Report in Literature 318

Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas
Institute of Engineering and Technology
REGION XIII (CARAGA)
SUBMITTED TO:
ASST. PROF. MA. DIVINA O. ESPERANZATE
SUBMITTED BY:
LIEZEL CEDERIA
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HISTORY .........................page 3-4
CULTURAL GROUPS (TRADITION, BELIEFS,
CULTURE)....................................page 4-16
FAMOUS FOODS..................................page 17-19
FAMOUS HISTORICAL
LANDMARK........................................page 19
LITERATURE OF THE
REGION........................................page 20-26
2
History
Introduction
The history of Caraga can be traced back to

15th century when explorers discovered the
existence of Kalagans, believed to be of
Visayan Origin in one of the three districts in
Mindanao. The word Caraga originated
from the Visayan word Kalagan: “Kalag”
meaning soul or people and “An” meaning
land. The Kalagans have a long history of
being brave and fearless. Thus, the region
was called by early chroniclers as the “Land
of the Brave and Fierce People.”
The Kalagans, called Caragans by the Spaniards, occupied the district that was
composed of the two provinces of Surigao, northern part of Davao Oriental and
Eastern Misamis Oriental. The two Agusan Provinces were later organized
under the administrative jurisdiction of Surigao and became the independent
Agusan province in 1914. In 1960, Surigao was divided as Norte and Sur. And
in June 1967, Agusan followed suit. While Butuan then was just a town of
Agusan, by virtue of Republic Act 523, the City Charter of Butuan was approved
on August 2, 1950.
On February 23, 1995, Republic Act No. 7901, “An Act Creating Region XIII To
Be Known As Caraga Administrative Region And For Other Proposes”, was
signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos, constituting the provinces of
3
Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur and the
cities of Surigao and Butuan, which serves as the regional center. On
August 24, 2006, Republic Act No. 9355 created a new province from Surigao
del Norte, the Dinagat Islands province which constituted the fifth province of
Caraga.
CULTURAL GROUPS
Mandaya
Higa-onon
Banwaon
Umayamnon
Mamanwa
MANDAYAN CULTURE
Mandaya
Ethnic Mandaya culture is similar to its highland counterpart, the
Mandaya. However, the incursion into Mandaya settlements of Manobo clans
significantly influenced ethnic Mandaya clothing and language. Furthermore,
like other lowland dwellers, the Mandaya were Christianized and therefore
acculturated. Today, you would seldom see them in native Mandaya clothing
and jewelry, except in ethnic festivals, such as the Paladong Festival of
Hinatuan.
4
Mandaya dancers in the Paladong Festival of Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur.
CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS OF MANDAYA
 During conception, the husband is usually generous to the wishes of his
wife. However, the wife continuous to work in the farm even when it
rains. It is believed that the tagali or object of conception lies with the
child.
 Pregnant wives are encourage to eat ubod ng uway or young coconut,
if she wishes her child to have a fair complexion.
5
 On the third months of pregnancy, the hilot or yanagamon (local midwife)
is invited to start the monthly massage.
 No rites accompany the act of name giving. The father observes any
event during child birth and names the child accordingly. For example, if
the child is born during the earthquake, it is called linog.
 When the child is one year old, the head is shaved, and the hair is
wrapped and kept in the roof. It must be noted that the hair must neither
be intentionally disposed of nor used as toys.
 Throwing away the hair signifies a lack of love and affection for the child.
MANDAYA’S DISTINCT PRACTICES IN DEATH, BURIAL AND MOURNING
 Before death, a Mandayan is given a sponge bath.
 Close relative keep vigil.
 The dead should lie straight with hands in the sides.
 The corpse is then covered with dagmay (cloth made from abaca fibers.)
 No prayers are said before or after death.
 A Mandaya who is killed by an opponent is left reclining on a tree to rot.
 A Mandaya who dies in the morning is buried in the afternoon.
 The coffin is a lug cut in two with a space in the center.
 Before burial, the chanting is done by the spouse.
6
 If the husband dies, the wife sings the dawot; then, she cannot sing until
she remarries.
 The Christianity that Mandaya profess is a mix of traditional Catholicism
with their own indigenous beliefs and practices.
