\¬Inb B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw Ah-cn-sem-Xp-ßmsX Xß-fpsS kap-Zm-b-
Ønse G‰hpw Ah-i-X-b-\p-`-hn-°p∂ ktlm-Zcnamsc IqSn ssI]n-Sn-®p-

b¿Øm≥ DX-Ip-∂X
- m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂-mb
- n-cp∂p t{]wPn B{K-ln-®X
- v. Xs‚
Bibw P\-ßf
- n-te-s°-Øn-°m-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ D]m[n \mS-Ia
- mWv F∂v
a\- n-em-°nb t{]wPn B am[yasØ hfsc ka¿∞-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p.
106
B DZyaw G‰hpw hnP-bI
- c
- a
- mbn ]cy-hk
- m-\n-®p. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ
- nse
Zpÿn-Xn-Iƒ s]mXpkaqlat≤y sIm≠p hcm\pw Xpd∂ N¿®bv°p hnt[-
b-am-°m\pw EXp-aXn t]mep≈ kwcw-`ß
- ƒ°v Ign-™p.

Fw.-B¿.-_n.-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ

4.44 ap√-aw-KØp a\-bv°¬ cma≥ `´-Xn-cn∏mSmWv Fw.-B¿.-_n.-F∂

t]cn¬ {]i-kvX\
- mb hy‡n. hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ kl-bm-{Xn-I\
- mbn \ºq-
Xncn \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ Xt‚-Xmb ]¶p hln-®p. \ºq-Xncn kap-

Zm-bØ
- n¬ A∂v \ne-hn-en-cp∂ A‘-hn-izm-kß
- ƒ°pw A\m-Nm-cß
- ƒ°p-
sa-Xnsc cmPn-bn-√msX ka-cc
- w-KØ
- n-dß
- n. N´ºn kzman-Ifpw {io\m-cm-bW
- -
Kp- c phpw Aø- ¶ m- f n- b p- s ams° kap- Z mb ]cn- j v I - c W {]ÿm- \ - ß ƒ

tIcf°csb {]I-º\w sIm≈n® Hcp Ime-L´- a

- m-bn-cp∂p AXv. F∂m¬
CXn¬ \ns∂√ma-I∂
- v, ]cn-h¿Ø-\ß
- t- fmSp \n w-KX ]pe¿Øn, KXm-\p-
K-Xn-IX
- z-Øns‚ \n›-eX
- b
- n¬ Xf™p-In-S∂ Hcp hn`m-Ka
- m-bn-cp-∂p \ºq-

Xn-cn-am¿. Ducp-sX≠n \S∂ A]v^-∑mcpw ]pdw temIsØ Im‰pw shfn-

®hpw ImWm-\m-ImsX, C√sØ A¥:]pc-ßf
- nepw ad-°p-Sbv°p ]n∂nepw
PohnXw HSp-t°≠n h∂ kv{XoI-fpw P∑n-Øhpw {_m“-Wyhpw ]Sp-Xncn

IØn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ A°m-eØ
- v, kmaqly kwhn-[m-\ß
- sf tNmZyw sNbvXp
sIm≠v. kap-Zm-bØ
- n-\I
- Øp \n∂p Xs∂ Hcp s]m´n-sØ-dn--bp≠m-bn.

4.45 Fw.-B¿.-_n., t{]wPn F∂o ktlm-Zc

- ∑
- m¿ tIc-fØ
- n-ep-b¿∂p h∂
kmaqly {]ÿm\ßfp-sS-sb√mw ap∂-Wn-t∏m-cm-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-ly-
]- c n- j v I - c - W w, tZiob {]ÿm- \ w, IΩyq- W nÃv {]ÿm- \ w, kmlnXy

107
kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ Ch-bn-se√mw Ah¿ kPoh km∂n-≤y-ß-
fm-bn-cp-∂p. Pohn-XØ
- nse Akzm-X{- ¥y-߃s°-Xn-sc, kap-ZmbØnse A\m-
Nm-cß
- ƒs°-Xn-sc, kmln-Xy-Ønse ]g-©≥ a´p-Iƒs°-Xnsc Ah¿ t]mcm-

- p. hn.-Sn. \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ‘DÆn-\-ºq-Xncn’,

Sn. ]pXnb hgn-Iƒ sh´n-Øp-d∂
‘]mip-]Xw’ F∂o {]kn-≤o-Ic
- W
- ß - n¬ ‘kmhn{Xn sI.-A¥
- f - ¿÷\w’ F∂
t]cn¬ FgpXn bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Isc {]tIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw A¥¿÷-\-ßsf

ka-ck
- ∂
- ≤ - m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv Ch-cm-bn-cp-∂p. “BZ¿iw {]kw-Kn-®p-\-
- c
S-°p-∂h
- ¿ \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ [mcm-fa
- p≠v. AsX-fp-∏a
- mWv. kz¥w {]hrØn
sIm≠p amXrI krjvSn-°m≥ shºp∂ [ocm-flm-°s
- f-bmWv ]cn-h¿Ø-\-

Øn\p Zmln-°p∂ kap-Zm-bØ

- n\v C∂m-hi
- yw. Rm≥ tNmZn-°s´, A\m-Y-
hn-[h ]p\¿hn-hm-l-Øn\v Hcp-sº-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B `mKyw sI´-hsf
ssIs°m-≈m≥ \nß-fn-em-sc-¶nepw Xøm-dpt≠m?” ˛ Hcp tbmK-t£a D]-
k`m hm¿jnI tbmK-Øn¬ sh®v {ioaXn ]m¿ΔXn s\∑n-\n-aw-Kew sXmSp-

Øp-hn´ Cu tNmZy-ic
- Ø
- ns‚ ap-ºn¬ B kZ- msI Nqfn-t∏m-bn. A∂v
B kZ- n¬ sh®v Cu sh√p-hnfn ss[cy-kt- aXw Gs‰-SpØXv Fw.-B¿.-
_n. ]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXv Xs‚- i]Yw \nd-th-‰n.

4.46 ad°pS XI¿°m-sX, amdme sI´nb \mep-sI-´p-If

- n¬ shfn-®s
- a-Øn-
°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂p \ºq-Xncn hnπ-hI
- m-cn-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n. AXns‚ ^e-

am-bp-≠mb \mS-I-amWv ‘ad-°p-S-bv°p-≈nse alm-\-cIw’. A[n-th-Z\w

sIm≠v Zpcn-Xa
- \
- p-`h
- n-°p∂ ktlm-Zc
- n-am¿°p th≠n cNn-°s
- ∏´ \mS-Ia
- m-
bn-cp∂p AXv. Xr»q-cn¬ s]cp-h\
- Øv Acq-cn-√Øv Hcp kw`-ha
- p-≠m-bn.

c≠p aq∂p thfn Ign® Hcp \ºqXncn Ft¥m Imc-WØ

- m¬ ipWvTn-sb-
SpØv A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚ ‘Np‰n´’ ImXv ]nSn®p hen-®p. ‘Np‰pw ImXpw’
H∂n®p ssIbn¬ t]m∂p. Cu kw`hw Fw.-B¿.-_n.-bpsS a\- ns\ h√msX
108
De-®p. CXns\ Bkv]-Z-am°n At±lw DÆn-\-ºq-Xncn amkn-I-bn¬ Fgp-
Xnb sNdp-IYbmWv ]n∂oSv \mS-Ia
- m-bX
- v.

4.47 Cu \mSIw kmap-Zm-bnI ]cn-jvIc

- W
- Ø
- ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-
amb ^e-߃ Df-hm-°n. \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ c≠pw aq∂pw hnhmlw sNøp-∂Xp
XS-bp-∂Xpw A]v^∑
- m¿°p hnhmlw A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂Xpw IpSpw_ kzØn¬

Xpeym-h-Imiw \¬Ip-∂Xpw a‰pw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv \ºq-Xncn _n¬.

sIm®n cmPmhv Hcp bmYm-ÿn-XnI ]£-]mXn Bbn-cp-∂X
- p-sIm≠v _n¬
]m m-°ptam F∂v ]ptcm-Ka
- \
- h
- m-Zn-Iƒs°√mw kwi-ba
- m-bn. \nba k`mw-

K-߃°p ImWm-\m-bn, ‘ad°p-S-bv°p-≈nse alm-\-cIw’ Ah-Xc

- n-∏n-®p.
]ns‰ Znhkw bmsXm-sc-Xn¿∏p-an-√msX \nbaw ]m m-°n. ]m¿ΔXn s\∑n-
\n-aw-K-ew, Bcym-]≈w XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ tLmjm-_-ln-
jvIc
- W
- Ø
- n\pw a‰p-ap≈ hnπh ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v CXv t{]c-Ia
- m-bn. \ºq-

Xncn kap-Zm-bs
- Ø-bm-Ia
- m\w sR´n®p If™ BZysØ hn[-hm-hn-hm-l-
Øn-\p-tijw Fw.-B¿.-_n.-bpw ]Xv\n Dam A¥¿÷-\hpw {]kvXpX NS-
ßn¬ k∂n-ln-X-cm-b-hsc√mhcpw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-´p.

