INTRO TO CRIM.
Etymology of Criminology
Criminology- study of crime. Derived from Latin Crimen means
accusation. Transliterated Greek Logia which has come to denote
the Study of.
- study of crime and criminals, especially their
behavior; scientific study and investigation of crime
and criminals.
Raffaele Garofalo- coined term criminology
Paul Topinard- used criminology first time in French(criminologie)
- introduces term criminologish in english language
Development of Criminology
Beginning of 18th Century/ Era of Classical Criminology
- first distinguished crime from sin. They made explanations
of criminal behavior that were not theological.
- primarily concerned with the ending brutality and
inequality against criminals by enforcing limitations on
government power.
- criminology behavior was product of offender’s rational
choice and crime could be prevented through speedy and certain
application of penalties that attached painful and unattractive
consequence to such behavior.
Beginning of 19th Century/ Modern Criminology
- criminology is a sub speciality w/in the societies and
founded criminology journals.
- criminologist conducted empirical test of their theories
rather than relying on population and consequently developed a
wide range of theories.
- why crime occurred.
Second half of 20th Century/ Independent Criminology
-Criminology began to assert from the traditional discipline
that spawned it.
- A numbers of university developed graduate programs in
Criminology
- tend/seek to understand crime itself rather than study of
crime as one aspect of an overall sociological or psychological
theory.
- Contemporary scholars believe that criminal motivation is
the product of one or more complex set of factors.
Theories considered in one of the three categories:
1. Theories attributing criminal behavior to biological or
congenital defects of the offender
2. Theories relating crime to psychological factors or mental
disorder, and
3. Theories relating crime to environment or social factors.
Criminology Definition(EPMwffGvrhElDrGbWdEsc)
 Edwin Sutherland- Criminology is the body of knowledge
regarding social problem of crime.
- criminology is science regarding crime and delinquency as
social phenomenon.
- Dean of Modern Criminology
 Prof. Cirilo Tradio- body of knowledge regarding crimes as
social phenomenon.
Scope of Criminology covers: Making laws, Breaking of
laws, reaction towards breaking of laws.
- scientific of crime as an individual and social phenomenon
- Criminology is an interdisciplinary field of behavioral
sciences
 Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti- Criminology is the
scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior
- Criminology scientifically study: NPEC
 Nature and Extent of Crime
 Patterns of Criminality
 Explanations on the causes of crime and criminals
behavior
 The control of crime and criminal behavior
 Gennaro F Vito and Ronald Holmes- Criminology is the study
of causes of crime.
 Elliot- Crim. As scientific study of crime and its treatment.
- emphasizing the scientific investigation into the nature
and etiology of crime
 D.R. Taft- Crim. Includes all the subj. Matter necessary to
understanding and prevention of crime together with punishment
and treatment of delinquents and criminals.
- Crim. Is concerned not with the offenses committed by
adults only but also deal with juvenile offenses.
 Gregg Barak- Criminology is an interdisciplinary study of
various body of knowledge, which focuses on the etiology of crime,
behavior of criminals, policies and practices of crime content.
 Webster Dictionary- Criminology as the scientific study of
crime as social phenomenon, or of criminals and their mental traits,
habits or discipline.
 European Society of Criminology- Criminology as scholarly,
scientific, and professional knowledge concerning the explanation ,
prevention, control and treatment of Criminal delinquency,
offenders and victim.
Definition of Terms (ATCaCoCiDfCyCjCjsEc)
1. Applied Criminology- art of creating typologies,
classifications….
2. Theoretical Criminology- subfield of general criminology most
often found in universities and colleges.
3. Constitutional Approach- approach to explaining criminal
behavior is influenced by structure or physical characteristics of
persons body.
4. Criminologist- who studies criminology. Term recorded from
1857. who trained in field of criminology.
5. Criminalist- who reconstruct crime scene or works with crime
scene evidence for forensic purposes.
6. Dualistic Fallacy- assumption that there is distinct difference
between 2 groups: criminals and noncriminals.
7. Criminality- behavioral predisposition that disproportionately
favors criminal activity
8. Criminal Justice- scientific study of crime, criminal law and
components of criminal justice system.
9. Criminal Justice System- agencies of justice whose goal is to
apprehend, convict, punish, and rehabilitate law violators.
10. Experimental Criminology- form of contemporary criminology
that makes use of rigorous social scientific techniques.
Goals of Studying criminology(DUPC)- to describe, understand,
predict, and control criminal behavior.
Nature of Criminology(ASDN)
1. Applied Science- in study of causes of crimes, anthropology,
psychology and other natural science. In crime
detection-chemistry, medicine, physics may be utilized.
2. Social Science- social creation that exists in a society being as a
social phenomenon.
3. Dynamic- criminology changes as social condition changes. It is
concomitant with advancement of other science that has been
applied.
4. Nationalistic- study of crime must be in relation to existing
criminal law w/in territory or country.
Principal Divisions of Criminology by Edwin Sutherland (SCP)
1. Sociology of Law(Making of Law)- attempts to offer scientific
analysis of conditions under which criminal laws are developed as
process of formal social control.
2. Criminal Etiology(Breaking of law)- attempts to provide analysis
of causes of crime.
3. Penology(Reacting toward the breaking of law)- concerned
with control and prevention crime and treatment of youth
offenders
Components of Criminology by Clarence Ray Jeffery(DTE)-
Detection, treatment and Explanation of crime and criminal
behavior
Theory- an explanation, attempt to relate two or more variables.
Can be either incorrect or at least questioned.
- series of interrelated propositions that attempt to
describe, explain, predict and control class of events.
Attributes of Theory(CBISEVH)
1. Theory Construction- something known with something
unknown
2. Theory Building- efforts to come up with formal, systematic,
logical and mathematical ways.
3. Theoretical Integration- efforts to come up with grand
4. Theoretical Specification- efforts to figure out details of theory,
how variables work together
5. Theoretical Elaboration- efforts to figure out implications of
theory
6. Variables- building blocks of theories; things that vary
7. Hypothesis- explanation that accounts for a set of facts
Eras of Criminological Theory
First Era: Golden Age of Research- data were largely gathered and
evaluated independent of any particular ideational framework
Second Era: Golden Age of Theory- intellectual theorizing
dominated the scene. No systematic attempt to link criminological
research to theory.
Third Era: Age of Extensive Theory Testing- testing dominant
theories using largely empirical methods. Scientific examination of
criminological theories that had been previously advanced.
Explaining Scope of Theory(GUI)
1. General Theory- attempts to explain all form of criminal conduct
through single overarching approach.
2. Unicasual Theory- posits only one source
3. Integrated Theory- provides explanatory perspective that
merges concepts drawn from diff. Sources. Contrast to General
Theory.
Crime- an act or omission punishable by law
Types/Categories of Crime(FOM)
1. Felony- act punishable by revised penal code of Phil.
2. Offense- act punishable by special penal law
3. Misdemeanor/ Delinquency- violation of simple rules and
rugalations.
Elements of Crime( IFI )- Intent, Freedom, Intelligence
Victimology- scientific study of victimization including relationship
between victims and offenders and interaction between victim and
cjs.
 - meaning rooted in idea of sacrifice or scapegoat(the  Heartbroken- disturbed by virtue of heartaches/pain
execution or casting out of a person/animal to satisfy a deity)
 Tormented- who asked for it, often from friends/ family

