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Reviewer To Criminology First Sem
Reviewer To Criminology First Sem
Reviewer To Criminology First Sem
Paul Topinard- used criminology first time in French(criminologie) - Criminology is an interdisciplinary field of behavioral
sciences
- introduces term criminologish in english language
Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti- Criminology is the
scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior
Development of Criminology
- why crime occurred. Elliot- Crim. As scientific study of crime and its treatment.
- Contemporary scholars believe that criminal motivation is Gregg Barak- Criminology is an interdisciplinary study of
the product of one or more complex set of factors. various body of knowledge, which focuses on the etiology of crime,
behavior of criminals, policies and practices of crime content.
2. Theories relating crime to psychological factors or mental European Society of Criminology- Criminology as scholarly,
disorder, and scientific, and professional knowledge concerning the explanation ,
3. Theories relating crime to environment or social factors. prevention, control and treatment of Criminal delinquency,
offenders and victim.
Criminology Definition(EPMwffGvrhElDrGbWdEsc)
Definition of Terms (ATCaCoCiDfCyCjCjsEc) Components of Criminology by Clarence Ray Jeffery(DTE)-
Detection, treatment and Explanation of crime and criminal
behavior
1. Applied Criminology- art of creating typologies,
classifications….
Theory- an explanation, attempt to relate two or more variables.
2. Theoretical Criminology- subfield of general criminology most Can be either incorrect or at least questioned.
often found in universities and colleges.
- series of interrelated propositions that attempt to
3. Constitutional Approach- approach to explaining criminal describe, explain, predict and control class of events.
behavior is influenced by structure or physical characteristics of
persons body.
10. Experimental Criminology- form of contemporary criminology 7. Hypothesis- explanation that accounts for a set of facts
that makes use of rigorous social scientific techniques.
1. Applied Science- in study of causes of crimes, anthropology, Third Era: Age of Extensive Theory Testing- testing dominant
psychology and other natural science. In crime theories using largely empirical methods. Scientific examination of
detection-chemistry, medicine, physics may be utilized. criminological theories that had been previously advanced.
Types/Categories of Crime(FOM)
2. Criminal Etiology(Breaking of law)- attempts to provide analysis Elements of Crime( IFI )- Intent, Freedom, Intelligence
of causes of crime.
3. Penology(Reacting toward the breaking of law)- concerned Victimology- scientific study of victimization including relationship
with control and prevention crime and treatment of youth between victims and offenders and interaction between victim and
offenders cjs.
- meaning rooted in idea of sacrifice or scapegoat(the Heartbroken- disturbed by virtue of heartaches/pain
execution or casting out of a person/animal to satisfy a deity)
Tormented- who asked for it, often from friends/ family
Feminists- victims as anyone caught up in an asymmetric Complete Innocent Victims- an ideal form of popular
relationship perception in this category
- interviewed victims to obtain info 1. Luckenbill’s Situated Transaction Model- commonly found in
sociology of deviance textbooks. Interpersonal level, crime and
- coined victimal(the victim counterpart of criminal and victimization.
word)
a. Insult b. Clarification c. Retaliation d. Counter Retaliation e.
Presence of Weapon f. Onlooker
Von Hentig- studied victims of homicide and formed type of
victim.
2. Benjamin and Master’s Threefold Model- from prison riots to
strain theories. (PAPr)
Victims became the forgotten process of CJS while criminal is
a. Precipitating Factors- wrong place, wrong time
the celebrity.
b. Attracting Factors- choices, options, lifestyles
Victim only valued for their capacity to report crimes and
appear in court and witnesses. c. Predisposing Factors- sociodemographic characteristics
New Victimologists study the behavior and vulnerabilities of
victims
Mentally Defective- unable to think clearly 3. Lawrence and Marcus Felson’s Routine Activities Theory- anxious
to test theory. (StMoAg)
Immigrant- unsure of rules.
a. Suitable targets- poverty
Minorities- unequal treatment by agency/ justice
b. Motivated Offenders
Stages:
a. Stage of Impact and Disorganization- depicts 1. Antique Philosophy- Aristotle offers philosophical standpoint
attitude or activity of a victim on crime causation. Poverty as mother of all revolutions and
crimes.