Ah¿°v {`jvSv Iev]n-®p. hnhm-l-Øn\p tijw Ipd®p Imew Fw.-

B¿._n.bpw ]Xv\nbpw sImSp-ap-≠b
- n-emWp Xma-kn-®X
- v. kam\ a\-kvI-
cmb Iptd-t]¿ Hcp-an®p Xma-kn®v F√mw ]¶n-SpI F∂ Bibw {]mh¿Øn-

I-am-°m-\p≈ {ia-am-bn-cp∂p ‘sImSp-ap-≠b

- nse D¬_p≤ tIcfw’. IΩyq¨
coXn-bn-ep≈ Cu Pohn-X]
- c
- o-£W
- Ø
- n\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv hn.-Sn-.b
- m-bn-
cp-∂p. F√m-hcpw ]Wn-sb-SpØv Pohn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu Iq´m-bva-

bpsS {]mY-anI e£yw. ]e Imc-Wß

- ƒ sIm≠pw AXp hnP-bn-®n-√.

109
4.48 Fw.-B¿.-_n.-bpsS ‘hm¬°-ÆmSn’ F∂ IYm-ka
- m-lm-cØ
- nse IY-
Isf hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ‘kmap-Zm-bnI IY-Iƒ’ F∂m-Wv. kpZo¿L-
amb Ah-Xm-cn-Ib
- n-eqsS At±lw A¥¿÷-\ß
- f
- psS Zb-\o-bX
- sb Ipdn®v

bmsXmcp adhpw IqSmsX hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Fw.-B¿.-_n. Ipdn-®n-Sp∂ \ºq-

Xncn kv{XobpsS PohNcn-{X-an-ß-s\-bm-Wv. Hcp \ºq-Xncn kv{Xo IÆp-\o-
cn¬ P\n-°p∂p; IjvS∏
- mSp ape sImSp-°p-∂p. A‘-hn-izm-kß
- ƒ emfn®p

hf¿Øp-∂p. ssii-hØ
- n¬ Xs∂ GXp \ºq-Xncn IpSpw-_hpw DÆn-bp-
sSbpw s]Æn-s‚bpw t\¿°v {]Xy-£a
- mb ]£-]mXw ImWn®p XpS-ßpw.
buh-\-Øn-se-Øp-tºm-tgbv°pw Ahƒ ho´p XS-¶-en-e-S-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Ahƒ°p ]pc-bnSw hn´p ]pd-Øn-dßn IqSm. a‰p-≈-h¿°p tIƒ°m≥

X° hÆw Dds° kwkm-cn-°c
- p-Xv, Nncn-°c
- p-Xv. shdpw \neØv Hme-∏m-b-
bn¬ Xe-bW shbv°msX InS∂p sIm≈-Ww. ]e Znh-kß
- f
- nepw AØm-
g-ap-Æ-cp-Xv. ]e-cpw, \s∂ sNdp-∏-Ønte, Nne¿ t\m°n-bm-iz-kn-°p-hm≥

Htcm-a\
- a
- p-Js
- a-¶nepw ImWm-sX, Nne¿ I\y-ImXzØn\p-Xs∂ £Xn X´m-
sX, hn[-hI
- f
- m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Hcp kv{XobpsS Hu’p-Iy-Xz-cn-Xa
- mb buh-\-
Z-ib
- n¬, s]s´∂v GtXm Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS ihw Ah-fpsS apºn¬ hoWp

hne-ßS- n®p InS-°p-∂p. C\n as‰mcp a¿±-t\m-]m[n IqSn \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-

b-Øn\p kz¥-am-bp-≠v. AXmWv kap-Zmb{`jvSv.

4.49 Hc-¥¿÷-\Ø
- ns‚ hnZym-`ym-ks
- a-∂m¬ IjvSn®p Iq´n hmbn-°m-dm-
h-em-Wv. ‘\∑-tb-dp-s∂mcp’ apX-emb A¥:]pc KoX-߃ sNm√m-dm-h¬.
Ah-cpsS Hcn-°epw \nd-th-dmØ Pohn-Xm-h-iy-߃ CsXm-s°-bm-Wv.

B≠n¬ \mep-apdn ioe, Gdn-bXv Hcp Ik-hp-Ic

- ∏
- p-Sh IqSn, c≠p ap∂m-
≠p-Iƒ IqSp-tºmƒ hf \∂m-°p-hm≥ Hcp-dp-∏n-I. Kpcp-hm-bqtcm aq°p-X-
e-tbm X
- n-߃ sXmg-en\p t]mIm≥ tXmWn°qen°p aq∂v Imiv. {]mtbW
110
]nXr-hm-’eyw t]mepw Hcp \ºq-Xncn s]¨Ip´nbv°p \ntj-[n-°s
- ∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂p. Bcp-ambpw D≈-gn™ kulr-Za
- n-√. Ahn-Ie
- a
- mb `¿Ør-{]-Wbw
t]mepw e`n-°p-∂n-√. k]Xv\n F∂ i{Xphpw Ah-fpsS ap∂n¬ hnLv\-

ambn \n¬°p-∂p.

4.50 A¥¿÷-\ß
- ƒ°p Xs∂-Øm≥ t\m°n-°≠v Hcm-flt- _m-[a
- p-≠m-

°p-hm≥ ‘hm¬°-ÆmSn’ Xo¿®-bmbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Fw.-B¿.-_n.

{]Xym-in-°p-∂p-≠v. ‘hm¬°-Æm-Sn-’bnse ‘Xe-bn-se-gpØv’ F∂ BZy-IY
]qaw-K-eØp a\-bnse \ß-ø-°p-´n-bpsS hnhm-l-®-S-ßp-Iƒ hnh-cn®p

sIm≠p XpS-ßp-∂p. ]Sp-In-g-h\pw hncq-]-\p-amb `¿Ømhv hnhm-l-∏n-

t‰∂v acn®p t]mIp-∂t- XmsS \ßø hn[-hb
- p-ambn `¿Ør-Kr-lØ
- n¬ sh®v
{Iqc-amb k]-Xv\o-]o-U\
- Ø
- n\v \ßø Cc-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. `c-Ør-Kr-lØ
- nse
]oU\w kln-°-h-ømsX \ßø \mSp-hn´p t]mIm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.

Xs‚ _mey-Ime kplr-Ømb `mkv°c≥ \ºq-Xncn Ah-sf kz¥w Pohn-

X-Øn-te°p Iq´n-sIm≠p hcp-∂p. sshZn-I-∑mcpw kvam¿Ø-∑mcpw ‘Bh-
W-∏e
- I
- k
- `’ IqSn Ahsc kap-Zm-bØ
- n¬ \n∂p _ln-jvIc
- n-®p. Ah-cpsS

]pc-bnSw ]pjv]^
- e
- h
- r£ kar-≤a
- mWv Ct∏m-gpw, AXp-sIm≠v Cuiz-c≥
Ahsc _ln-jvIc
- n-®n-´n-s√∂v Fw.-B¿.-_n. km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

4.51 Cu IY-bn¬ Fw.-B¿.-_n. Hcp hn[-hm-hn-hmlw hfsc efn-Xa

- mbn
\S-Øn. B I¿Ω-Øn\v AXym-hi
- y-ambn th≠Xv N¶p-‰a
- m-Wv. BWn\pw
s]Æn\pw kap-Zm-bsØ `b∂p Ign-bp∂ Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bv°pw CØ-cØ
- n-

semcp {]hrØn sNøm-\m-hn-√, F∂√ A‘-hn-izmk PSn-ea

- mb a\- p-I-
fn-te°v C{]-Im-cs
- amcp Nn¥ IS∂p hcm≥ aSn-°pw. \mSp-hn´p t]mIpI
F∂ \tß-ab
- psS Nn¥sb {]mtbm-KnI _p≤n-sIm≠p XS™p \n¿Øm≥
111
`mkv°-c≥ \ºq-Xn-cnbv°v Ign-bp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Ahƒs°mcp PohnXw
\¬Im≥ Abmƒ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂p≠v. CXn\v c≠p Imc-W-߃ D≠m-Imw.
H∂v, \ßø Xs‚ A\p-cm-K`- m-P\
- a
- m-bn-cp-∂X
- p-sIm-≠v, CXp-Xs
- ∂-bmWv {]Y-

ahpw {][m-\h
- pamb Imc-Ww. c≠v, hn[-hI
- ƒ A\p-`h
- n-°p∂ IjvS∏mSp-
Isf Ipdn-®p≈ a\- e
- nhv \mcm-bW
- ≥ \ºq-Xncn Hcn-°¬t∏m-epw, \mep-
\m-gnI am{Xw Zpc-ta-bp-≈q-sh-¶nepw ]m∏n-cn-an-‰t- Ø°v \ß-øsb ImWm≥

sN√p-∂n-√. \ßø Ctßm-´mWv klm-b-a-`y¿∞n®p hcp-∂-Xv. ‘XØ

AXns‚ NndIp sIm≠p Xs∂ AXns\ _‘n® IqSn-s‚ Agn-Iƒ s]mfn-
°-Ww’ ˛ F∂v EXp-aXnbn¬ t{]wPn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ChnsS \ß-øbpw

C√w hn´p X\nsb ]pd-Øn-dß

- p-∂p.