Mendelson, Von Hentig, and Wolfgang- defines victims as hapless

dupes who instigated their own victimization Other type by Mendelson

Feminists- victims as anyone caught up in an asymmetric  Complete Innocent Victims- an ideal form of popular
relationship perception in this category

 Victims w/ only minor guilt and those victimize due to

ignorance

 Victim who is Guiltier than the Offender- containing person

who provoked criminal/ induced victimization

 Most Guilty Victim who is guilt alone- an attacker killed would

be a victim in act of defending themselves

 Imaginary Victim- suffering from mental disorder

Asymmetry- unbalanced, exploitative, parasitical

Penal Couple- describes the relationship between victim and
Victims- any person who experiences injury, loss/ hardship due to criminal
any cause.
Victimicity- signified opposite of criminality
- who suffered injury and harm by forces beyond his or
her control. Loser- initially attacker but later, situation is reversed

Crime Victim- who suffered injury or loss due to illegal activity.

- suffered as a result of commission of crime Theories and Victimology(LuBLaVLD)

Benjamin Mendelson- father of Victimology. Coined term 1940.

- interviewed victims to obtain info 1. Luckenbill’s Situated Transaction Model- commonly found in
sociology of deviance textbooks. Interpersonal level, crime and
- coined victimal(the victim counterpart of criminal and victimization.
word)
a. Insult b. Clarification c. Retaliation d. Counter Retaliation e.
Presence of Weapon f. Onlooker
Von Hentig- studied victims of homicide and formed type of
victim.
2. Benjamin and Master’s Threefold Model- from prison riots to
strain theories. (PAPr)
 Victims became the forgotten process of CJS while criminal is
a. Precipitating Factors- wrong place, wrong time
the celebrity.
b. Attracting Factors- choices, options, lifestyles
 Victim only valued for their capacity to report crimes and
appear in court and witnesses. c. Predisposing Factors- sociodemographic characteristics
 New Victimologists study the behavior and vulnerabilities of
victims

Typologies of Criminal Victim

General Classes by Hans Von Hentig (YFOMdIM)

 Young- weak by virtue and immaturity

 Female- less physically powerful and easily dominated by

men

 Old- incapable of physical defense

 Mentally Defective- unable to think clearly 3. Lawrence and Marcus Felson’s Routine Activities Theory- anxious
to test theory. (StMoAg)
 Immigrant- unsure of rules.
a. Suitable targets- poverty
 Minorities- unequal treatment by agency/ justice
b. Motivated Offenders

c. Absence of Guardians- few defensible spaces and absence

Psychological Types(DGOWHT) of private securities
 Depressed- submissive person by virtue of emotional
condition
4. Victim Precipitation Theory- people initiate confrontation that
 Greedy- want more than what is sufficient leads to injury (AP)
 Old- incapable of Physical defense a. Active- use threat/ fighting words
 Wanton/ Overly Sensual- wanting affection b. Passive- personal conflict