 The Mandaya have a high regard and respect to nature.
 They perceive the world based on their twofold belief of nature as
governed by good spirits and evil spirits.
 They perform rituals and give offering and sacrifices.
 The Mandaya idols called manauag are made from wood of the bayong
tree.
 To make the idols more human, they are painted from the chest up with
some kind of sap.
VISUAL ARTS AND CRAFTS
 The clothes of Mandaya are
considered the most beautiful in
Mindanao.
 Mandaya costume motifs are
characterized by block designs, line
patterns, rick racks, scrolls,
7
curvilinear motifs, and diamonds and crosses. Another popular motif is
the crocodile done at various level of abstraction.
 Traditional skirts are usually made
of dagmay, adored in an almost A-
style and pleated on one side.
 The waist is held by small piece of
coco negra.
 Some old women wear patadyong
and cotton skirts for younger one.
MUSIC
 The dawot (song) of the Mandaya are chanted to entertain people on
special occasions.
 Examples
 Sadya na Yalabo (The banishment of Sadya) which takes
three nights to narrate.
 Yangangaw si Dilam (Dilam takes tibay’s bethroted by
force) which takes around four nights to tell.
 Syukli si Ubang (The Abduction of Ubang) it is about four
nights
8
 Maylan (Mylan’s death and resurrection) also about seven
days and seven nights.
PERFORMING ARTS AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
 The kobeng or a slender piece of bamboo
resembling a jew’s harp are played while
dancing the gandang.
 The kudlong or a two stringed instrument
similar to the kudyapi of Maranao.
 The gimbal or native drum made of tree
trunk or deer skin are played to accompany a dancing bailana.
 The nakuyag or instrument resembling a Spanish tambourine are played
to accompany a gimbal.
HIGA-ONON CULTURE
The Higaonon described as “people of living mountains” and “people of the
wilderness” are one of the lumads (indigenous peoples) in the mountainous
areas of Northern Mindanao in southern Philippines, who have resisted
assimilation or acculturation, with their traditional systems, practices, beliefs
9
remaining relatively intact (Tri-people Consortium for Peace, Progress and
Development in Mindanao, 1998).
HIGAONON WEDDING RITUAL
 Higaonon marriage is arranged mainly by the parents of the bride and
groom. The arrangement is a long and tedious process. Prior to the
wedding, the groom-to-be must live in the girl's house for about a year to
prove his worth and where he is scrutinized by the parents of the bride-
to-be.
 The wedding ceremony is elaborate and expensive. Feasting lasts for
several days at the residence of the bride and groom. The marriage of a
datu is even more elaborate.
 A typical Higaonon wedding ceremony begins with the bride and groom,
wearing traditional Higaonon wedding attire, enter a home while an elder
chants a form of blessing for the ceremony, called Dasang.
 Once inside, the couple sits down together with the Higaonon leader and
the elders who will perform the ceremony. Two candles are placed on a
plate that is filled with triangle-like items wrapped in banana leaves and
coins. The candles are lit and afterwards, another elder recites a series
of chant, called Limbay which is tonal in nature, as if he is singing.
10
 The wedding officiant, normally the datu, begins to bless the couple by
reciting chants and giving them advice on marriage.
 After the blessing, the datu gets a chicken and places the Bukala, or the
counterpart of the wedding ring, above the chicken.
 He then recites a chant while the hands of the bride and groom are placed
over the chicken. The chicken’s neck is slit and its blood is poured over
the plate.
 An elder takes a feather from the chicken and dips it to the plate with
blood. The datu then smears blood on the hands of the couple. Once the
blood ceremony is done, they wash their hands and proceeds outside to
dance and celebrate their union.
BANWAON TRADITION AND CULTURE
 The landlocked province of Agusan del Sur, located on the eastern side
of Mindanao, is home to the indigenous tribe known as the Banwaon
people. Also known as Adgawanon or Banwanon, the Banwaons derived
their name from the word banwa meaning "home." They are village
dwellers who live in remote locations, mainly in the areas of Maasam,
Libang, and Adgawan Rivers.
 The Banwaons are recognized as among the largest tribe in Agusan del
Sur, with their population numbering 12,000 in 2006. They are fluent
11
speakers of the dominant Cebuano language and considered to be
related to the Manobo ethnic group. The Banwaons live among four other