4.52 ‘A¥:]pc-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Blzm\w’ F∂ IY-bn-em-Is´ `¿Ør-a-

Xn-bmb Hcp bphXnbmWv \mbn-I. al≥aq v Ip´≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS c≠mw

thfn-bmWv CÆo-®. Abmƒ ASp-Øp≈ Hcp tImhn-eI

- sØ Ccn-∏p-Im-c-
\p-amWv. ASn-b-¥n-c-Im-cy-߃°p-am{Xw C√-sØ-Øn-bn-cp∂ `¿Øm-hns\,
hnhmlw Ign™v c≠p h¿j-am-bn´pw H∂p \√-hÆw ImWm≥ t]mepw

CÆo-®bv°p Ign-™n-´n-√. ]´n-Wnbpw GIm-¥X

- bpw aqew PohnXw aSpØ
CÆo® Zmkn-bpsS ssIbn¬ cma≥ \ºq-Xn-cnbv°v Hcp IØp sImSp-Ø-
bv°p-∂p. C√-tØbv°p h∂m¬ Xm≥ IqsS hcm-sa∂pw XpS¿∂p-≠m-

Ip∂ `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ H∂n-®-\p-`-hn-°m-sa∂pw Ahƒ hy‡-am-sb-gp-Xn-bn-

cp-∂p. [¿Ω k¶-S-Øn-e-I-s∏-Sp∂ cma≥ \ºq-Xncn HSp-hn¬ CÆo-®sb
kzoI-cn-°m≥ k∂-≤-\m-Ip-∂p.

4.53 Hcp \n -lm-bb

- mb kv{XobpsS `mhn-kp-JØ
- n-\p-th≠n Xs‚ kmap-
Zm-bnI PohnXw XyPn-°m≥ [ocX Im´nb cma≥ \ºq-Xncn Xnf-°-ap≈
112
IYm-]m{Xw Xs∂. `¿Ømhp Pohn-®n-cn-s°-Øs∂ hn[-h-sb-t∏mse Ign-
tb≠n h∂n-cp∂ A¥¿÷-\-߃ A°m-e-tØ-sd-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \ºq-Xn-cn-
bpsS A[n-th-Z\
- hpw kw_-‘hpw \n¿Ø-em-°n-bm¬ am{Xta A¥¿÷-

\-ßf
- psS IÆo¿ tXmcp-Ib
- p≈q F∂v Fw.-B¿.-_n. a\ nem°n-bn-cp-∂p.
- m¿°v kzPmXn hnhmlw A\p-hZ- n-°p-Ibpw thWw. ‘k¿Δ-kz-
I\n-jvT∑
Zm\w’ F∂ IY-bn¬ \mcm-bW
- ≥ \ºq-Xncn F∂ I\n-jvTs‚ {]W-b`- m-

P-\a
- mb \tß-asb as‰m-cmƒ°v k¿Δ-kz-Zm-\a
- mbn Imc-Wh
- ∑
- m¿ hnhmlw
sNbvXp sImSp-Øp. Abm-fpsS A`n-am-\hpw BÀm-Zhpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-hm≥
Imc-W-amb B`n-Pm-Xy-{`-a-sØbpw I\n-jvT-∑m-cpsSbpw I\y-I-I-fp-sSbpw

Akzm-X¥
- y-sØbpw C√m-Xm-°m≥ Abmƒ Xs‚ ]nev°me PohnXw am‰n-
sh-®p. Xs‚ k¿Δ-kzhpw kap-Zm-bØ
- n-\p-th≠n Zm\w sNøp-hm≥ \mcm-
b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn \n›-bn-®p.

IYbpw \mS-Ihpw

4.54 ‘ad-°p-S-bv°p-≈nse alm-\-cIw’ F∂ IY-bmWv ]n∂o-Sv `mh-t`-Z-

ß-tfmsS AtX t]cn-ep≈ \mS-Ia

- mbn amdn-bX
- v. IY-bnse \mbnI ]m¿ΔXn
acn-°p-∂Xv ]\n-]n-Sn-®m-Wv. H´p-h-fsc ]oU\-߃ k]-Xv\n-bn¬ \n∂v
Ahƒ kln-°p-∂p-≠v. acWw aqew Ahƒ°v Xs‚ IjvS-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬

\n∂v Fs∂-t∂-bv°p-ambn tamN\w e`n-°p-∂p. \mS-IØ

- nse \mbnI C´n-
∏m]vXn Bfl-lXy sNøp-∂p. C´n-∏m-]vXn-bpsS IY BcpsSbpw IÆp \\-
bn-∏n°pw hn[-amWv Fw.-B¿.-_n. Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IYm-]m-{X-ß-

fpsS kw`m-j-W-Øn-eqsS AXphsc \S∂ kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

kqN\ \mS-II
- rØv \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. DZm-lc
- W
- Ø
- n\v ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \ºq-Xncn
]pXn\-∏n≈n A—-t\mSv ]d-bp∂p “]mSØp sh®v Ipsd tNmΩmcv t\sc
113
\S∂p h∂p. H®m-´n-bn´pw Ah¿s°mcp Iqk-ep-ap-≠m-bn-√”26. Np‰p-ap-≈h
- -
sc√mw amdn-bn´pw Ipep-ßmsX \n¬°p-∂h
- c
- m-bn-cp∂p B ]g-©≥ \ºq-
Xn-cn-am¿. Nne DÆn-\º
- q-cmsc ]‰nbpw Ah¿ A`n-{]m-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. IpSpa

apdn-®v, Abn-Øa
- m-bm¬ Ipfn-°m-sX, k‘ym-hμ
- \
- hpw D]-ÿm\w BN-cn-
°-ep-sam-∂p-an-√msX \S-°p-∂-h¿. BtØ--∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ hmc-°m-eØv
Hcp t\m´okv {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ib
- p-≠m-bn. AI-Øp-≈b
- m-fp-Isf t_m[-h¬°-

cn-°m≥ a‰p hgn-If

- n-√m-bn-cp∂p. ]me-s∏m-dØv als‚ AI-Øp-≈msf Ip∏m-
banSo-®Xpw DÆy-ºq-cmcv IpSpa apdn-®Xpw ]qWqep s]m´n-®X
- p-sams° \ºq-
Xn-cn-am-cpsS CS-bnse kw`m-jW hnj-ba
- m-bn-cp-∂p. AXns\sbms° {]Xn-

tcm-[n-°m≥ ]g-a-°m¿ Bhp-∂{X {ian-®n-cp-∂p.

4.55 IpSpw-_Ø
- nse ISw Xo¿°p-hm-\p≈ D]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬ C´n-∏m-
]vXnsb ]pXn-\∏
- n≈n aq n\v aq∂mw thfn-bmbn A—≥ \ºq-Xncn \¬Ip-

∂n-SØ
- mWv IY-bnse hgn-Øn-cn-hv. `¿Ør-Kr-lØ
- nseØnb ]m]vXn-tbmSv
k]Xv-\n-am¿ hfsc {Iqc-am-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. AhcpsS GjWn tI´v
aq v ]m]v X nsb ITn- \ - a mbn D]- { Z- h n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . BhW∏eI sIm≠v

Fdn™p hogvØnbpw XpS-bn¬ sImSnep ]gp-∏n®v sh®pw Abmƒ Ahsf

imco-cn-Ia
- mbn ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂p. HmØp sNm√n-°p∂ DÆn-Is
- fbpw BtØ-
Ωm-scbpw ASn-°p-∂Xv ]m]-as
- √-∂mWv sshZn-Icpw Al-¶m-cn-If
- p-amb \ºq-

Xn-cn-am-cpsS ]£w. arK-ß-tfmsS∂ t]mse-bmWv \ºq-Xncn kap-Zmbw

Ah-cpsS kv{XoI-tfmSv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂X
- v. C´n-∏m-]vXn-bpsS C√Øv Bß-
f-amcpw A—-\p-ap-≠v. ]t£ Ah-cmcpw Xs∂ Ahsf Ipdn®v At\z-jn-°p-

∂n-√. thfn Ign®p sImSpØ A¥¿÷\w \S X≈nb arKsØ t]mse-

bmWv. AXns‚ kpJ-hn-h-c-߃ Bcpw Bcm-bp-∂n-√. DSp°m≥ ap≠p-
t]m-ep-an-√msX he-bp-Ib
- mWv C´n-∏m-]vXn. {Inbbv°p sXm´n-cn-°m≥ sshIn-
114
b-Xns‚ tZjy-Øn¬ aq m-ºqcn C´n-∏m-]vXn-bpsS ImXp ]nSn®p hen-®n-g-
bv°p-∂p. ImX-S¿∂p tNmc-sbm-gp-Ip-∂p. A∂sØ Hcp bYm¿∞ kw`-h-
Øns‚ Zriym-hn-jvIm-ca
- m-bn-cp∂p Fw.-B¿.-_n. \mS-IØ
- n-eqsS sNbvXX
- v.