5. Lifestyle Theory- crime is not random occurrence
6. Deviant Place Theory- victim prone bec. Reside in high-crime
areas.
Victim Defense- cases of parricide and homicide of batterers
Emotional Distress- result of crime of recurring theme for all
victims of crime
PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Post Crime Distress also linked to pre-existing emotional problems
and socio-demoraphic variables. Leading cause of elderly to be
more adversely affected.
Models of Victimization
1. Victim of Crime Model (Man-made cause)- homicide, rape and
others.(IdRcRo)
Stages:
a. Stage of Impact and Disorganization- depicts
attitude or activity of a victim
b. Stage of Recoil- during w/c the victims formulates
psychological defenses and deals w/ conflicting
emotions of guilt, anger, acceptance and desire of
revenge(last 3 to 8 mos.)
c. Reorganization Stage- occurs during w/c the victim
put his/her life back to normal daily living
2. Victim of Disaster Model (Natural Cause)- applicable to victims
of natural causes like earthquakes, flood, volcanic eruption, etc.
(PiIPoiBo)
Stages:
a. Pre-impact Stage- state of victim prior to being
victimized
b. Impact Stage- the phase in w/c victimization
occurs.
c. Post-Impact Stage- entails the degree and
duration of the personal and social disorganization ff.
Victimization.
d. Behavioral Outcome- describes victim’s
adjustment to the victimization experience
Kinds of Crime Victim (PST)
1. Direct or Primarily Crime Victim- victim directly suffers the
harm or injury which is physical, psychological and economic
losses.
2. Indirect or Secondary Crime Victim- ex. Rape victim or children
of battered woman
3. Tertiary Crime Victim- who experience harm vicariously such as
through media accounts.
Etiology- refers to cause, set of causes, manner of causation od
disease/ condition, investigation or attribution of the cause or
reason for something
Etiology on Crime
Etiology- analyzes and studies causal links between circumstances
and diff. Factors of criminality.
- studies and research of causes and circumstances that
deal w/ all criminal behavior and other phenomena in society.
Criminal Etiology- division of criminology w/ attempts to provide
scientific analysis on the causes of crime.
Causes of Crime- factors or circumstances that apply significantly
more to offenders than to non-offenders and potentially a direct
but not necessarily immediate link to crime.
Historical Views of Crime Causation(AMFCPS)
1. Antique Philosophy- Aristotle offers philosophical standpoint
on crime causation. Poverty as mother of all revolutions and
crimes.
2. Medieval Philosophy- Francis Bacon stated criminality will
depend on social situations. Opportunity makes a thief. Human
behavior depend on situations.
3. French Renaissance Philosophy- Voltaire and Rousseau
introduce concept of free will. Crime as hedonistic behavior and
failure to fulfill social contrect obligations.
4. Classical Criminology- crime as product of belief that benefits
of committing crimes are far greater.
- ‘Crime isn’t profitable bec. you’ll get caught’ and ‘that you’ll
never get caught’
-Crime is a behavioral human characteristics and a choice.
5. Positivist Criminology- explain crim causation using
determinism.
- Atavism- born criminal/ genetically evolved.
- Crime is inheritable and some people are born to be
criminals.
6. Sociological Criminology- crime is a result of multiple factors,
can be divided to biological, psychological and social factors.
a. Social Darwinism- Herbert Spencer. Most successful and
wealthiest are product of social evolution. Evolved
through natural selection. Criminals are who stupid
enough to get caught.
b. Social learning Theory- A. Bandura, Aggressive behavior is
largely learned.Can be direct(result from positive/
negative behavior) or indirect(based on perception of
other’s behavior as desirable or non-desirable).
-Corporal punishment are extreme form of negative
behavior, child can develop negative association from parents.
7. Psychology and Crime Causation - based on notion that
hidden unconscious motives affect human behavior.
8. Biological Criminology- chromosome aberrations may be
cause of crime.
 Macho men- who have an extra Y chromosome,
predisposed to commit crimes.
Approaches in Criminal Etiology
A. Single or Unitary- caused only one factor or variable: social,
biological or mental.
B. Multiple Factor Approach- criminal conduct is combination of
several factors.
C. Eclectic Approach- views that criminal behavior is caused by
one or more factors rather than cause
Criminal Behavior-behavior in violation of the criminal law
Risk Factors fro criminal Behavior
No single risk factor is big enough to predict without a doubt
that a youth will become a violent criminal. It’s usually a
combination of factors that increase an individual’s risk. Child
with six or more factors is 10 times more likely to be violent by
age 18 his peer who was exposed to only risk factor.
Top Risk Factors for Criminal behavior are:
1. Family Issues Contribute to Criminal Behavior- no criminal
behavior is passed through our genes. Children with violent
parents are more likely to become violent through learned
behavior. Negative factors might influence criminal behavior
such as poor parenting skills, family size, discord in the
home(annul or left to grandparents), antisocial parents
conflict and punitive discipline(punish).
2. Mental Illness and Its Effect on Crime-more than half
population in jails and state and federal prisons have some
kind of mental illness. Mental illnesses do not cause people
to become violent criminals though there is strong
correlation between two.
Jail- penalty 1 to 3 years, under hearing.
Penalty- 3 years and above.
3. Peer Pressure Influence to Criminal Behavior- Journal of
Abnormal Child Psychology support that peer pressure has
negative influence on deviant behavior in children.
4. How our Socioeconomic Status Contributes to Delinquency-
our income, education levels and occupations have strong
influence to become violent criminals. Low-income homes
are charged with crimes at age of 24 compared to
Middle-income families and high-income families.
Crime- violation of law
-under the Philippine Law, refers to act committed or
omitted in violation of public law forbidding or
commanding it.
a. Felonies- violation of Revised Penal Code.
b. Offenses- violation of statutes
c. Misdemeanors- violation of ordinances
- acts perceived by those in power as direct or indirect
threats to their interests.(Political Definition)
- an anti-social act of such a nature that its repression is
necessary or supposed to be necessary to preservation of
existing system of society.(Sociological Definition)
- form of social maladjustment-commit crime bec. He
can’t fit in society so he made his own
group.(Psychological Definition)
Criminological Classification of Crime
1. As to the result of:
a. Acquisitive Crime-when offender acquires something as a
consequence of his criminal acts
b. Extinctive Crime- when the end of result of a criminal act
is destructive.
2. As to the time or period of commission:
a. Seasonal Crime- committed only during a certain period
of the year like violation of tax law.
b. Situational Crime- committed only when given the
situation conducive to its commission. Opportunity
3. As to length of time of commission:
a. Instant Crime- committed in shortest possible of time.
b. Episodic Crime- commiteed by series of acts in a lengthy
space of time. Ex. Serial Killing
4. As to the place or location of the commission:
a. Static Crime- committed in only one place
b. Continuing Crime- can be committed in several places.
Kidnapping. Filed where committed.
5. As to the use of Mental Faculty:
a. Rational Crime-committed w/ intent and offender is in
full possession of his sanity
b. Irrational Crime- committed by persons who do not know
the nature and quality of their act. Has hallucination
6. As to the social status of the offender:
a. White Collar Crime- committed by persons of
respectability and upper socio-economic class
b. Blue Collar Crime- committed by ordinary professional
criminals to maintain their livelihood,
7. As to the standard of living of the criminals:
a. Crime of the upper world- committed with high degree of
skill.
b. Crime of the underworld- committed through limited
ability.
When does crime exist?
Crime exist when person has been proven guilty by court. Crime
exist when it is reported.
Why does crime exist?
Crime exist because of the existence of the law.
Logomacy- there is no crime if there is no law punishing it. Nullum
crimen nulla poena sine lege.
Eliminating crime requires the abolition of criminal law.
Law- form of social control and absence of regulation in the
community leads to chaos among people.
Law of Jungle speaks about Survival of the Fittest(Matira ang
Matibay)
Elements of Crime
1. Motive(M)- moving power w/c impels one to act for a definite
result. No evidence found.
Intent- purpose in using particular means. Element of
International Felony.
2. Opportunity(O)- chance or time given to the offender in
committing the crime.
3. Instrumentality of capacity(I/C)-
Instrumentality- use of material or other means in
commission of crime.
Capability- physical capability of a person to perpetrate
a crime.
Crime vs Sin