indigenous peoples in the region, namely, the Higaonon, Mamanwas,
Talaandig, and Manobo.
 Budyung ( by some banwaon called lungga)
is usually made out of a big shell to make
sounds in their cultural and marriage events.
 Kuratung is a musical instrument used in festival
to celebrate.
 Limbay is the song speeches dasang of the
Banwaon with traditional dance step.
UMAYAMNON BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
 These Indigenous peoples dwell along the watershed of Umayam River
in the Mountains of Pantaron in the Eastern side of the province of
Bukidnon. They are fair in complexion five feet or above in height.Their
eyes are set closed enough to each other with an average height of nose
bridge. They are proud and reserved people.
12
 The Umayamnon is synonymous to fierceness for their group is regarded
as warlike and forest experts. But according to Opena (1982), these
people are just suspicious and wary of strangers for whenever there are
crimes committed in places that are easily reached by law enforcing
agencies, the criminals often flee to the Umayam region hence criminals
are often hunted in Umayam and almost always these hunts are futile.
 They chew betel nut very frequently and their teeth are filed to uniform
length which are mostly blackened. Purposes for making the teeth black
are two namely: for medicinal purposes and for decoration. The black
dye that they used to blacken the teeth means one distinction of being a
human (who knows how to dye his teeth black) for according to them only
monkeys have white teeth.
UMAYAMNON TRADITION DURING DEATHS
 When death occurs, lapuy, death messengers, are sent to inform
relatives and friends.
 The body is washed, dressed in best clothes of the deceased, laid on mat
at the exact center of the floor directly underneath the peak of the rooftop,
and completely covered with a blanket.
 Objects, such as a bolo sword that the dead must take with it on its
journey to the afterlife, are placed near the body.
13
 A clothesline is strung parallel to the body, and the clothes of the family
or the dead person's personal possessions are hung there. There is much
wailing and shouting, and the agung (gong) is constantly beaten to
announce the death to everyone within the hearing distance. The number
of beats indicates the dead person's age, status and social position.
 After the grave has been dug, someone stands guard by the pit to keep
the busaw away. Burial rites begin in the house with the "cutting the
strand" ritual: an elder blackens half of a strand of manila hemp. This
blackened end is held by the family while the white end is tied to the
corpse. The strand is cut to signify the cutting of ties of affection between
the family and the dead.
 A man is buried facing the east so that the sunrise will signal to him that
it is time to work. A woman is buried facing the west so that the sunset
will remind her that it is time to cook. As the dirt is thrown back into the
pit, all turn their backs to avoid temptation of accompanying the dead
person. The grave marker is a low wooden frame. Tree cuttings are stuck
around the grave.
 After the burial, the mourners go to an unfrequented part to wash
themselves and the tools used to dig the grave. When they return to the
house, they spit on a burning woo or a fire by the doorway.
14
 Everyone takes a small bite from the small meal that has been placed on
the mat where the corpse had lain in state. The last person coming in
takes the glowing piece of wood and the meal out of the house and throws
it in the direction of the grave. Everyone, including the soul of the dead,
is invited to eat.
MAMANWA CULTURE, CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS
 The Mamanwa can be found in Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte,
Surigao del Sur, Panaoan Island, and in the mountains of Southern
Leyte. The Mamanwan dialect is bordered on the north and east by
Suriganon; on the west by a mixed vernacular of Surigaonon and
Cebuano; on the southwest by Butuanon; and on the southeast by Bislig
Kamayo. Mamanwan is typologically an Austronesian language
classified as a member of the Visayan language family tree of the
Southern Philippines (by Dyen 1965). According to comparative studies
made by Pallesen (1985), the Southern Visayan language family,
historically, has two dominant branches which are Proto-Surigao and
Proto-Mansaka; from Proto-Surigao are ascended the Mamanwa,
Surigaonon, Butuanon, Kamayo, and Tausug.
15
 The kahimunan is the grand festivity in the Mamanwa land, it is offered