4.56 HSp-hn¬ kln-sI´ \nan-jØ

- n¬ Hc-¥¿÷\w G‰hpw hne-aX
- n-°p∂
sNdp-Xmen C´n-∏m]vXn s]m´n-s®-dn-bp-∂p. P\n-®∂p apX¬ A¥¿÷-\ß
- -

fpsS {]m¿∞\ s\Sp-aw-K-ey-tØm-sS-bn-cn-°tW F∂m-Wv. Nc-Sp-]n-Sn®p

\nXyhpw P]n-°p∂ A¥¿÷-\sØ NcSp kzbw s]m´n-s®-dn-bm≥ t{]cn-
∏n-®Xv Ah-f\
- p-`h
- n® sImSpw bmX-\I
- f
- m-Wv. `¿Ømhp Pohn-®n-cn-s°-Xs∂

Xs‚ Xmen hen-®p-s]m-´n®v C´n-∏m]vXn Fdn-™Xv \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ

- ns‚
BNm-c`- o-Ic
- a
- mb apJ-tØbv°p Xs∂-bm-Wv. Cl-tem-IsØ Zpÿn-Xn-bn¬
\n∂pw Xs∂ c£n-°m≥ Bcp-an-s√∂ Xncn-®d- nhv Ahsf Bfl-lX
- ybv°v
t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. PohnXsas¥-∂dn-™n-´n-√mØ Hcp s]¨Ip´nsb aq∂mw

thfn-°m-cs‚ ap∂n-te°v X≈n-bn´ kaq-la

- mWv Cu ac-WØ
- n-\p-Øc
- h
- m-
Zn. Cu \m-SIw I≠n-s´-¶nepw kaql a\:km£nsbm∂pWcs´ F∂v Fw.-
B¿-_n. Bflm¿∞ambn B{K-ln-®n-cn-°mw. \mSIw {]-Xo-£n® ^e-ap-f-

hm-°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp.

4.57 hn.-Sn. hr≤-hn-hm-lØ

- n-s\-Xn-sc-bmbn´mWv \mS-Is
- a-gp-Xn-bX
- v. c≠pw

aq∂pw \mepw A©pw hnhmlw Ign- ° p∂ Bfp- I ƒs°- X n- s c,

k]Xv\oZp:J߃s°-Xn-cmbn Hcp \mS-I-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂v \n›-bn-°p-I-bm-
bn-cp∂p Fw.-B¿.-_n. sNbvXX
- v. Hcp kv{Xobpw Xs‚ `¿Øm-hns\ as‰m-cp-

hƒ°mbn ]IpØp \¬Im≥ Xmev]c

- y-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°b
- n-√. Xs‚ ÿm\w
]¶n-Sm-s\-Øp-∂h
- ƒ F∂pw kv{Xobv°v i{Xp Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXv \nb-am-\p-
kr-X-am-bmepw As√-¶n¬Øs∂bpw. AXn-s\-Xnsc Dds° i_vZn-°m≥
115
Ahƒ°-[n-°m-ca
- n-√. Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn-eqsS Ahƒ {]Xn-Ic
- n-°p-∂p. ]pXp-
Xmbn hnhmlw Ign®p sIm≠p hcp∂ s]¨In-Sm-hn-t\m-SmWv Ahƒ Xs‚
F√m {Iucyhpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂X
- v. ]pXp-Xm-sb-Øp-∂h
- ƒ Cu I¿Ω-Øn¬

\nc-]c
- m-[n-sb-∂d- n™p sIm≠p Xs∂ Xs‚ ]oU-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-
cn-°p-∂p. `¿Ømhv CsX√mw I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-°p-∂p. ‘\mep-th´ \ºq-
cnbv°v \Sp-an‰w B[mcw’ F∂ sNm√v Cu kml-Nc
- y-Øn¬ \n∂p-Ss
- e-Sp-

Ø-Xm-Wv. kzPm-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v \mtem At©m thfn, ]pdsa tImhn-eI

- Øv
Iq´n-cn-∏v, ]‰p-sa-¶n¬ thsd kw_-‘-hpw. Cß-s\-bp≈ `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv
kvt\l-Øns‚ Hcp IWn-It- ]mepw a\- n¬ shbv°m≥ A¥¿÷-\Ø
- n\v

Ign-bp-Ib
- n-√. DΩm®p F∂ t\mh-en¬ Ddq_v Cu Ah-ÿsb ]cn-lk-- n-
°p-∂p-≠v. “k¥-Xy¿∞w c≠v A¥¿÷-\-߃, t\c-tºm-°n-s\mcp
hmc-kym¿, B-`n-Pm-Xy-Øn-s\mcp Xºp-cm´n ˛ ]ns∂ \mb¿ kv{XoIƒ; AXv
IS-Øp-hcpw t]mse h∂p t]mbn-bp-ancn-°pw”27. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ
- nse

A[n-th-Z-\-Øn-eqsS `mcym-`¿Ør-_‘w Xs∂ ]cn-lm-ky-am-Ip-∂p.

4.58 AI-Ø-f-ß-fn¬ sh¥p-\o-dp∂ kv{Xoa-\- p-I-fn-te-s°mcp shfn-®-

°odv IS-Øp-Ib
- mWv Fw.-B¿.-_n. {]kvXpX \mS-IØ
- n-eqsS sNbvXX
- v. B
{iaw Hs´ms° km¿∞-Ia
- mbn. kz¥w PohnXw Xs∂ ktμ-ia
- m°n am‰m≥
Fw.-B¿.-_n.bv°v Ign-™p. hn[-hm-hn-hm-l-Øn-eqsS ]d®nen¬ am{X-a√

{]hr-Øn-bnepw BZ¿iw ]men-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v At±lw sXfn-bn-®p. hfsc

Ipd®v Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°s
- ∏-´n´pw kap-Zmb ]cn-jvIc
- W
- Ø
- n-semcp \mgn-I°
- √
- mbn
- mWv ‘ad-°p-Sb
amdnb \mS-Ia - v°p-≈nse alm-\c
- I
- w’. ImWn-Isf tXSnt∏mb

Cu \mSIw ad-°pS s]mfn®v A¥¿P-\ß

- sf ]pd-tØ°p sIm≠p h∂p.
Aßs\ AXv hnπ-hI
- c
- a
- mb Hcp kmaq-ly-]c
- n-h¿Ø-\Ø
- n\v Imc-Wa
- m-bn-
Øo¿∂p.
116
aqØn-cn-tßm´v `h-{Xm-X≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ

4.59 \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bsØ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-IX

- z-Øn¬ \n∂v tamNn-∏n-°m≥

{ian-®h
- c
- n¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p aqØn-cn-tßm´v `h-{Xm-X≥ \ºq-Xncn (1902-
˛1944). tbmK-t£-ak
- ` \ntbm-Kn® kvXohn-Zym-`ymk IΩo-js‚ sk{I-´d- n-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿Æ lnμp-°ƒ BZyw ]s¶-SpØ Imd¬aÆ tbmK-t£-a-

k-`m-hm¿jn-IØ
- ns‚ kzmK-Xk
- wLw sk{I-´d- n-bmbpw At±lw {]h¿Øn-
®p. tIc-fØ
- ns‚ \thm-∞m-\I
- m-eL
- ´- Ø
- n¬ cNn-°s
- ∏´ Hcp sNdp-t\m-h-
emWv ‘A]v^s‚ aIƒ’ (1932). cmjv{So-bc
- w-KØpw kmap-Zm-bnI cwKØpw

a\p-jy-k-a-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnπ-h-ap-t∂-‰-߃°m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-

߃ kzmX-¥y-ka
- c
- m-th-it- Øm-sSm∏w apt∂-dn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. kv{XotI-{μo-
Ir-X-amb Ht´sd {]h¿Ø-\-߃ H´p-an° kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw \S∂p XpS-
ßn. \ºq-Xn-cn-˛\
- m-b¿-˛C
- u-gh˛]p-eb XpSßn taemf Iogmf t`Z-an-√msX

\S∂ ka-{K-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ [mcmfw kv{XoIfpw t\Xr-\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. a\p-jyXzw sXm´p-Xo-≠n-bn-´n-√mØ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃°v _en
arK-ßf
- mbn PohnXw Fcn®p Xo¿Øp sIm≠n-cp∂ A¥¿÷-\ß
- s
- fbpw

A]v^∑
- m-scbpw Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ s]mXp-[m-cb
- n-te°v sIm≠p-hc
- p∂Xn\p≈
{ia-߃°mWv tbmK-t£ak` Du∂¬ sImSp-ØX
- v. tbmKt£a-k`- bpsS
DXv]X
- n-jW
v p-hn-`m-KØ
- ns‚ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p aqØn-cn-tßm-S.v kzPm-Xob hnhm-

lw, kv{Xo hnZym-`ym-kw, Btfm-lcn `mKw F∂o ]cn-h¿Ø-\ß

- ƒ e£y-
am-°n-bp≈ cN-\I
- fpw {]kw-Kß
- fpw kap-Zmb ]cn-jvIc
- W
- Ø
- n¬ \n¿Æm-
- mb ]¶p hln-®p. aqØn-cn-tßm-Sns‚ ‘A]v^s‚ aIƒ’ s]mXp-P-\-
b-Ia

k-a£
- Øv Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-®Xv _lp-P\
- k
- a
- c
- \
- m-bI
- \
- mb C.-Fw.-Fk
- v. BWv.

117
4.60 \ºq-Xncn IpSpw-_ß
- f - m-bt- ∏mƒ ‘`mKw `wKn-
- nse `mKw Hcp {]iv\a
b√’ F∂ Hcp teJ\]c-ºc tbmK-t£-aØ
- n¬ {]kn-≤o-Ir-Xa
- m-bn. AXn\v
adp-]S- n-bmbn `h-{Xm-X≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv as‰mcp teJ\]c-ºc {]kn-≤s
- ∏-Sp-

Øn. ‘`mKta `wKn-bmhq’ F∂-t±lw hmZn-®p. At±-lØ

- ns‚ ‘\mep ]cn-
h¿Ø-\-߃’ F∂ {]kw-K]
- c
- º
- c Gsd {i≤n-°s
- ∏-´p. kzPm-Xob hnhm-
lw, A[n-th-Z\ \ntcm-[\
- w, kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-kw, Btfm-lcn `mKw Ch-bmWv

Ct±lw hn`m-h\w sNbvX \mep ]cn-h¿Ø-\ß

- ƒ.

