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Class XII – NCERT – Biology Chapter 12
Biotechnology and Its Applications

Exercise
Question 1:
Crystals of Bt toxin produced by some bacteria do not kill the bacteria themselves because-
(a) bacteria are resistant to the toxin
(b) toxin is immature;
(c) toxin is inactive;
(d) bacteria encloses toxin in a special sac.

Solution 1:
(c) Toxin is inactive.
In bacteria, the toxin is present in an inactive form called Prototoxin, which gets converted into
active form when it enters the body of an insect.

Question 2:
What are transgenic bacteria? Illustrate using any one example.

Solution 2:
Bacteria carrying foreign gene which is introduced into the bacterial plasmid/genome are
called transgenic bacteria. These are manipulated to express the desired gene of interest for the
production of commercially important products as medicines etc.
For example, two DNA sequences (A and B chains of human insulin) were introduced into in
the plasmid of E.coil bacteria. This transgenic bacteria now starts producing human insulin
chains. Afterwards, these chains were isolated from E.coli and combined so as to form human
insulin.

12.Biotechnology and Its Applications www.vedantu.com 1

 Study Materials
NCERT Solutions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
Revision Notes for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
RD Sharma Solutions for Class 6 to 12 Mathematics
RS Aggarwal Solutions for Class 6, 7 & 10 Mathematics
Important Questions for Class 6 to 12 (Math & Science)
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 9, 10 & 12 (Math &
Science)
Important Formula for Class 6 to 12 Math
CBSE Syllabus for Class 6 to 12
Lakhmir Singh Solutions for Class 9 & 10
Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Question Paper
CBSE Class 10 Previous Year Question Paper
JEE Main & Advanced Question Paper
NEET Previous Year Question Paper

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Class XII – NCERT – Biology Chapter 12
Biotechnology and Its Applications

Question 3:
Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of production of genetically modified
crops.

Solution 3:
Advantages of GM
1 Replenishment of soil.
2 Tolerance to stress
3 Greater productivity
4 Less reliance on chemical pesticides.
Disadvantages of GM
Danger of generating super weeds.
Introduction of undesirable variety with
harmful combination.
High danger of non-reproduction / in-
viability.
Chemical produced may cause rejection in
human insecticide.

Question 4:
What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produce it. How has man exploited this protein
to his benefit?

12.Biotechnology and Its Applications www.vedantu.com 2

Class XII – NCERT – Biology Chapter 12
Biotechnology and Its Applications

Solution 4:
Cry proteins are produced by cry gene and these are toxins, responsible for killing insects as
lepidopterans (tobacco budworms), coleopterans and dipterans and their larvae . It is secreted
by Bacillus thuringiensis. Man exploited gene encoding this toxin, by introducing it into
different plant’s genome such as cotton genome with the help of Agrobacterium T-DNA as
vector and developed transgenic plants, for e.g., Bt cotton and many other transgenic plants.

Question 5:
What is gene therapy? Illustrate using the example of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.

Solution 5:
Gene therapy is the correction of malfunctioning gene by repairing or inserting required
normal gene or manipulation of that. ADA (adenosine deaminase deficiency) is a very rare
genetic disorder due to deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase. The enzyme is crucial
for the immune system to function. It can be treated by gene therapy. This gene is transfected
into early embryonic cells of bone marrow for permanent use.

Question 6:
Diagrammatically represent the experimental steps in cloning and expressing a human gene
(say the gene for growth hormone) into a bacterium like E. coil?

Solution 6:

12.Biotechnology and Its Applications www.vedantu.com 3

Class XII – NCERT – Biology Chapter 12
Biotechnology and Its Applications

Question 7:
Can you suggest a method to remove oil (hydrocarbon) from seeds based on your
understanding of rDNA technology and chemistry of oil?

Solution 7:
Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA) is a technique used for manipulating the gentic
material of an organism to obtain the desired result.
The genes for the formation of oil in the seed should be identified. The appropriate genes
should be removed with the help of restriction endonucleases. Such DNA should then be
treated with DNA ligases to seal DNA at the broken ends. These cells when grown aseptically
on nutrient medium will differentiate into a new plant whose seeds will not have oil in them.

Question 8:
Find out from internet what is golden rice.

Solution 8:
Golden rice is transgenic plant of rice, Oryza sativa, having gene coding for precursor of pro
vitamin A, called as beta carotene. Golden rice was developed by Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology, rich in vitamin A (beta carotene), and this fulfills the shortage of dietary vitamin
A. The rice grains are golden yellow in colour due to colour it gets from the beta carotene.
However, this variety of rice has faced a significant opposition from environment activities.
Therefore, they are still not available in market for human consumption.

Question 9:
Does our blood have proteases and nucleases?

Solution 9:
No, blood does not have protease and nuclease. If it would have been there blood and cell
would have been digested, some protease does exist in inactive form.

Question 10:
Consult internet and find out how to make orally active & protein pharmaceutical. What is the
major problem to be encountered?

12.Biotechnology and Its Applications www.vedantu.com 4

Class XII – NCERT – Biology Chapter 12
Biotechnology and Its Applications

Solution 10:
Orally active protein product that is successfully manufactured is vaccines for preventions of
infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, herpes, influenza, etc. Gene for antigen are isolated
from bacteria and grown along with cut leaf portions of potato plant in antibiotic medium –
followed by callus formation and recombinant / transgenic potato are obtained which contain
those vaccines.
The problem with the protein pharmaceuticals is that they can be degraded by proteases of
digestive system in the alimentary canal. Thus, this is required to protect therapeutic proteins
from proteases of digestive system, if taken orally. Orally taken such active protein
pharmaceuticals are encapsulated proteins or peptides in liposomes or formulations, which
facilitates their delivery also.

12.Biotechnology and Its Applications www.vedantu.com 5

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