b. Stage of Recoil- during w/c the victims formulates
psychological defenses and deals w/ conflicting 2. Medieval Philosophy- Francis Bacon stated criminality will
emotions of guilt, anger, acceptance and desire of depend on social situations. Opportunity makes a thief. Human
revenge(last 3 to 8 mos.) behavior depend on situations.
c. Reorganization Stage- occurs during w/c the victim 3. French Renaissance Philosophy- Voltaire and Rousseau
put his/her life back to normal daily living introduce concept of free will. Crime as hedonistic behavior and
failure to fulfill social contrect obligations.
2. Victim of Disaster Model (Natural Cause)- applicable to victims
of natural causes like earthquakes, flood, volcanic eruption, etc. 4. Classical Criminology- crime as product of belief that benefits
(PiIPoiBo) of committing crimes are far greater.
Stages: - ‘Crime isn’t profitable bec. you’ll get caught’ and ‘that you’ll
never get caught’
a. Pre-impact Stage- state of victim prior to being
victimized -Crime is a behavioral human characteristics and a choice.
b. Impact Stage- the phase in w/c victimization 5. Positivist Criminology- explain crim causation using
occurs. determinism.
c. Post-Impact Stage- entails the degree and - Atavism- born criminal/ genetically evolved.
duration of the personal and social disorganization ff.
Victimization. - Crime is inheritable and some people are born to be
criminals.
d. Behavioral Outcome- describes victim’s
adjustment to the victimization experience 6. Sociological Criminology- crime is a result of multiple factors,
can be divided to biological, psychological and social factors.
Criminal Behavior-behavior in violation of the criminal law a. Instant Crime- committed in shortest possible of time.
Risk Factors fro criminal Behavior b. Episodic Crime- commiteed by series of acts in a lengthy
space of time. Ex. Serial Killing
No single risk factor is big enough to predict without a doubt
that a youth will become a violent criminal. It’s usually a 4. As to the place or location of the commission:
combination of factors that increase an individual’s risk. Child
a. Static Crime- committed in only one place
with six or more factors is 10 times more likely to be violent by
age 18 his peer who was exposed to only risk factor. b. Continuing Crime- can be committed in several places.
Kidnapping. Filed where committed.
-under the Philippine Law, refers to act committed or Eliminating crime requires the abolition of criminal law.
omitted in violation of public law forbidding or
Law- form of social control and absence of regulation in the
commanding it.
community leads to chaos among people.
a. Felonies- violation of Revised Penal Code.
Law of Jungle speaks about Survival of the Fittest(Matira ang
b. Offenses- violation of statutes Matibay)
- acts perceived by those in power as direct or indirect 1. Motive(M)- moving power w/c impels one to act for a definite
threats to their interests.(Political Definition) result. No evidence found.
- an anti-social act of such a nature that its repression is Intent- purpose in using particular means. Element of
necessary or supposed to be necessary to preservation of International Felony.
existing system of society.(Sociological Definition)
2. Opportunity(O)- chance or time given to the offender in
- form of social maladjustment-commit crime bec. He committing the crime.
can’t fit in society so he made his own
3. Instrumentality of capacity(I/C)-
group.(Psychological Definition)
Instrumentality- use of material or other means in
Criminological Classification of Crime
commission of crime.
1. As to the result of:
Capability- physical capability of a person to perpetrate
a crime.
Crime vs Sin
Crime vs Immorality
1. Crime is Pervasive
2. Expensive
A. Direct expenses
B. Indirect expenses
3. Destructive
4. Reflective
5. Progressive
Eminent Domain, Power of taxation, Police Power Prof. Francis Lieber- father of modern political science
✓ Politics- actual participation of a population in the activities of Nationality- ethnic or racial-absolute, innate
affairs of state
✓ Political Theory- political vies and thoughts relating to state Social Justice
✓ Public Law- study of gov’t power, duties, its organization and Economic Development
limits of authority
-State is a community of persons, more/less - political system based upon the undivided sovereignty /
rule of single person.