4.61 AjvS-Kr-l-Øn-em-Vy-a-\-I-fn¬ H∂mWv FS-°m-´p-a-\. Chn-sS-bmWv

‘A]v^s‚ aIƒ’ F∂ t\mh-ens‚ IYm-]c

- n-kcw. Cu a\-bnse I\y-I-
bmWv C´n-®n-cn. FS-°m-´p-a-\-bnse B{in-X-\mWv HmØn-√mØ \ºq-Xn-cn-
bmb a[p. FS-°m-´p-a\
- b
- nse A]v^≥ \ºq-Xn-cn°v Ip™n-°p´n t\Xym-
c-Ωb
- n-ep-≠mb ]p{Xn-bmWv kptem-N\
- . Cu aq∂p-t]-cmWv IY-bnse tI{μ-

I-Ym-]m-{X-߃. hnZym-kº
- ∂
- bpw Xt‚-Sn-bp-amb kptem-N\
- bpw, kpμ-cnbpw
kwkvIm-c-k-º-∂bpamb C´n-®n-cnbpw Hcp-t]mse a[p-hn¬ A\p-c-‡-cm-
Wv. X\n°v Btcm-SmWv A[nIw A\p-cmKw F∂Xv a[p-hn-s‚-bp-≈nepw

- mbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. “RßfpsS

IY-bpsS A¥yw hsc Hcp {]tl-fn-Ib
kap-Zm-b-Øn-ep≈ Hmtcm al≥aq pw Hmtcm hmcn-°p-gn-bm-Wv. AXn¬
aq∂pw \mepw ]nSnbm-\I
- ƒ taev°p-tase h∂p hogp∂p Nneh hogvNb
- n-

¬ Xs∂ Nmhp-∂p. Nneh B Ipgn-bn¬ InS∂p he™p Nmhp-∂p. Nneh

]mhp ]Tn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Nmhp-∂p. F√m-hcpw IjvS-s∏-Sp∂p; IÆo¿
s]mgn-°p-∂p. kap-Zm-bsØ Cu Zp:ÿnXnbn¬ \n∂p-≤c
- n-°W
- s
- a-¶n¬ kap-

Zm-bØ
- nse I\n-jvT∑
- m-sc√mw ˛ hnhmlw sNøm-hp∂ F√m sNdp-∏°
- mcpw
˛ - n¬ \n∂p Xs∂ hnhmlw sNøp-Itb \nhr-Øn-bp-≈q”28.
kap-Zm-bØ

118
Cu \ne-]m-SmWv a[p-hn\v hnhm-lsØIpdn-®p≈ ImgvN∏
- mSv cq]oI-cn-°m≥
klm-bn-°p-∂Xv. Ahn-Zq-c-amb `mhn-bn¬ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-hm≥ t]mIp∂
an{i-hn-hm-ls
- a∂ BZ¿iw A]v^s‚ aI-fpsS kmXzn-Im-\p-cm-KØ
- n¬ _oPm-

hm]w sNbvXn-´p≠v F∂ C.-Fw.-F 

- ns‚ Ah-Xm-cnIm \nco-£Ww kzPm-
Xob hnhmlw Xmev°m-enI {]iv\ ]cn-lmcw am{X-amWv F∂p≈ kqN\
\¬Ip-∂p-≠v.

4.62 Cu t\mh-en¬ A]v^s‚ aI-fmb kptem-N\

- b
- mWv G‰hpw IcpØp
{]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ IYm-]m-{Xw. kptem-N\
- b
- psS kmº-ØnI klmbw sIm≠p

am{X-amWv a[p-hn\v a{Zm- n¬ t]mbn ]Tn®p tUmIvSd- m-hm≥ ]‰p-∂X

- v. a[p
C´n-®n-cn-bn¬ A\p-c‡
- \
- m-sW-¶nepw AXn-\p-th≠n ap∂n-´n-dßn {]h¿Øn-
°m≥ k∂-≤\
- √
- . Abmƒ Xs‚ Bh-emXn apgp-h≥ kptem-N\
- t- bm-SmWv
]d-bp-∂-Xv. a[p-hn¬ A\p-cm-Kn-Wn-bm-W-h-ƒ F∂-Xp-IqSn Hm¿°p-tºmƒ

kptem-N-\-bpsS am\-knI kwL¿jw Ah¿Æ-\obw Xs∂. F∂n-´p-a-

hƒ Xs∂-s°m-≠m-hpw-hn[w a[p-hn-s\bpw C´n-®n-cn-tbbpw H∂n-∏n-°m≥
{ian-°p-∂p.

4.63 a[p IqsS-bp-s≠-¶n¬ {`jvSp X\n°p ]p√m-sW∂p Icp-Xnb C´n-®n-

cnsb c£n-°m≥ a[p Xs∂ hcp-sa∂v thfn-Øt- e∂v cm{Xn hsc Ahƒ

tamln-®n-cp-∂p. B {]Xo£ XI¿∂-Xn\p tijta Ahƒ Bfl-lX

- ybv°v
apXn-cp-∂p-≈q. Ahsf kpc-£n-Xb
- mbn a[p-hns‚ ho´n-se-Øn® kptem-
N\ Hcp [oc \mbn-Ib
- psS tim`-bp-≈h
- f
- m-Wv. Xs‚ Bfl-Xym-KØ
- n-\p≈

hne-bmWv a[p-hn-s‚bpw C´n-®n-cn-bp-sSbpw thfn-sb∂v kptem-N\ hy‡-

am-°p-∂p-≠v. kzbwlXy-bn-eqsS kptem-N\ {Iqc-amb Hcp-Xcw Bfl
kwXr]vXn t\Sp-∂p-≠v. Ahƒ hnth-Ii
- m-en-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ C{]-Imcw
119
a[p-hn\p th≠n kz¥w PohnXw Fdn-™p-Sb
- v°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]Ww ISw
hmßnb a[p HcpXcw Zmk`mh-tØm-sS-bmWv kptem-N\
- b
- psS ssIbn¬
Xs‚ `mhn PohnXw Gev]n-°p-∂X
- v. anSp-°\pw hnZym-kº
- ∂
- \pw k¿tΔm-

]cn Hcp tUmIvS-dp-amb a[p C{Xbpw Zp¿_-et\m F∂v A\p-hm-N-I¿

AXn-i-bn®p t]mIpw. ]t£ Cu IrXn IrXy-ambpw Hcp tkmt±-iy-kr-
jvSn-bm-bn-cn-°W
- s
- a∂ aqØn-cn-tßm-Sns‚ \n¿_-‘_
- p-≤n-bm-bn-cn°mw t\mh-

en\v C{]-Im-c-samcp am\w \¬In-b-Xv.

4.64 aqØn-cn-tßm-Sns‚ ‘]q¶pe’ F∂ IYm-ka

- m-lmcw 1935 ¬ ]pdØp

h∂p. aq∂p IY-I-f-S-ßnb Cu IrXn-bnse F√m IY-I-fp-sSbpw ]›m-

Øew \ºq-Xncn kap-Zmbw Xs∂. ‘ac-W-Øns‚ aSnbn¬’ F∂ IY-bnse
\mb-I≥ \mcm-bW
- ≥ \ºq-Xncn Xs‚ t{]a-`m-P\
- a
- mb \tß-ensb h©n-
°p-∂p. kvam¿Ø\p ssIa-S°p \¬In Ip‰w hmey-°m-c\p Nm¿Øn

\ºq-Xncn c£-s∏-Sp-∂p. kap-Zmbw \tß-enbv°p {`jvSp Iev]n-°p-∂p. ]n®

sX≠n \S∂ \tß-enbv°v Icp-W-tbmsS `£-Whpw Hcp apdn ioebpw
\¬Ip-∂Xv \mcm-bW
- ≥ hn[n-]q¿Δw th´p-sIm≠p h∂ A¥¿÷-\a
- m-Wv.

Abmƒ B´n-∏p-dØ
- m-°nb \tßen AtX ioe-Øp-ºn¬ Xqßn acn-°p-∂-
tXmsS IYm-KXn amdp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ Ip‰-t_m-[Ø
- m¬ am\-kn-I\
- ne XI-cm-
dn-em-hp∂ \mcm-bW
- ≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-sb-bmWv ]n∂oSv ImWp-∂X
- v.