when welcoming an important person in the town or province. There is a
great feast of the celebration where more than two pigs were slaughtered.
 The ritual was performed by the main Baylanon with the assistance of an
associate Baylanon, the altar or Oyagdok is well decorated with young
coconut and anahaw leaves, the community was dressed in traditional
costume.
 The kahimunan started with a prayer of the main Baylanon called
panawag-tawag, after his supplication the three associates, the Baylanon
chanted the "Tud-em kang daan malaaser inin Tribu" (Narration of the
oral history of Mamanwa).
 The Mamanwas have the characteristic habit of building constant and
eternal fires at the sides or under their makeshifts. The purpose is to drive
away mosquitoes and flies, their most dreaded insects. Until now, some
Mamanwas still believe that flies bring bad omens. To them, these insects
are harbingers and heralds of deaths as the old Mamanwas said. One of
the causes of their being nomadic is the prevalence of flies. Although the
above custom is ebbing with the advent of Christianity, many still cling
and adhere to the belief of building fires to drive the evil spirits away.
16
 The Mamanwas have a ritual for the full moon. From moon rise in the
early evening to the setting of the moon, they dance their moon dance -
generally regarded as a form of spirit dance which involves a repetitive
chant.
 The Mamanwas are a respectable people who have a distinctive way of
worship. They show respect on things and places which are beyond their
comprehensions. The sun, moon, stars, big rocks, mountains, rivers,
seas and lakes have special places in the hearts and minds of the
Mamanwas. Anything that gives goodness and food to them is to be
respected. The lights from the heavenly bodies, the fishes from the
waters, the big rocks that sometimes become their temporary homes in
their nomadic lives are to be honoured by them. The mountains
that give them food like wild berries, fruits, birds, animals and reptiles are
likewise given respect. For them, things and places that are sources
of foods seem to be gods.
FAMOUS FOODS IN REGION XIII
17
 Binaga is a native term
for roasting mudfish
which is abundant in
Agusan del Sur. Since
the start of the Naliyagan Festival in 1993, the Binaga became the main
attraction that catches the attention of guests and local residents alike
because of the aroma of the roasted mudfish that fills the air.
 Sahang is a is a sea snail which is abundant in the bodies of water of
Surigao. It is then cooked adobo style with bell pepper.
18
 Sayongsong
This famous Surigao delicacy is
a kakanin wrapped in banana
leaves with the color and
consistency of a puto or rice
cake. It’s made up of glutinous
rice, brown sugar, calamansi
juice, roasted peanut, and
coconut milk. Sayongsong comes out wrapped in banana leaves. Some people
say it tastes like “puto” but with coconut milk.
 Kinilaw
Kinilaw is a common dish
for many provinces. What
sets apart Surigao’s kinilaw
among others is its exotic
flavor. This local delicacy is
made of raw fish and it does not involve any form of cooking. To prepare
this native cuisine, the people of Surigao debone and wash the raw fishes
and combine it with a number of condiments. The perfect mix of ginger,
19
vinegar, onions, chilli peppers, and salt makes this delicacy a haven for
your taste buds.
 Palagsing
Palagsing is another version of
the suman that is made from the starch
of the sago palm mixed with coconut
and brown sugar. This is usually eaten
along with hot chocolate or coffee.
FAMOUS HISTORICAL LANDMARK IN REGION XIII
 The San Salvador del
Mundo Church is the
parish church
of Caraga, Davao
Oriental. The town was
established in 1861
making it one of the oldest towns in the province of Davao Oriental. When
the Jesuits took charge of the spiritual administration of the town in 1871
from the Augustinian Recollects, a stone and wooden church was built in
1877 to serve as mission station of Spanish Missionaries in propagating
Christianity in the eastern side of Mindanao. When it was completed in
20
1884, the church was dedicated to San Salvador del Mundo (Christ, the
Saviour of the World).
LITERATURE OF THE REGION
 MUSIC
 Joey Ayala
 In the Philippine Literature written texts like
books that are written by author's are the
most common on Philippine literature but
this man give contribution in the Philippine
literature not just in books but in a form of
songs, not just songs but ethnic songs that
talks about the environment.This man is the one and only Joey Ayala.