Polis- state, city or sovereign state
- supreme authority is vested on a a monarch, an
individual ruler who functions as the head of state and achieved
✓ Four Essential elements of State
his/her position through hereditary. Must allow only male
succession
1. People- no state w/out population. No limit. Less than 1000
- coined term 20th century by Norbert Elias, German
2. Territory- geographical surface of earth w/c state is located sociologists
4. Government- absence will cause chaos. The agent of state Absolute Monarch
through w/c the will of state is translated into action
Limited Monarch
✓ Theories of PolSci
King- feminine queen, a supreme power, sovereign over a nation
Natural Theory- every city exists by nature and man is by nature or territory, of higher rank than any other secular ruler except an
a political animal. Men interact w/ their common needs emperor to whom king may be subject
Divine Theory- God/ god established the state and appointed - often stood as mediator between his people and their god,
someone to rule over it. or as in ancient Sumer, the god’s representative
Social Contract Theory- state formed by deliberate and Kingship- a worldwide phenomenon can be elective, usually
voluntary agreement among people. hereditary and takes the form of a monarchy. Maybe absolute or
constitutional
Pre Modern Monarchy- european monarchies underwent a Preamble- source of obligation. Means ‘to walk before’
process of evolution and transformation
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of
Theocratic Kingship- leading kings assume their status as Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and
God’s representatives on earth establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our
Renaissance- newly adapt type of monarch in Europe, patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings
initiating voyages of discoveries to other continents, developing of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a
new form of mercantile trade, building armies and large gov’t regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do
bureaucaries that represented forms of political administrative. ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
✓ Democracy- rule by people. Derived from Greek demokratia “Government of the Philippines” is defined as:
the corporate
coined from demos(people) and kratos(rule) in middle 5th century governmental entity through which the functions of government
to denote political systems are exercised throughout the Philippines, including the various arms
through which political authority is made effective in the
Philippines, whether pertaining to:
✓ Authoritarianism- principle of blind submission to authority (a) the autonomous regions,
(b) the provincial, city, municipal,
- denotes any political system that concentrates power in or barangay subdivisions, or (c) other forms of local government.
the hands of leader/small elite that is not constitutionally [Sec. 2(1), Administrative Code]
responsible
Constitution- body of rules and maxims in accordance w/ w/c the Archipelago- Pelagos means ‘sea’
powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised
- sea part or part of sea studded w/ islands, often
- social contract(Marcos V. Manglapus) synonymous w/ all group of island
2. Adoption of the Constitution Outer Space Treaty- forms the basis of international space
low
3. Effectivity (February 2, 1987)
Vertical limit of territory of State
Karman Line- lies at an altitude of 100 km above the 2. A treaty has force of a statute- The Constitution gives a treaty
earth’s sea level and commonly used to define the boundary the same weight and value as a statute of Congress
between earth’s atmosphere and outer space
3. Constitution prevails over a treaty- the 1935 Constitution was
changed to “law of the land” in the 1973 Constitution in order to
avoid any conjecture that the generally accepted principles of
3. Fluvial Domain- international law are incorporated into the Philippine law with the
a) Internal Waters- all bodies of water located inside the force of constitutional provisions.
base line of territory
b) Territorial Sea- out to 12 nautical miles from baseline, The Philippines is a democratic and republican state [Sec. 1]
costal state is free to set laws
Renunciation of war [Sec. 2] Only refers to wars of aggression, not
c) Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ)- extend to 200 nautical defensive war
Adoption of generally-accepted principles of
miles from baseline. Introduce to halt the increasingly international law [Sec. 2] Adherence to a policy of peace,
heated clushes
freedom, and amity
with all nations [Sec. 2]
d) Sea Bed- land that holds the sea. Lying beyond the sea
Civilian supremacy [Sec. 3] Civilian authority (Section 3, Article II) is
shore including mineral and natural sources.