4.65 ‘\ncm-i-bpsS \ng¬∏m-Sn¬’ F∂ IY-bn¬ t{]a-ss\-cm-iy-Øn-e-I-

s∏´ hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bmWv {][m\ IYm-]m{Xw. thfnbv°p aptº

{]W-b-_-≤-cmbn F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ hmkp-tZ-h\pw Xm{Xnbpw Imc-W-h-

cpsS apºn¬ sX‰p-Im-cm-bn. \nXy-{_-“N
- m-cn-bm-bn-cn-°pI F∂ ITn-\{- hXw
hmkp-tZ-h≥ kzbw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. “Føm! Hs° Hcp t]mse B?” F∂
120
IY-bn¬ kz¥w ho´n¬ ASp-°f klm-bØ
- n\p h∂ hn[-hb
- mb ]m¿Δ-
Xn-bn¬ Ip™pÆn \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn\v A\p-cm-Ka
- p-Zn-°p-∂p. [¿Ωm[¿Ω Nn¥-
Iƒ°pw amaq¬ `b-Øn-\p-a-∏p-d-Ømbn Hcp Xocp-am-\-sa-SpØv \ºq-Xncn

B hn[-hs
- b-Xs∂ thƒ°p-∂p. kZy Ign™ hb- ≥am¿ ]qap-JØ
- n-cp-
∂p apdp-°p-tºmƒ ASpØp Ign™ Hcp Zcn-{Z-bn-√sØ ]cn-th-Z-\sØ
Ipdn®v Aan-X-tcmjw sIm≈sh Hcp bphmhv tNmZn-°p∂p ˛ “Ct∏mƒ

Fß-s\-bmWv Hcp hn[-hm-hn-hm-lØ

- n¬ ]¶p-tN-cm-dm-bXv?. C∂n\n {]mb-
- am∂pw tht≠?”29 B hr≤≥ ]nS-s™-gp-t∂‰p ipWvTnsb-SpØp
›n-Øs
]d-™p ˛ “Føm ! Hs° Hcp-t]mse B” ?

4.66 Cu tNmZy-Øn-\¿∞w {]am-Wn-I-fmb \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°v Hcp \nbaw

Zcn-{Z¿°v as‰m∂v F∂m-Wv. {]am-Wn-am¿ Fs¥ms° sNbvXmepw BNm-cy-
∑m¿ {]mb-›n-Øs
- a∂pw, {`jvSv F∂pw ]d™v HmSn-°q-Sn-√. CØ-cs
- am-c`- n-

{]mbw ‘sXmgn¬ tI{μ-Øn-te°v’ F∂ \mS-IØ

- nse IYm-]m-{X-amb ]m¿Δ-
Xnbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. D≈-h\pw C√m-Øh\pw c≠p-Xcw \oXn
\¬Ip∂ kap-Zm-bØ
- ns‚ FXn¿∏pw C°m-cy-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-√. (A-bmƒ AXp

{]Xo-£n-°p-Ibpw `b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p). ImcWw Abmƒ {]Xm-

]nbpw kº-∂-\p-amb Hcp al≥aq v BsW-∂Xp Xs∂. kaq-l-Øns‚
Cc-´-Øm∏p Xpd∂p Im´p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS IYm-Ir-Øv.

4.67 aqØn-cn-tßm-Sns‚ c≠m-asØ IYm-ka - mWv ‘Bflm-lpXn’.

- m-lm-ca
thfnbv°p kv{Xo[\w XnI-bv°m≥ C√w hn¬°p-Ib
- √
- msX Zcn-{Z-\mb A—\v

thsd \nhr-Øn-bn√ F∂ Xncn-®d- n-hn¬ C´n-®ncn Ipf-Øn¬®mSn Poh-s\m-

- mWv H∂m-asØ IY-bmb ‘Bflm-lp-Xn-’bpsS D≈-S°
Sp-°p-∂X - w. {]Xn-k-
‘nbv°v Ah-fpsS Bfl-lXy Hcn-°epw ]cn-lm-c-am-hp-∂n-√, ImcWw
121
Ahƒ°p sXm´p Xmsg c≠p s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ IqsS-bp-≠v. Xmcp-Wym-cw-`-
Ønte hn[-h-bm-bn-t∏mb kmhn-{Xn-bpsS Bfl-l-Xy-bmWv ‘hn[-h-bpsS
hn[n’ F∂ IY-bpsS hnj-bw. `¿Ømhv ac-W k
- a
- b
- Øv ]p\¿hn-hm-l-

Øn-\mbn Ahƒ°\phmZw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. Gsd \mfp-Iƒ°p tijw

Hcn-°¬ kmhn-{Xnsb ]cn-tim-[n-°m-s\-Ønb Hcp tUmIvS¿ Ahsf
hnhmlw sNøm-\m-{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. BNm-c-aqV-cmb A—-\-Ω-amsc

A\p-\-bn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°msX hnth-I-iq-\y-\mb Abmƒ XnSp°w Iq´n.

Abm-fpsS hnhm-lm-`y¿∞\ F∂ H‰-°m-cW
- Ø
- m¬ ]Snbv°p ]pd-Øm-°-
s∏´ kmhn-{Xnbv°v ]ns∂ Bfl-lXy am{X-amWv ap∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]nSn-

h-≈n. IjvS∏
- m-Sns\ ImWn-°p∂ Hcp IÆm-Sn-bmWv hn[-h. B IÆmSn
Ahƒ Xs∂ Fdn-™p-S®
- n-cn-°p-∂p.

4.68 \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bsØ kz¥w BZ¿i-Øn-s\mØv ]pXp-°n-sb-Sp-

°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p aqØn-cn-tßm-Sns\ {]tNm-Zn-∏n® e£yw. AXp-

sIm≠p Xs∂ Nhn-´n-sa-Xn-bv°-s∏´ kv{XoXzsØ Db¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥
D]-bp-‡-amb CXn-hr-Ø-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p aqØn-cn-tßmSv Xs‚ IY-Iƒ°v

kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ssZ\y-ßfpw Zmcp-W-X-Ifpw ]pcp-jt- \-°mƒ

_p≤n-ap-´n-®Xv kv{Xosb-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AS™ Hcp hyh-ÿb
- n¬ \n∂v Pohn-
X-Øns‚ Xpd- n-te°v Ahsc ssI]n- S n- ® m- \ - b n- ° m- \ p≈ shfn- ® - a mWv

aqØn-cn-tßm-Sns‚ krjvSn-Iƒ ]I¿∂-Xv.

hn.-Sn.-`´- X
- n-cn-∏m-Sns‚ IrXn-Iƒ

4.69 sh≈n-Øn-cpØn XmgØv cma≥ `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv (1896-˛1982) F∂ hy‡n-

bmWv hn.-Sn. F∂v {]kn-≤\
- m-bX
- v. Xm≥ Pohn-®n-cp∂ ImeØv kz¥w kap-
122
Zmb Ncn{Xw Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-XpI F∂ al-XvI¿Ωw \n¿Δ-ln® hy‡n. sIm√-
h¿jw 1105 (1929) Xs‚ Pohn-XØ
- nse ]cn-h¿Ø-\]
- c
- hpw kw`-h_
- l
- p-e-
hp-amb kwh-’-c-am-sW∂v hn.-Sn. Bfl-I-Y-bmb ‘I¿Ω-hn-]m-I’-Øn¬

{]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. As°m√w [\p-am-kØ

- n¬ FS-°p-∂n-bn¬ sh®p \S∂
tbmK-t£-ak
- `- b - n-∏n® ‘ASp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-ß-
- n¬ BZy-ambn Ah-Xc
tØ°v’ F∂ {]l-k-\-amWv Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw {]_p-≤-Xbv°pw

Imc-Wa
- m-bn-Øo¿∂-Xv. tbmK-t£a k`, bph-P\
- k
- wLw F∂o kwL-S\
- -
I-fpsS {ia-^e
- a
- mbn sIm®n \nb-a\
- n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ Hcp \ºq-Xncn _n¬
]m mbn°nS-∂n-cp-∂p. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Ic
- psS kΩ¿±w \nanØw alm-cm-Pmhv

AXp d±p sNbvXp. t\Xm-°∑

- m-cp-sS-sb√mw D’mlw aμo-`h
- n® Cu L´-
Øn¬ hn.-Sn.-bpsS a\- n-ep-Zn® Bi-b-amWv {]l-k-\-cq-]-Øn¬ ]pdØp
h∂-Xv. \mSI cN-\b
- ntem A`n-\b
- Ø
- ntem ap≥]-cn-Nb
- a
- n-√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw AXp
hnP-bn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ hmin D’m-ln-Iƒs°-√m-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

4.70 tbmK-t£-ak
- `- b
- psS he-Xp-]£ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Hcp \o°w
Cu \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. he-Xp-]£ kmaqly ]cn-

jvI¿Øm-°ƒ°p kz]v\w ImWm≥ t]mepw Ign-bm-Xn-cp∂ ]eXpw ˛

_lp-`m-cymXzw \ntcm-[n-°¬, t{]a-hn-hm-l-t{]m-’m-l-\w, tLmjm-_-ln-
jvI-cWw apX-em-bh {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ am[y-a-am-bn-´mWv \mSIw Bkq-