 José Iñigo Homer Lacambra Ayala or also known as Joey Ayala was born
on June 1 1956 in Bukidnon Philippines. He was known for his folk and
contemporary pop music artist in the Philippines, he is also known for his
songs that are more on the improvement of the environment.
 He is also one of the leading members of the "Bagong Lumad" literally
means "New native". All of the songs he composed are not just song that
21
gives entertainment but it gives a message in every people who listens
to it. The way his songs are popular is because it has a twist of pop music.
 Using of traditional instruments in the Philippines like the
Kulintang,T'boli,Kubing and Gong makes him a famous and a unique
artist. Even his compositions are most likely on ethnic songs, it is still
recognized by the people and one of his songs "Papel" made a shot in
the finals he was named one of the twelve finalist in the Philpop 2013 .In
his song, "Papel", he uses birth and death certificates as metaphors to
express one's role in life. From birth, we're born with paper and for rest
of our lives until one's death, we all act like paper.
FAMOUS SONG OF JOEY AYALA
 Karaniwang Tao
Aako po’y karaniwang tao lamang
Kayod- kabayo, 'yan ang alam
Karaniwang hanap- buhay
Karaniwan ang problema
Pagkain, damit at tirahan
'Di ko kabisado 'yang siyensiya
Ako'y nalilito sa maraming salita
Alam ko lang na itong planeta'y
22
Walang kapalit at dapat ingatan
Kapag nasira, sino ang kawawa
Chorus
Karaniwang tao, saan ka tatakbo
Kapag nawasak iisang mundo
Karaniwang tao, anong magagawa
Upang bantayan ang kalikasan
Karaniwang bagay ay 'di pansin
Kapag naipon ay nagiging suliranin
Kaunting basura ngayo'y bundok
Kotseng sira ay umuusok
Sabong panlaba'y pumapatay sa ilog
May lason na galing sa industriya
Ibinubuga ng mga pabrika
Ngunit 'di lamang higante
Ang nagkakalat ng dumi
May kinalaman din ang tulad natin
EXPLANATION OF THE SONG
23
 This song was conceptualized during the height of Bataan Nuclear issue
and is a reference to a Nuclear Meltdown.
FAMOUS ARTS
 Pakhal na habol (right) is a traditional hand woven abaca
used by the Higaonon as a sleeping blanket. It has
vertical stripes of alternating color combination of dark
brown and beige. The brown color is dye while beige is the natural color
of abaca.
 Ivory Seal (replica) circa 10th century A.D. is carved from animal tusk.
The design was written in ancient Javanese script and was translated by
a paleographer as But-wan. It was used to identify the place of origin of
goods or communications.
 The Golden Tara of Agusan (replica) is the image identified to be of Indian
origin. The specimen was recovered from the left bank of Wawa River,
after a storm and flood in 1917. This discovery corroborates the
laksoyearly Indo-Philippine Contact. The Agusan Image, with an Indian
imprint, is a Buddhist image of the Sailendra period of Sri-Vijaya history
(900-950 A.D.).
FAMOUS POEM
24
Canta para kanmo
By: Danny Sillada
Panalingahi da yang kanak canta
Sin-ing duŏm ng kanak harana
Sin-o man ngawon yang makadungog
Yang kasing-kasing ko dili masipog.
Malawom man yang kanmo pag-tuog
Baktason ko yang mga panganod
Ngadto sang hangin ako mo-anod
Sang mga damgo mo ako mo-suõd…
Kay yang harana ng kanak gugma
Sang kanmo mga damgo mobuwa,
Matam-is kung mga sonata
Mohangkop sang kanmo pagmata…
Mosawop man mosubang yang buwan
Yang canta ko kanmo way utlanan
Ma-temprano man ngini madoūm
Ikaw perme yang kanak ihandum…
25
A Song for You
(English translation)
Please listen to my song
in this evening of my serenade,
my heart will not be ashamed
whoever listens to its melody?
However deep is your deep slumber,
I will traverse onto the clouds,
glide among the winds,
and sneak in to your thoughts.
Because the serenade of my love
will cradle your dreams;
my sweet, gentle melody
will embrace you when you wake up.
The moon may ascend or descend
but my music will never end
26
from morning till evening,
my heart will keep on singing…
EXPLANATION
It is a love poem about a man who expresses his love through a song to a
native woman. It is about an undying love and passion of a man to a woman. It
is in the category of ethnic love song, an antiphonal song where two lovers or
would be lovers would sing their respective songs extemporaneously,
expressing their love and affection for each other.
PROSE
ANY WOMAN SPEAKS
BY ANGELA MANALANG GLORIA
Half of the world's true glamour
Is held--you know by whom?
Not by the gilt Four Hundred
Parading in perfume,
Nor by the silvered meteors
That light the celluloid sky--
27
But by these eyes that called you,
Blind fool who passed me by!
28