not defeated in a joint task force between the PNP and Marines for
e) Subsoil- everything beneath the surface soil and sea the enforcement of law and order in Metro Manila as long as
bed control is left to the PNP. [IBP v. Zamora (2000)]
g) Other submarine areas (a) Protector of the people and the State
(b) Secure the sovereignty of the State and the
integrity of the
national territory
The Claim Over Sabbah
Compulsory military and civil service [Sec. 4]
Under conditions
Historical Basis- sultanate of sulu granted territory as a prize for provided by law
helping sultan of Brunei against his enemies
Maintenance of peace and order, promotion of general
welfare
Legal Claim Basis- lease agreement [Sec. 5]
Sovereignty- implies the supreme authority inherent in the State Role of women in nation-building [Sec. 14]
by which it is governed.
Fundamental equality before the law of women and
men [Sec.
Exercised indirectly through public officials. - The people, however, 14]
do not govern themselves directly. Sovereignty (i.e., making laws,
Right to health [Sec.15]
enforcing the same and deciding cases involving life, liberty, and
property. (Art. XI, Sec. 1.) Their acts, if within the scope of their Right to a balanced and healthful ecology [Sec.16,
Oposa v.
delegated powers, are, in effect, the acts of the people. Factoran]
Exercise directly though suffrage. - actual sovereignty is exercised Priority to education, science and technology, arts,
culture,
by the people through the electoral process. The popular will is and sports [Sec. 17]
best expressed when electoral processes are free, clean and
honest, on the basis of universal suffrage (i.e., not granted by Labor as a primary social economic force[Sec.18]
status or property) and through secret vote.
Self-reliant and independent national economy
[Sec.19]
Honesty and integrity in public service [Sec. 27] Life- as protected by due process of law, means something more
than mere animal existence. The prohibition against its deprivation
Policy of full public disclosure [Sec. 28] without due process extends to all the limbs and faculties by which
life is enjoyed.
Civil rights
Warrant of arrest- written order to arrest a person designated, i.e.,
Social economic rights
to take him into custody in order that he may bound to answer for
Right of the accused the commission of an offense.
Right to privacy
Sec. 3- Inalienable rights, Right to privacy
Sec. 1- Guarantee of Due Process, General guarantee of equality Sec. 4- Freedom of assembly, of expression, of press, Right of
petition
Due Process- Under the Constitution, person may be deprived by
the State of his life, liberty, or property provided due process of Sec. 5- Equality and Freedom of religion, and Official religion
law is observed. Deprivation of life, liberty, or property by the
Sec. 6- Freedom of movement
State is with due process if it done.
Sec. 7- Freedom of information
2. Substantive due process- requires that the law itself, not Sec. 11- Right to counsel
merely the procedures by which the law would be enforced, is
Sec. 12- Regulation of evidence collection, Protection from
fair, reasonable, and just. In other words, no person shall be
self-incrimination, Right to counsel, Prohibition of torture,
deprived of his life, liberty, or property for arbitrary reasons or on
Protection of victim’s rights
flimsy grounds.
Sec. 13- Regulation of evidence collection, Protection from
unjustified restraint, Right to pretrial release
Persons protected- “person” in the above constitutional provision
Sec. 14- Regulation of evidence collection, Guarantee of due
embraces all persons within the territorial jurisdiction of the
process, Right to examine evidence/witness, Right to fair trial,
Presumption of innocence in trials, Right to public trial, Right
to speedy trial
Barriers
Forms of Communication
1. Cultural Relativism- ethnocentrism
Intrapersonal
2. Lack of knowledge of other culture
Interpersonal
3. Discrimination and harassment
Mass Communication
4. Language difference
Small group of Communication
- derived from Latin word Communis meaning common 1. Interracial Communication- interaction from people from
diff. races
- process by w/c information is exchange between individuals
through a common system of symbols and signs of behavior 2. Inter-ethnic “”- diff. Ethnic origins
- interchange of thoughts, opinions or info by speech, 3. International “”- between representatives from diff.