Crime- act or omission against penal law of state. Imprisonment

or fine or both

Sin- against spiritual or divine law. Death.

Crime vs Immorality

Crime- against law of state. Nationalistic

Immorality- against unwritten social norms. Regionalistic

Why must members of society be concerned with the study of

crime?

1. Crime is Pervasive

2. Expensive

A. Direct expenses

B. Indirect expenses

3. Destructive

4. Reflective

5. Progressive

Kayo na magtuloy HAHAHHAHHA tinatamad na tlga ko

POLSCI
✓ Power of the Gov’t
Eminent Domain, Power of taxation, Police Power
✓ 3 Branches of Gov’t
Executive- implementing of law, President
Legislative- making of law, Senator and Congressman
Judiciary- interpret law, Chief Justice
Politics and Political Science is interchangeable
✓ Politics- actual participation of a population in the activities of
affairs of state
-shaping or sharing of power
✓ Science- unique, SCIRE means to know
✓ Science of Politics- basic knowledge and unerstanding of state
and principles of ideas, concerned w/ association of human
beings into body politic
✓ Political Theory- political vies and thoughts relating to state
✓ Public Law- study of gov’t power, duties, its organization and
limits of authority
✓Political Science- study of politics
- deals with aspects of individual in society relate to
activities and org. Devoted seeking of power
- study of sharing/ shaping of power
- systematic study of state and gov’t
J.W. Garner- politics begins and end with the state
-State is a community of persons, more/less
Polis- state, city or sovereign state
✓ Four Essential elements of State
1. People- no state w/out population. No limit. Less than 1000
2. Territory- geographical surface of earth w/c state is located
3. Sovereignty- distinctive mark of statehood. Supreme power.
4. Government- absence will cause chaos. The agent of state
through w/c the will of state is translated into action
✓ Theories of PolSci
 Natural Theory- every city exists by nature and man is by nature
a political animal. Men interact w/ their common needs
 Divine Theory- God/ god established the state and appointed
someone to rule over it.
 Force Theory- state is created by conquest, force or coercion
 Social Contract Theory- state formed by deliberate and
voluntary agreement among people.
Stages in study of Political Science
 Religious Stage- the gov’t, leaders and laws was considered
as divinely inspires
 Metaphysical Stage- state was concerned as human
institution
 Modern Stage- state was capable of being improved by
rulers and subj. According to certain principle of laws
Niccolo Machiavelli- father of political science
Prof. Francis Lieber- father of modern political science
State- group of persons permanently occupying a definite
proportion of territory possessing a gov’t to w/c great of
inhabitants render habitual obedience
- legal or juristic concept
Nation- ethnic or racial concept
Nasci- to be born indicates a relation of birth origin and implies
common race
Citizenship- legal can be changed
Nationality- ethnic or racial-absolute, innate
Duties of State
 Peace and order
 Political Harmony
 Social Justice
 Economic Development
✓ Models and characteristics of various forms of Gov’t
Monarchy, Aristocracy, Political Regime, Democracy vs
Authoritarianism
✓Monarchy- state w/c supreme power is actually lodged in a
monarch. Held by a single person. Hereditary.
- political system based upon the undivided sovereignty /
rule of single person.
- supreme authority is vested on a a monarch, an
individual ruler who functions as the head of state and achieved
his/her position through hereditary. Must allow only male
succession
- coined term 20th century by Norbert Elias, German
sociologists
Absolute Monarch
Limited Monarch
King- feminine queen, a supreme power, sovereign over a nation
or territory, of higher rank than any other secular ruler except an
emperor to whom king may be subject
- often stood as mediator between his people and their god,
or as in ancient Sumer, the god’s representative
Kingship- a worldwide phenomenon can be elective, usually
hereditary and takes the form of a monarchy. Maybe absolute or
constitutional
Functions of Monarchy
 Consists of distinct but interdependent institutions- a
gov’t and a state administration
 And a court and a variety of ceremonies on the other
provide for social life of the members of dynasty , friend and
elite
  Entails not only political administrative organization
but also a court society
Pre Modern Monarchy- european monarchies underwent a
process of evolution and transformation
Theocratic Kingship- leading kings assume their status as
God’s representatives on earth
Renaissance- newly adapt type of monarch in Europe,
initiating voyages of discoveries to other continents, developing
new form of mercantile trade, building armies and large gov’t
bureaucaries that represented forms of political administrative.
✓ Aristocracy- high class in certain agencies
- power is helb by nobility
- high-level technocrats make up large part of technical
aristocracy
- conceived by Plato. Means the rule of the few best
✓ Political Regime- institution w/ clear, substantive and
geographical limits bounded by explicit rules, agreed on gov.t
✓ Democracy- rule by people. Derived from Greek demokratia
coined from demos(people) and kratos(rule) in middle 5th century
to denote political systems
✓ Authoritarianism- principle of blind submission to authority
- denotes any political system that concentrates power in
the hands of leader/small elite that is not constitutionally
responsible
Constitution- body of rules and maxims in accordance w/ w/c the
powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised
- social contract(Marcos V. Manglapus)
Purpose of Constitution
- to prescribe the permanent framework of a system of gov’t to
assign to the several dept. Their respective powers and duties and
establish certain 1st principles on w/c gov’t is founded
Constitution as Municipal Law- binding only w/in the territorial
limits of sovereignty pomulgating the constitution
1987 Constitution- 4th fundamental law to govern the Philippines
since it became independent on July 4, 1946
Background of 1987 Constitution
1. Proclamation of Freedom Constitution
Proclamation February 25, 1986, announcing Corazon
and VP Laurel were assuming power
Executive Order No.1(Feb 28, 1986)
2. Adoption of the Constitution
3. Effectivity (February 2, 1987)
Judicial Review- power of /the courts to test the validity of
governmental acts in light of their conformity with higher form
Preamble- source of obligation. Means ‘to walk before’
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of
Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and
establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our
patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings
of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a
regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do
ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
Preambulus- ‘walking in front’
State- element of people, gov’t, sovereignty, territory
- more/less numerous
PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES
 ART. II – DECLARATION OF
PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
 Principles [sec.1-6]: Binding
rules which must be observed in the conduct of government
[BERNAS]
Forms of Government
“Government of the Philippines” is defined as:
 the corporate
governmental entity through which the functions of government
are exercised throughout the Philippines, including the various arms
through which political authority is made effective in the
Philippines, whether pertaining to:

(a) the autonomous regions,
 (b) the provincial, city, municipal,
or barangay subdivisions, or (c) other forms of local government.
[Sec. 2(1), Administrative Code]
✓ Article 1- project idea that the Phil. is an archipelago
Archipelago- Pelagos means ‘sea’
- sea part or part of sea studded w/ islands, often
synonymous w/ all group of island
How to determine our territorial boundaries
1. The 12 Mile Rule
2. The Archipelago Principle- archipelago shall be regarded as
single unit
Enclosing main archipelago only: Scarborough Shoal and KIG as
Regime of Islands
Three Domains of Territory of State
1. Territory- land mass w/c integrate/ dismembered/ partly bound
by water consist of one island can be composed of several islands
like Philippines
2. Aerial Domain- air space above the land and water of State
res communes- rules governing high seas apply to outer
space
States have the right to launch satellites over territorial
space of other space under customary international law
Outer Space Treaty- forms the basis of international space
low
Vertical limit of territory of State
 Karman Line- lies at an altitude of 100 km above the
earth’s sea level and commonly used to define the boundary
between earth’s atmosphere and outer space
3. Fluvial Domain-
a) Internal Waters- all bodies of water located inside the
base line of territory
b) Territorial Sea- out to 12 nautical miles from baseline,
costal state is free to set laws
c) Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ)- extend to 200 nautical
miles from baseline. Introduce to halt the increasingly
heated clushes
d) Sea Bed- land that holds the sea. Lying beyond the sea
shore including mineral and natural sources.
e) Subsoil- everything beneath the surface soil and sea
bed
f) Insular shelves
g) Other submarine areas
The Claim Over Sabbah
Historical Basis- sultanate of sulu granted territory as a prize for
helping sultan of Brunei against his enemies
Legal Claim Basis- lease agreement
Tomas Cloma- found several uninhabited and unoccupied group
of island
May 11, 1956- w/ 40 men, Tomas and Filemon took formal
possession of island.
res nullius- spratly group of island does not belong to any state
Innocent Passage- vessels has the right through any territorial
waters. Convention as passing through waters in an expeditious
and continuous manner.
✓ Article 2 Declaration of Principles and Policies of the State
Republican Government is a democratic government by
representatives chosen by the people at large. Essence of a
republican state is indirect rule.
Sovereignty- implies the supreme authority inherent in the State
by which it is governed.
Exercised indirectly through public officials. - The people, however,
do not govern themselves directly. Sovereignty (i.e., making laws,
enforcing the same and deciding cases involving life, liberty, and
property. (Art. XI, Sec. 1.) Their acts, if within the scope of their
delegated powers, are, in effect, the acts of the people.
Exercise directly though suffrage. - actual sovereignty is exercised
by the people through the electoral process. The popular will is
best expressed when electoral processes are free, clean and
honest, on the basis of universal suffrage (i.e., not granted by
status or property) and through secret vote.
International law - refers to the body of rules and principles which
governs the relations of nations and their respective peoples in
their intercourse with one another.
The doctrine of incorporation
1. When international usage to be applied- given effect by our
courts in the absence of any treaty, executive order, legislative
act, or judicial decision.
2. A treaty has force of a statute- The Constitution gives a treaty
the same weight and value as a statute of Congress
3. Constitution prevails over a treaty- the 1935 Constitution was
changed to “law of the land” in the 1973 Constitution in order to
avoid any conjecture that the generally accepted principles of
international law are incorporated into the Philippine law with the
force of constitutional provisions.
The Philippines is a democratic and republican state [Sec. 1] 

Renunciation of war [Sec. 2] Only refers to wars of aggression, not
defensive war 
 Adoption of generally-accepted principles of 

international law [Sec. 2] Adherence to a policy of peace,
freedom, and amity 
 with all nations [Sec. 2]
Civilian supremacy [Sec. 3] Civilian authority (Section 3, Article II) is
not defeated in a joint task force between the PNP and Marines for
the enforcement of law and order in Metro Manila as long as
control is left to the PNP. [IBP v. Zamora (2000)]
(6) Role of the armed forces [Sec. 3]

(a) Protector of the people and the State

(b) Secure the sovereignty of the State and the 
 integrity of the
national territory
Compulsory military and civil service [Sec. 4] 
 Under conditions
provided by law
Maintenance of peace and order, promotion of general 
 welfare
[Sec. 5]
Recognition of a hierarchy of rights [BERNAS] 