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Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

REGION XIII (CARAGA)

ASST. PROF. MA. DIVINA O. ESPERANZATE

HISTORY .........................page 3-4

CULTURAL GROUPS (TRADITION, BELIEFS,

FAMOUS FOODS..................................page 17-19

The history of Caraga can be traced back to

Ethnic Mandaya culture is similar to its highland counterpart, the

Mandaya. However, the incursion into Mandaya settlements of Manobo clans

significantly influenced ethnic Mandaya clothing and language. Furthermore,

and jewelry, except in ethnic festivals, such as the Paladong Festival of

Mandaya dancers in the Paladong Festival of Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur.

CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS OF MANDAYA

 During conception, the husband is usually generous to the wishes of his

 Pregnant wives are encourage to eat ubod ng uway or young coconut,

if she wishes her child to have a fair complexion.

 On the third months of pregnancy, the hilot or yanagamon (local midwife)

is invited to start the monthly massage.

the child is born during the earthquake, it is called linog.

be intentionally disposed of nor used as toys.

MANDAYA’S DISTINCT PRACTICES IN DEATH, BURIAL AND MOURNING

 Before death, a Mandayan is given a sponge bath.

 Close relative keep vigil.

 The dead should lie straight with hands in the sides.

 No prayers are said before or after death.

 A Mandaya who is killed by an opponent is left reclining on a tree to rot.

 A Mandaya who dies in the morning is buried in the afternoon.

 The coffin is a lug cut in two with a space in the center.

 Before burial, the chanting is done by the spouse.

 The Christianity that Mandaya profess is a mix of traditional Catholicism

with their own indigenous beliefs and practices.

 The Mandaya have a high regard and respect to nature.

 They perceive the world based on their twofold belief of nature as

governed by good spirits and evil spirits.

 They perform rituals and give offering and sacrifices.

some kind of sap.

VISUAL ARTS AND CRAFTS

 The clothes of Mandaya are

considered the most beautiful in

 Mandaya costume motifs are

characterized by block designs, line

patterns, rick racks, scrolls,

curvilinear motifs, and diamonds and crosses. Another popular motif is

the crocodile done at various level of abstraction.

 Traditional skirts are usually made

of dagmay, adored in an almost A-

style and pleated on one side.

 The waist is held by small piece of

 Some old women wear patadyong

and cotton skirts for younger one.

 The dawot (song) of the Mandaya are chanted to entertain people on

 Sadya na Yalabo (The banishment of Sadya) which takes

three nights to narrate.

 Yangangaw si Dilam (Dilam takes tibay’s bethroted by

force) which takes around four nights to tell.

 Syukli si Ubang (The Abduction of Ubang) it is about four

 Maylan (Mylan’s death and resurrection) also about seven

days and seven nights.

PERFORMING ARTS AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

 The kobeng or a slender piece of bamboo

resembling a jew’s harp are played while

dancing the gandang.