{XWw sNbvXX
- v. FS-°p-∂n-bnse \nd™ kZ- n¬ sh®v \mS-Im-`n-\bw
\S-∂p. AtX hsc hna¿in-°p-Ibpw ]cn-l-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-h-
sc√mw kwLm-SI
- sc ap‡-IWvTw {]iw-kn-®p. XpS¿∂v Ign-bp-∂{X C√-ß-

fn¬ A¥¿÷-\-߃°p ImW-Ø° hn[-Øn¬ \mSIw A`n-\-bn-°-W-

sa∂ Bhiyw Db¿∂p. hn.-Sn. Xs∂ apJy-kw-Lm-SI
- \
- mbn Hcp Uk-\n-e[
- nIw
ÿe-ßf
- n¬, 1930 a[y-th-\¬ Ah-[n-°meØv \mSIw Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-®p.
123
4.71 \mS-IØ
- ns‚ H∂mw cwKw HmØp-sNm√ens‚ A¿∞-iq-\y-Xsb ]cn-
l-kn-®p-sIm-≠mWv XpS-ßp-∂X
- v. {Iqc-amb a¿±-\a
- p-dI
- ƒ HmØp sNm√p∂
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Kpcp-°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v G‰p-hm-tß≠n h∂n-cp∂p F∂-Xns‚

km£yw IqSn-bm-hp-∂p H∂mw cwKw. Bdmw cwK-Øn¬ ap°q-´-s∏-cp-h-gn-

bn¬ sh®v HmXn-°\pw sNdp-anbpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-jWw PmXo-b-amb
D®-\o-Nm-h-ÿ-I-fpsS {]I-S-cq-]-amb Abn-ØsØ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \n∂p-

Xn-cn-bm≥ CS-an-√mØ hgn-bm-sW-¶nepw ]p√pw-sI-t´‰n hcp∂ sNdpan h√

Ip≠ntem tNdntem Cdßn \n∂v Abn-Øa
- m-ImsX {i≤n-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-
- m-ct√ {ºWm”30 ˛- F∂ sNdp-an-bpsS tNmZyw
bm-Wv. “AtUy-ßfpw a\p-i∑

\ºq-cn-ØØ
- ns‚ lp¶ns‚ t\sc hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p.

4.72 hr≤-\mb I¿°-Sm-¶p-∂-Ø-—≥ hnhm-l-th-tjm-Nn-X-\mbn afi-]-

Øn¬ Ib-dm≥ \n¬°p-tºm-gmWv in]mbn C©-Mvj≥ Hm¿Udpamsb-Øp-

∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v am[-h≥ tXXnsb thƒ°p-∂p. Bkq-{Xn-Xa

- mb Cu kw`-h-
Øn\p tijw Ip©p-hns‚ D’m-lØ
- m¬ \ºq-Xncn bph-P\ kwL-Øns‚
Hcp hnti-jm¬ tbmKw \S-°p-∂p. hnπ-h-Im-cn-I-fmb sNdp-∏-°m-cpsS

Hcp kwcw-`a
- m-Ws
- X-¶nepw Ah¿ A[y-£\
- mbn \n›bn°p-∂Xv ]g-ab
- psS
{]Xn-\n-[n-bmb HmXn-bv°s
- \-bm-Wv. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-Ic
- n¬ IqSn a\w-am-‰a
- p-≠m-
bmte am‰w ka{KamIq F∂ Bi-b-amWv CXn\p ]pd-In-ep-≈-Xv. h[p-

hns\ kZ-ky¿°-`n-ap-J-ambn \ndpØn Ah-fpsS aqSp-]Sw No¥n-sb-dn-bp-

tºmƒ ImWp-∂Xv ]cn-jvIrX thj-[m-cn-Wn-bmb tXXn-sb-bm-Wv. {]kvXpX
\mS-I-Øn-eqsS hn.-Sn. hr≤hnhml \ntcm-[-\w, tLmjm _ln-jvI-c-Ww,

thZ-]T
- \
- Ø
- ns‚ hy¿∞X F∂o kp{]-[m\ Bi-bß
- ƒ apt∂m-´p-sh-°p-
∂p. CXc kap-Zmb t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS khn-tij {i≤-bm-I¿jn-°m\pw
\mSIw sIm≠v Ign-™p. Cu \mSIw hn.Sn.-bpsS C√-h-f-∏n¬ \S-Øm≥
124
\n›-bn-®X
- n-\p-ti-jw, hn.-Sn.-bpsS tPyjvT≥ Xs∂ D≠m-°nb `oj-Wa
- mb
FXn¿∏p-Isf Ipdn®v ]n∂oSv Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

4.73 kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw am\-hn-Ih

- p-amb Ht´sd k¶o¿Æ
{]iv\ß
- ƒ \mSIw A\m-hc
- Ww sNøp-∂p. \mS-Is
- Øbpw AXns‚ Dt±-
iy-sØbpw ]e coXn-bn¬ hymJym-\n-°m-hp-∂X
- m-Wv.

1. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n apd-hnfn Iq´p-∂-hsc

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°¬.
2. kv{Xokzm-X-¥y-sa∂ Bi-bsØ bmYm¿∞y-am-°¬.

3. hr≤-hn-hm-l-Øn-s\-Xnsc i‡-amb {]N-cWw.

4. hy‡n kzmX-{¥yw, kzØ-hI
- m-iw, ]cn-th-Z\w apX-emb
kap-Zmb {]iv\ß
- sf kaq-la
- \:km£n°p ap∂n¬ Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°¬.

4.74 a‰p PmXn-°m¿ tI´m¬ ImXn¬ Cubw Dcp°n Hgn-°W

- s
- a∂v amaq¬
{]nb¿ IcpXn h∂n-cp-∂, ta¬Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS am{Xw ss]XrI kzØmWv
thZw. B thZ-a{- ¥-߃, Dd-ßp∂ HmXn-°s‚ Xe-bv°epw Im¬°-ep-an-

cp∂v am[-h\pw Ip©phpw Dds° sNm√p-Ibpw CS-bv°nsS IpkrXn ImWn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Chsc iIm-cn-°p∂ HmXn-bv°-s\, bmYm-ÿn-XnI
tIma-ca
- m-bn-cp∂ At±-lsØ Xs∂-bmWv ]Xn-\mdmw cwK-Øn¬ hntam-N\
- -

Øns‚ A≤y£ ÿm\Øp {]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv. am[-h-\n-eqsS X\n°p

kaq-lt- ØmSp ]d-bm-\p-≈Xp apgp-h≥ hn.-Sn. Bhn-jvIc
- n-°p-∂p. Abmƒ
C—m-i-‡n-bp-≈-h-\m-Wv. kz¥w Pohn-X-Ønse kw`-h-߃ \nb-{¥n-°m-

\p≈ a\:ssÿcyw Abmƒ°p-≠v. AXp am{X-hp-a-√, Xs‚ Np‰p-ap-≈-

hsc IqSn kz]-£t- Ø°p tN¿°m\pw Abmƒ°p Ign-hp-≠v.

125
4.75 BNm-c-ßsf A‘-ambn ]n¥p-S-cp∂ A—≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS ]cn-
h¿Ø\w Xs∂ DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn ]d-bm-hp-∂X
- m-Wv. \n›-bn-®p-d∏
- n® thfo-
ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ Xs∂ hcs\ tImS-Xn-bn-te°v hnfn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ At±lw

[¿Ω k¶-SØ
- n-eI
- s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. tXXnbpw am[-h\pw XΩn-ep≈ hnhmlw
XpS¿∂v \S-°p-tºmƒ A—≥ \ºq-Xncn Bizmkw sIm≈p-∂p. ‘H∂v F\n°v
\∂ t_m≤ym-bn. BtØ-Ωm-tcmtfw s]¶n-Sm-ßtfw Ah-cpsS kptJm∂pw

t\m°m-≠vßs\ _p≤n-ap-´n-°Wvt√y, AXv alm-IjvSw X∂ym’31 F∂

Xncn-®d- nhv At±-lØ
- n\p am{X-a√ \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ
- n\v apgp-h\
- p-ap-≠m-
Ip-∂p. tXXn-bpsS kv{Xo[-\Ø
- pI apgp-h≥ \ºq-Xncn bph-P\
- k
- w-LØ
- ns‚

t£a-Øn-\mbn \¬Ip-∂p. hn.-Sn.-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß

- ƒ cqV-aq-ea
- mb A‘-
hn-izm-k-ßsf IS-]p-g-°n-sb-dn-bm≥ ]cym-]vX-ambn F∂-Xn\v DZm-l-cWw
XpS¿∂p≈ \ºq-Xncn kap-Zmb PohnXw Xs∂.

‘sXmgn¬ tI{μ-Øn-te°v’ F∂ \mS-IØ

- ns‚ {]kIvXn

4.76 A¥¿÷- \ - ß ƒ A¥¿÷- \ - ß ƒ°p- t h≠n BZy- a mbn t_m[-

]q¿Δw \S-Ønb Iem-{]-I-S-\-amWv ‘sXmgn¬tI-{μ-Øn-te°v’ F∂ \mS-

Iw. 1931 ¬ A¥¿÷-\-k-amPw cq]w sIm≈p-Ibpw AXns‚ t\Xr-Xz-
Øn¬ sXmgn¬ tI{μ-߃ ÿm]n-Xa
- m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. GI-`mcym{hXw,

hn[hm hnhm-lw, EXp-a-Xn-Iƒ°p ]Tn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw, kPm-Xob

hnhmlw XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-ß-fn-eq∂n-bm-bn-cp∂p A¥¿÷\ kam-P-\-
Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ. A¥¿÷\߃ sXmgn-se-SpØp Pohn-°W
- s
- a∂pw

sXmgn¬ t\Sp-I- hgn kzm`n-am-\hpw kzmX-¥yhpw t\S-Ws

- a∂pw 1944 se
Hmß-√q¿ tbmK-t£ak`m ktΩ-f\w Blzm\w- sNbvXp. CXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v

126
{]h¿Ø-\a
- m-cw-`n® sXmgn¬ tI{μßfn¬ {][m\amb H∂mWv, ]me-°mSv
Pn√-bnse e°nSn Xncp-Øn-Ω¬ C√Øp ÿm]n-Xa
- mb sXmgn¬tI-{μw. Ai-
c-Wc
- mb A¥¿÷-\ß
- ƒ°v AØm-Wn-bm-Im≥ B IΩyq-Wn\p Ign-™p.