(a) Life
 (b) Liberty
 (c) Property
Separation of Church and State [Sec. 6]
Policies [sec. 7-28]: Guidelines for the orientation of the state
[BERNAS]
Independent foreign policy [Sec. 7]
Freedom from nuclear weapons [Sec. 8]
Promote a just and dynamic social order [Sec.9]
Promote social justice in all phases of national 
 development
[Sec. 10]
Personal dignity and human rights [Sec. 11]
Family as basic social institution [Sec. 12]
Vital role of youth in nation-building [Sec. 13]
Role of women in nation-building [Sec. 14]
Fundamental equality before the law of women and 
 men [Sec.
14]
Right to health [Sec.15]
Right to a balanced and healthful ecology [Sec.16, 
 Oposa v.
Factoran]
Priority to education, science and technology, arts, 
 culture,
and sports [Sec. 17]
Labor as a primary social economic force[Sec.18]
Self-reliant and independent national economy 
 [Sec.19]
Role of private sector[Sec.20] 

Comprehensive rural development and agrarian 
 reform [Sec.
21]
Recognition and promotion of rights of indigenous 
 cultural
communities [Sec. 22]
Community-based, sectoral organizations [Sec.23]
Role of communication and information in nation- 
 building
[Sec.24]
 Autonomy of local governments [Sec. 25]
Equal access for public service and prohibition of 
 political
dynasties [Sec. 26]
Honesty and integrity in public service [Sec. 27]
Policy of full public disclosure [Sec. 28]
✓ Article III Bill of Rights (PASAULO DAW LAHAT)
Bill of rights may defined as a declaration and enumeration of a
person’s rights and privileges which the Constitution is designed to
protect against violations by the government, or by an individual
or groups of individuals.
Classes of rights
1. Natural rights- rights possessed by every citizen without being
granted by the State for they are given to man by God as a human
being created to His image so that he may live a happy life.
Example: right to life, liability, property, and love
2. Constitutional rights- rights which are conferred a n d p r o t e c
t e d b y t h e Constitution. Since part of fundamental law, cannot
be modified or taken away by the law-making body.
3. Statutory rights- provided by laws promulgated by the lawm a k
i n g b o d y a n d , consequently, may be abolished by the same
body.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights- as the foundation of all
international human rights laws
Classification of constitutional rights
Political rights
Civil rights
Social economic rights
Right of the accused
Regulation of evidence collection
Protection from unjustified restraint
Inalienable rights
Right to privacy
Sec. 1- Guarantee of Due Process, General guarantee of equality
Due Process- Under the Constitution, person may be deprived by
the State of his life, liberty, or property provided due process of
law is observed. Deprivation of life, liberty, or property by the
State is with due process if it done.
Due process of law has, therefore, a two-fold aspect, namely:
1.Procedural due process- “which hears before it condemns,
which proceeds upon inquiry, and renders judgment only after
trials.” An indispensable requisite of this aspect of due process
is the requirement of notice and hearing.
2. Substantive due process- requires that the law itself, not
merely the procedures by which the law would be enforced, is
fair, reasonable, and just. In other words, no person shall be
deprived of his life, liberty, or property for arbitrary reasons or on
flimsy grounds.
Persons protected- “person” in the above constitutional provision
embraces all persons within the territorial jurisdiction of the
Philippines, without regard to any difference of race, color or
nationality, including aliens.
Life- as protected by due process of law, means something more
than mere animal existence. The prohibition against its deprivation
without due process extends to all the limbs and faculties by which
life is enjoyed.
Liberty- a protected by due process of law, denotes not merely
freedom from p h y s i c a l r e s t r a i n t ( e . g . , imprisonment). It
also embraces the right of man to use his faculties with which he
has been endowed by his Creator subject only to the limitation
that he does not violate the law or the rights of other.
Property- as protected by due process of law, may refer to the
thing itself or to the right over a thing. It includes the right to
own, use, transmit and even to destroy, subject to the right of the
State and of other persons.
What constitute deprivation
1. Deprivation of life
2. Deprivation of liberty
3. Deprivation of property
Sec. 2- Regulation of evidence collection, Protection from
unjustified restraint, Right to privacy
Search warrant is an order in writing, issued in the name of the
People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a
peace officer, commanding him to search for certain personal
property and bring it before the court.
Warrant of arrest- written order to arrest a person designated, i.e.,
to take him into custody in order that he may bound to answer for
the commission of an offense.
Scope of the protection
1. Persons 2. Houses 3. Paper and effect
Sec. 3- Inalienable rights, Right to privacy
Sec. 4- Freedom of assembly, of expression, of press, Right of
petition
Sec. 5- Equality and Freedom of religion, and Official religion
Sec. 6- Freedom of movement
Sec. 7- Freedom of information
Sec. 8- Freedom of association, Rights to join trade unions
Sec. 9- Protection from expropriation
Sec. 10- No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be
passed.
Sec. 11- Right to counsel
Sec. 12- Regulation of evidence collection, Protection from
self-incrimination, Right to counsel, Prohibition of torture,
Protection of victim’s rights
Sec. 13- Regulation of evidence collection, Protection from
unjustified restraint, Right to pretrial release
Sec. 14- Regulation of evidence collection, Guarantee of due
process, Right to examine evidence/witness, Right to fair trial,
Presumption of innocence in trials, Right to public trial, Right
to speedy trial

Sec. 15- Protection from unjustified restraint

Sec. 16- Right to speedy trial

Sec. 17- Protection from selfincrimination

Sec. 18- Prohibition of slavery

Sec. 19- Prohibition of cruel treatment Prohibition of capital

punishment

Sec. 20- Rights of debtors

Sec. 21- Prohibition of double jeopardy

Sec. 22- Protection from ex post facto laws

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

4 Purpose Non-Verbal Communication- includes pitch, speed, tone, and

volume of gestures and facial expression, body posture
- Explain, Inform, Persuade, Entertain