writings, or signs nation
- process of initiating, transmitting and receiving info 4. Intracultural “”- interacting w/ members of the same
racial ethnic group
Ethics Trap
8 Domains
- Necessity, end justifies that means, self-deception, relatives
Local everyday written and oral
Value Truth
Process of Communication
Use information correctly
Sender - encoding - Message/channel - decoding - receiver -
Don not falsify information feedback
Moral Principles
- Utilitarian, Deontology, Virtue Speaker- person begins the communication interaction by having a
thought or intended message to send a listener
Types of Media
Channel- the means by which the message is communicated 1. Print Media- consisting of paper and ink reproduced in
printing process
Clearness- implies use of simple and specific words to Sections of Media Convergence
express ideas.
Technical Tools
Correctness- increases the credibility and effectiveness of
Internet
the message.
Media
1. All media are constructed- media do not simply reflect external 4 Main Qualities
reality
1. Simplicity- answer 2 questions: Is purpose evident? Is core
2. The media construct version of reality, message clear?
3. Audiences negotiate meaning in media. 2. Specificity- choice of language and usage and order
4. Media messages have commercial implications. 3. Structure- organized and easy to follow
5. Media message contain ideological and value messages. 4. Stickiness- ability to easily adhere in situations
6. Media messages contain social and political implications.
7. Form and content are closely related in media messages. Global Communication- sharing info in international settings and
contexts.
8. Each medium has unique aesthetic form.
- Broad field that incorporates multiple disciplines of
communication.
Media- any channel of communication. Include anything from
- most common form is email.
printed paper to digital data.
Local Communication- can use extensively in diverse ways. - (Japanese: ぺちゃくちゃ, IPA: [petɕ a kɯɯtɕ a], “the
- implement user-defined interfaces that define methods and sound of conversation” or “chit-chat” )
events will be passed between the workflow and host progress.
Be organised
Barriers to Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings-
language, medium of communication =, personality and culture. Create a PowerPoint
Register of Language- variety of language used for purpose. - is term taken from "weblog"
- first used by Thomas Reid - is a part of sharing your knowledge in which you not only
share your perception, but readers can also comment and
participate in the discussions made on the blog.
Spoken Language- language produced by articulate sounds. - The act of creating and writing on a blog is called blogging
- oral language produced w/ vocal tract. To convey subjective - The writer and creator who does all the tasks is known to be
info. as Blogger.
- Speech usually used for immediate interaction. - The all collective community of blogs is called blogsphere.
- full of repetition, incomplete sentence, corrections and
interruptions.
Step 3- define the object of the present Forum Blogging- It is a place to discuss general blogging
issues of where blogger can share their thoughts about
Step 4- Prepare the body of the present blogging.
Step 5- prepare the introduction and conclusion Review blog- blog where a blogger share reviews about like
Step 6- practice delivering the Presentation Mobiles, iphones and other products. Readers can also give
comments on the product reviews and discuss more about it.
Ask questions to stimulate thinking Don’t move away from your niche, stick on specific
topics you usually talk upon.
Share a personal experience
Don’t blog only for money, but for passion
Begin with a joke or humorous story
Respond to Commentators
Project a cartoon or colorful visual
Respect your readers.
Make a stimulating or inspirational statement
Use tags, which will help you in come up in searches.
Give a unique demonstration.
Types of Persuasive Communication Inquiry Letter- written when a person needs more information
about products, services, internships, scholarships
Intrapersonal Persuasive Communication- reflective thinking or
internal vocalization. Try to convince yourself to do something. - sent when a person has specific questions that are
not addressed by general information available
Interpersonal Persuasive Communication- between 2 people provided by brochures, websites, advertisements,
who possess close bond. classified ads.
Group Persuasive Communication- between individuals. - telephone or personal interview
Happens in a larger setting where more than two people are
present. - Format: Pure Block, Semi Block or Modified
Block(indention)
Persuasive Public and Mass Communication- Public
communication focuses on person delivering the message.
Mass communication transmitted through media to larger Content and Organization of Letter of Inquiry Letter:
audience
a) Heading or letterhead(Logo or address)
f) Signature
Essential components of an Argumentative Speech