\q¬\q¬∏pw s\bvØpw Xp∂-ep-ambn Bflm-`n-am-\-tØmsS Pohn-°m≥

XpS-ßnb Ahn-SsØ At¥-hm-kn-If
- psS Iq´mbvabn¬ \n∂mWv ae-bm-f-
Ønse BZysØ kv{Xo]-£\
- m-SI - mb ‘sXmgn¬ tI{μ-Ønte°v’ Dbn¿sIm-
- a

≠-Xv.

4.77 ]Øp cwK-ßf

- p≈ \mSIw {][m-\a
- mbn c≠p {]ta-bß
- ƒ Ah-Xc
- n-

∏n-°p-∂p. Im\d Pn√bnse kn¿kn-bn-te°p ho´p-Im¿ hn¬°m≥ {ian®

tZh-tk-\-sb∂ \ºq-Xncn s]¨Ip-´nsb A¥¿÷-\-k-amP {]h¿Ø-I-
cmb ]m¿Δ-Xnbpw tZh-Inbpw tN¿∂p c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv H∂m-asØ
{]ta-bw. hnhm-lt- ijw ASp-°f
- b
- nse D]-Ic
- W
- a
- mbpw ]pcp-js‚ kpJ-

km-a-{Kn-bmbpw am{Xw `mcysb IW-°m-°nb `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv Ie-ln-®n-d-

ßnb ]ptcm-K-a-t\-—p-hmb tZh-In-bpsS [oc-{]-hr-Øn-bmWv \mS-I-Ønse
c≠m-asØ {]ta-bw. kw`m-jW cN-\b
- nepw \mSIw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xnepw

Fw.-B¿.-_n., Fw.-kn.-\º
- q-Xn-cn, A°nØw XpS-ßnb kmaqly {]h¿Ø-I-
cpsS klm-ba
- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mSIw Ac-tß-dn-bt- ∏mƒ ]pcpj IYm-]m-{X-
ß-sf-bS- °w cwK-Øh
- X
- c
- n-∏n-®Xv kv{XoIƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

4.78 kz¥w a\:km£n-bv°\

- p-kc
- n®p {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kv{Xo°v an°-hmdpw
IpSpw-_-Øn\p ]pdØp t]mtI-≠n-h-cp-∂p. F√m ImeØpw CsXms°

Xs∂-bm-W-h-ÿ. Aßs\ ]pd-Øn-d-tß≠n hcp∂ kv{Xobv°v A`n-

am\tØmsS Ib-dn-s®-√m\pw A≤zm-\n®p Pohn-°m\pw HcnSw ˛ AXm-bn-

127
cp∂p sXmgn¬ tI{μ-Øns‚ {]k-‡n. ASp-°f
- b
- n¬ \n∂v Ac-ßs
- ØØn
]I®p \n∂-hsf sXmgn¬ tI{μ-Øn-te°v ssI]n-Sn-®m-\-bn-°m≥ A°m-
esØ kmap-Zm-bnI ]cn-jvIc - ƒ°v Ign-™n-cp-∂p. “`¿Øm-
- W {]h¿Ø-\ß

°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v `mcy-amcv AI∂p t]mcm-∂v≈X

- √ \ΩsS BZ¿iw, ka-\n-
e-bn¬ kzmX-¥y-tØmsS Ah-scm-∂n®v Pohn-°m-∂v≈-Xm-Wv”32. ]m¿ΔXn
F∂ IYm-]m-{X-Øn-eqsS kv{Xo]p-cp-j-k-a-XzsØ Ipdn®pw Zmº-XysØ

Ipdn®pw hfsc hy‡-amb A`n-{]mbw \mSIw apt∂m´p shbv°p-∂p.

128
 Ipdn∏pIƒ

1. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ

kºq¿Æw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, am¿®v 2009, ]pdw: 43.
2. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ
kºq¿Æw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, am¿®v 2009, ]pdw:29.
3. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ
kºq¿Æw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, am¿®v 2009, ]pdw:316.
4. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv hn.Sn. ˛ hn.-Sn-.bpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw,
\hw-_¿ 2008, ]pdw: 300.
5. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv hn.-Sn. ˛ hn.-Sn.-bpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw,
\hw-_¿ 2008, ]pdw: 98.
6. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv hn.-Sn. ˛ hn.-Sn.-bpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-
bw, \hw-_¿ 2008, ]pdw: 334.
7. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv hn.-Sn. ˛ hn.-Sn.-bpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw,
\-hw-_¿ 2008, ]pdw :334.
8. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_nI ˛ Bbn-cØ
- n-cn, kmlnXy {]h¿ØI kl-Ic
- W
kwLw, tIm´-bw, am¿®v 1969, ]pdw : 20.
9. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ Bbn-cØ
- n-cn, kmlnXy {]h¿ØI kl-Ic
- W
kwLw, tIm´-bw, am¿®v 1969, ]pdw :21
10. A¥¿-÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ Bbn-cØ
- n-cn, kmlnXy {]h¿ØI kl-Ic
- W
kwLw, tIm´-bw, am¿®v 1969, ]pdw:22.
11. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ Bbn-cØ
- n-cn, kmlnXy {]h¿ØI kl-Ic
- W
kwLw, tIm´bw, am¿®v 1969, ]pdw: 53.
12. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ Bbn-cØ
- n-cn, kmlnXy {]h¿ØI kl-Ic
- W
kwLw, tIm´-bw, am¿®v 1969, ]pdw: 58.
13. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ Bbn-cØ
- n-cn, kmlnXy {]h¿ØI kl-Ic
- W
kwLw, tIm´-bw, am¿®v 1969, ]pdw : 58.

129
14. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ Bbn-cØ
- n-cn, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿ØI kl-Ic
- W
kwLw, tIm´-bw, am¿®v 1969, ]pdw : 99.
15. A¥¿÷\w efn-Xmw-_n-I ˛ kmhn{Xn AYhm hn[hm hnhm-lw, Id‚ v
_pIvkv, Xr»q¿, G{]n¬ 2004, ]pdw:71
16. t{]avPn ˛ t{]avPn ]mSp-∂p, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿, Unkw-_¿
1998, ]pdw : 41.
17. t{]avPn ˛ t{]avPn ]mSp-∂p, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿, Unkw-_¿
1998, ]pdw: 97
18. t{]avPn ˛ \mev°m-en-Iƒ, AJne tIcf A£c-t«mI ]cnj-Øv, Xr»q¿,
sabv 1986, ]pdw : 130.
19. t{]avPn ˛ \mev°m-en-Iƒ, AJne tIcf A£-c-t«mI ]cn-j-Øv, Xr»q¿,
sabv 1986, ]pdw : 130.
20. t{]avPn ˛ \mev°m-en-Iƒ, AJne tIcf A£-c-t«mI ]cn-j-Øv, Xr»q¿,
sabv 1986, ]pdw : 131.
21. t{]avPn ˛ \mev°m-en-Iƒ, AJne tIcf A£-c-t«mI ]cn-j-Øv, Xr»q¿,
sabv 1986, ]pdw : 138.
22. t{]avPn ˛ a‰-Ω, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿, G{]n¬ 1991, ]pdw: 19.
23. t{]avPn ˛ a‰-Ω, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿, G{]n¬ 1981, ]pdw:8.
24. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv Fw.-]n. (t{]-avPn) ˛ EXp-a-Xn, awK-tfm-Zbw {] v, Xr»q¿, ]pdw : 1.
25. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv Fw.-]n. (t{]-avPn) ˛ EXp-aX
- n, awK-tfm-Zbw {] v, Xr»q¿, ]pdw : 96.
26. hnP-b≥ Fw.-F≥. (F-Un-‰¿), Fw.-B¿.-_n. PohnXw IrXn-Iƒ Z¿i-\w, Id‚ v
_pIvkv, Xr»q¿, BKÃv 2004, ]pdw :11.
27. Ddq_v (]n.-kn. Ip´n-Ir-jvW≥), DΩm-®p, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw, Pqsse
2008, ]pdw: 32.
28. `h-{Xm-X≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv aqØn-cn-tßm-´v ˛ A]v^s‚ aIƒ, tIcf kmlnXy
A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿, sk]vXw-_¿ 2008, ]pdw : 58.
29. `h-{Xm-X≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv aqØn-cn-tßm-´v ˛ ]q¶p-e, awK-tfm-Zbw {] v, Xr»q¿,
1935, ]pdw : 54.

130
30. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv hn.-Sn. ˛ hn.-Sn.-bpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-
bw, \hw-_¿ 2008, ]pdw : 365.
31. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv hn.-Sn-. ˛ hn.-Sn.-bpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-
bw, \hw-_¿ 2008, ]pdw: 394.
32. {Kma-{]-Im-iv F≥.-B¿. (F-Un-‰¿) ˛ sXmgn¬ tI{μ-Øn-te-°,v Imen-°‰v k¿Δ-
I-em-ime {]kn-≤o-I-cW hn`mKw, 2008.

131