Barriers
Forms of Communication
1. Cultural Relativism- ethnocentrism
 Intrapersonal
2. Lack of knowledge of other culture
 Interpersonal
3. Discrimination and harassment
 Mass Communication
4. Language difference
 Small group of Communication

How to fight Barriers

Ethics in Communication
1. Review Communication Principles- 7C’s
Ethics- Ethos means ’characteristic way of acting’
2. Analyze the message receiver
- deals w/ value relating to human, rightness of an act
3. Open or accepting other culture
- science of the morality of human acts
4. Learn about culture
- branch of Philosophy that focuses on the issues of right and
wrong in human affairs 5. Consider Language needs

Communication- impairing/ exchanging of information Intercultural Communication- interaction by peoplew/ from

diverse cultural
- act of transferring information from one place,
person or group to another

- involves one sender, message and recipient Forms

- derived from Latin word Communis meaning common
- process by w/c information is exchange between individuals
through a common system of symbols and signs of behavior
- interchange of thoughts, opinions or info by speech,
writings, or signs
- process of initiating, transmitting and receiving info
1. Interracial Communication- interaction from people from
diff. races
2. Inter-ethnic “”- diff. Ethnic origins
3. International “”- between representatives from diff.
nation
4. Intracultural “”- interacting w/ members of the same
racial ethnic group

3 Basic Principles of Ethical Communication

Communication
 Avoid intentional deception
High Context- tradition link communication system
 Avoid communication that harm others
Low Context- works on straight forward communication,
 Avoid treating members unfairly
short term

Ethics Trap
8 Domains
- Necessity, end justifies that means, self-deception, relatives
Local everyday written and oral

Local specialized written and oral

Ethical Communicator
Global everyday written and oral
 Respect audience
Global specialized written and oral
 Consider the result of communication

 Value Truth
Process of Communication
 Use information correctly
Sender - encoding - Message/channel - decoding - receiver -
 Don not falsify information feedback

Moral Principles

- Utilitarian, Deontology, Virtue Speaker- person begins the communication interaction by having a
thought or intended message to send a listener

Basic categories of Communication

Encoding- process of creating the message to be transmitted from
Verbal Communication- use of sound and words to express a sender to listener
yourself or to communicate specially in contrast of gestures/
mannerism
Message- what is actually communicated or transmitted to the Literacy- ability to read and write. Knowledge and competence in
listener specific area

Types of Media

Channel- the means by which the message is communicated 1. Print Media- consisting of paper and ink reproduced in
printing process

Ex. Newspaper, Blog, Magazines, Comics, Brochures

Listener- person or people who receive the speaker’s message

2. Broadcast Media- such as radio and television that reach

Decoding- how the listener interpret and processes the message target audiences using airwaves as transmission on medium.
transmitted by sender
Ex. Television, Radio, Satellites, Mobile Phones

Feedback- message of response sent from the listener back to the

speaker. Can be verbal or nonverbal, positive or negative 3. Digital or New Media- contents are organized and
distributed on digital platform.

Digital- something using digits

Situation- context in w/c the communication process occurs
Ex. Social Media, Computers, Internet

Interference- anything that could impede the process of

communication. Barrier Media Convergence- ability to transform different kinds of media
into digital code.
External- noises and sounds
Convergence- Con(Together), Verge(turn towards)
Internal- feelings, emotions, thoughts of speaker and/ or
listener
Platform of Media Converge

7C’s of Effective Communication  Social Network

 Completeness- quality of communication process. Include  Learning Management System

everything that receiver needs to hear for him to respond.
 Product Advertisement
 Conciseness- keeping message short but direct or straight
 News Agency
to the point.
 Multimedia Personality
 Consideration- consider relevant info such as mood,
background, race, etc.

 Concreteness- supported by facts, figures and real-life Form of Media Convergence

examples and situation.
 Global, Technical, Cultural, Organic, Economic
 Courtesy- respecting other culture, values and beliefs of
his or her receiver.

 Clearness- implies use of simple and specific words to Sections of Media Convergence
express ideas.
 Technical Tools
 Correctness- increases the credibility and effectiveness of
 Internet
the message.
 Media

Media Literacy- concerned w/ helping students develop an informed

and critical understanding of nature of mass media. Aims to provide Evaluating messages- developing and using strategic questions to
students with ability to create media products. identify strengths and weaknesses

1. All media are constructed- media do not simply reflect external 4 Main Qualities
reality
1. Simplicity- answer 2 questions: Is purpose evident? Is core
2. The media construct version of reality, message clear?
3. Audiences negotiate meaning in media. 2. Specificity- choice of language and usage and order
4. Media messages have commercial implications. 3. Structure- organized and easy to follow
5. Media message contain ideological and value messages. 4. Stickiness- ability to easily adhere in situations
6. Media messages contain social and political implications.

7. Form and content are closely related in media messages. Global Communication- sharing info in international settings and
contexts.
8. Each medium has unique aesthetic form.
- Broad field that incorporates multiple disciplines of
communication.
Media- any channel of communication. Include anything from
- most common form is email.
printed paper to digital data.
Local Communication- can use extensively in diverse ways.
- implement user-defined interfaces that define methods and
events will be passed between the workflow and host progress.
Multi-cultural- relating to diff. Cultures especially to traditions of
people of diff. Religion and races
Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings-
Multiculturalism presence of people w/ several cultures.
Barriers to Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings-
language, medium of communication =, personality and culture.
Varieties of Language- Wardhaugh defined it as specific set of
linguistic items.
Register of Language- variety of language used for purpose.
- first used by Thomas Reid
Spoken Language- language produced by articulate sounds.
- oral language produced w/ vocal tract. To convey subjective
info.
- Speech usually used for immediate interaction.
- full of repetition, incomplete sentence, corrections and
interruptions.
Written Language- representation of spoken. Permanent.
Multimedia Presentation
-can be an overwhelming experience if you allow it to be
one. The strategies and steps below are provided to help you break
down what you might view as a large job into smaller, more
manageable tasks.
Step 1- analyze your audience
Step 2- select topic
Step 3- define the object of the present
Step 4- Prepare the body of the present
Step 5- prepare the introduction and conclusion
Step 6- practice delivering the Presentation
Strategies of the presentation
 Make the introduction relevant to the listeners goals
values and needs.
 Ask questions to stimulate thinking
 Share a personal experience
 Begin with a joke or humorous story
 Project a cartoon or colorful visual
 Make a stimulating or inspirational statement
 Give a unique demonstration.
Pecha Kucha Presentation
- (Japanese: ぺちゃくちゃ, IPA: [petɕ a kɯɯtɕ a], “the
sound of conversation” or “chit-chat” )
- It is a presentation form of 20 images for 20 seconds. The
slides change automatically and the speaker must synchronise
their speech with the images. It’s sometimes also called a 20×20
presentation. So the entire presentation always lasts for exactly 6
minutes and 40 seconds. It is concise powerful.
 Choose a topic
 Be organised
 Create a PowerPoint
 Practice your presentation
Blogging
- is term taken from "weblog"
- is a part of sharing your knowledge in which you not only
share your perception, but readers can also comment and
participate in the discussions made on the blog.
- The act of creating and writing on a blog is called blogging
- The writer and creator who does all the tasks is known to be
as Blogger.
- The all collective community of blogs is called blogsphere.
Different types of Blogs & Blogging
Corporate Blog- A blog can be of any type if it is a corporate
blog, then it contains information about the organization, it’s
culture or it’s strategies, purposes that is called corporate or
official blog.
Niche Blog- Fix type of stuff blog which provide information
on a particular topic is called a particular/Niche blog , like their
niche is fix it may be education, phones, Music, fashion, arts, web
designs, sports and thoughts.
Personal Blog- commonly written in the personal language
and with emotional touch for friends and colleagues.
Forum Blogging- It is a place to discuss general blogging
issues of where blogger can share their thoughts about
blogging.
Review blog- blog where a blogger share reviews about like
Mobiles, iphones and other products. Readers can also give
comments on the product reviews and discuss more about it.
Tips for becoming a Successful Blogger
 You must keep on posting continuously.
 Don’t move away from your niche, stick on specific
topics you usually talk upon.
 Don’t blog only for money, but for passion
 Respond to Commentators
 Respect your readers.
 Use tags, which will help you in come up in searches.
Informative Communication- when people share knowledge.
Attempt to present an objective that is truthful and unbiased view
of topics.
 -tend to educate the audience.

Public Speaking- process of speaking in structured, deliberate

manner to inform, influence or entertain
Goals- to inform the audience about a particular topic.

- should combined organization, repetition and focused.

Speech- used to refer the body spoken expressions of info and
- delivering information in a neutral way that does not bore the ideas
audience.
Modes

 Manuscript- details are complicated and essential such

Types of Informative Speech as that they need to be given completely
Explanatory, Definition, Descriptive, Demonstrative  Memorized- requires speaker to commit everything to
memory

Tips for informative speaking  Extemporaneous- short/long presentation. Uses an

outline to guide him through his speech
 Analyze the audience
 Impromptu- means speaking at the spur of moment
 Use appropriate language

 Explain the importance of topic

Public Speaking:
 Express interest in subj. Material
 Ceremonial Speaking- mark special occasions. Involves
 Show,don.t tell toast intimate emotional connection
 Be specific.  Demonstrative Speaking- able to speak clearly and
concisely. Explain process behind generating power.
Audience leave w/ knowledge about how to do
Persuasive Communication- to attempt to influence the beliefs or something
actions of others.  Informative Speaking- explain concept, disseminating
vital information. Giving than asking. Ignorance shall
eliminated.
Goals of Persuasive Communication
 Expand awareness
 Convincing- to cause audience to internalize and believe a
viewpoint. Change audience’s mind  Become more competent

 Actuation- cause audience to do something, to take some  Abide curiosity

action  Persuasive Speaking- requires practicing voice inflections
 Stimulation- used to enhance how fervently the audience and nuances. Art of gaining fair and favorable
believes in an idea. consideration for our point of view

Types of Persuasive Communication
 Intrapersonal Persuasive Communication- reflective thinking or
internal vocalization. Try to convince yourself to do something.
 Interpersonal Persuasive Communication- between 2 people
who possess close bond.
 Group Persuasive Communication- between individuals.
Happens in a larger setting where more than two people are
present.
 Persuasive Public and Mass Communication- Public
communication focuses on person delivering the message.
Mass communication transmitted through media to larger
audience
Inquiry Letter- written when a person needs more information
about products, services, internships, scholarships
- sent when a person has specific questions that are
not addressed by general information available
provided by brochures, websites, advertisements,
classified ads.
- telephone or personal interview
- Format: Pure Block, Semi Block or Modified
Block(indention)
Content and Organization of Letter of Inquiry Letter:
a) Heading or letterhead(Logo or address)

b) Inside Address(place, address)

Argumentative Communication- persuades audience to the side of
speaker. Speaker makes a specific claim and then addresses points
that support the claim. Heavily on sound proof and reasoning
Sound proof- Logos(word), ethos(character), Pathos(suffering or
experience), Mythos(plot/narrative)
c) Salutation(Dear)
d) Body of Letter- First paragraph(background of inquiry),
Second Paragraph(specify the info you are seeking), Third
Paragraph(express your expectation from address and
thank him/her)
e) Complimentary close(respectfully yours)

f) Signature
Essential components of an Argumentative Speech

 Pick up debatable topic

 Take a strong standpoint

 Give some supportable arguments

 Refute alternate positions