DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SPIRAL TUBE

HEAT EXCHANGER

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SANTHOSHKUMAR E (412815114108)

SATHISH KUMAR S (412815114113)

SIVA SUBRAMANIYAN S (412815114120)

TAMIL SELVAN B (412815114131)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY: 600 025

APRIL 2018

i
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SPIRAL

TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER” is a bonafide work of

SANTHOSHKUMAR E (412815114108)

SATHISH KUMAR S (412815114113)

SIVA SUBRAMANIYAN S (412815114120)

TAMIL SELVAN B (412815114131)

who carried out the project under my supervision.

SIGNATURE
Dr. K. Siva Kumar M.E., Ph.D
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Valliammai Engineering College,
SRM nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203.
SIGNATURE
Mr. T. Karthick M.E.,
SUPERVISOR
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Valliammai Engineering College,
SRM nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203.

Submitted for the University Examination held on ………/………/…………

at Valliammai Engineering College.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to the Almighty God
for his grace bestowed upon us. We are grateful to our parents for their care, love,
support and prayers.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our founder Mr.
T.R.PARIVENDHAR and chairman Mr. P.RAVI PACHMOOTHOO for his
valuable support.
We thank our Director Dr. T.P.GANESAN for extending his valuable
support to our project.We thank our Principal Dr. B.CHIDHAMBARA RAJAN
for extending his valuable support to our project.
With immense pleasure we thank our head of the department Dr. K. Siva
Kumar M.E., Ph.D., Department of Mechanical Engineering for his immense
support & encouragements throughout our project.
We thank our guide Mr. T. Karthick M.E., Department of Mechanical
Engineering for his immense support & encouragements throughout our project.
We are grateful to him for sharing his time and expertise.
We also take this moment to thank Mr. S. Pungaiya M.E., MBA for his
valuable suggestions and constant encouragement for the project. We express our
deep sense of gratitude to him.
We would also like to express our sincere thanks to all the staff members
of Mechanical Engineering Department for valuable suggestions and technical
guidance. We especially thank for assisting as a guide to complete the project.
Finally, we also thank all the non-teaching staff members for their kind
cooperation and their help and wishes for the successful completion of this
project.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Spiral tube heat exchangers are known as excellent heat exchanger because
of far compact and high heat transfer efficiency. An innovative spiral tube heat
exchanger is designed for particular process engineering.

A new arrangement for a flow of hot and cold fluids is employed to design,
hot fluid flows in the axial path while the cold fluid flows in a spiral path. To
measure the performance of the spiral tube heat exchanger, its model is suitably
designed and fabricated so as to perform experimental tests.

iv
 LIST OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIS OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS ix
1. INRODUCTION 1
1.1 Heat Transfer 1
1.2 Modes of Heat Transfer 1
1.2.1 Conduction 1
1.2.2 Convection 1
1.2.3 Radiation 1
1.3 Heat Exchanger 2
1.4 Types of Heat Exchangers 3
1.4.1 Nature of heat exchanger process 3
1.4.2 Relative direction of fluid motion 5
1.4.2.1 Parallel flow heat exchanger 5
1.4.2.2 Counter flow heat exchanger 6
1.4.2.3 Cross flow heat exchanger 6
1.4.3 Design and constructional feature 7
1.4.3.1 Concentric tubes 7
1.4.3.2 Shell and tube 7
1.4.3.3 Multiple shell and tube pass 8
1.4.3.4 Compact heat exchanger 8
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 11
2.1 Papers referred 11
2.2 Summary of the Literature Review 13

v
3. EXPERIMENT DETAILS 14
3.1 Material selection 15
3.2 Model design 16
4. HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATIONS 17
4.1 Calculation Methodology 17
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 19
5.1 Theoretical calculations 19
6. PHOTOCOPY 23
7. APPLICATIONS, MERITS AND 24
DEMERITS
7.1 Applications 24
7.2 Merits 26
7.3 Demerits 26
8. CONCLUSION 27
9. REFERENCES 28

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No. TITLE PAGE No.

3.1 Material specification 15

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.

1.1 Types of Heat exchanger 03

1.2 Parallel flow heat exchanger 05

1.3 Counter flow heat exchanger 06

1.4 Cross flow heat exchanger 06

1.5 Shell and Tube heat exchanger 07

3.1 Experimental circuit diagram 14

3.1 Isometric view of spiral tube 16

5.1 Temperature distribution of counter flow 20

5.2 Effectiveness Vs NTU 21

6.1 Spiral tube heat exchanger 23

6.2 Experimental setup 23

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

t1 - Inlet temperature of cold water

t2 - Outlet temperature of cold water

ρ - Density

µ - Viscosity

cp - Specific heat of water

m - Mass flow rate of water

T1 - Inlet temperature of hot water

T2 - Outlet temperature of hot water

LMTD - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Heat Transfer

Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one region
to another region due to temperature difference. Heat transfer also defined as
exchange of thermal energy and heat between physical systems, a dissipative
process.

1.2 Modes of Heat transfer

 CONDUCTION
 CONVECTION
 RADIATION

1.2.1 Conduction
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high
temperature to a region of low temperature within a medium (solid, liquid, or
gases) or between different medium in direct physical contact.

1.2.2 Convection
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid
surface and a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.
Convection is possible only in the presence of fluid medium.

1.2.3 Radiation
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is
known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.

1
1.3 Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device which is used for efficient heat transfer from
one medium to another. The media may be separated by a solid wall to prevent
mixing or they may be in direct contact.
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between
two fluids that are at different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with
each other. Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice in a wide range of
applications, from heating and air-conditioning systems in a household, to
chemical processing and power production in large plants. Heat exchangers differ
from mixing chambers in that they do not allow the two fluids involved to mix.
In a car radiator, for example, heat is transferred from the hot water flowing
through the radiator tubes to the air flowing through the closely spaced thin plates
outside attached to the tubes.
Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection in each fluid
and conduction through the wall separating the two fluids. In the analysis of heat
exchangers, it is convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient U
that accounts for the contribution of all these effects on heat transfer. The rate of
heat transfer between the two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger depends on
the magnitude of the temperature difference at that location, which varies along
the heat exchanger. In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is usually convenient to
work with the logarithmic mean temperature difference LMTD, which is an
equivalent mean temperature difference between the two fluids for the entire heat
exchanger.

2
1.4 Types of heat exchanger

Figure 1.1. Types of Heat Exchanger

1.4.1 Nature of heat exchangers process

On the basic of the nature of the heat exchanger process, heat exchanger are
classified as
1. Direct contact heat exchangers
2. Indirect contact heat exchangers.

1. Direct contact heat exchangers

In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange take place by direct
mixing of hot and cold fluids. This heat transfer is usually accompanied by mass
transfer.

3
2. Indirect contact heat exchangers
In this type of heat exchanger, the heat transfer of heat between two fluids
could be carried out by transmission through a wall which separates the two
fluids.

i) Tubular Heat Exchanger

Tubular heat exchangers are generally built of circular tubes, although
elliptical, rectangular or round/flat twisted tubes have also been used in some
applications.
There is considerable flexibility in design because the core geometry can
be varied easily by changing the tube diameter, length, and arrangement. Tubular
exchangers can be designed for high pressures relative to environment and high
pressure differences between the fluids. Tubular exchangers are used primarily
for liquid to liquid and liquid to phase change (condensing or evaporating) heat
transfer applications. There are also used for gas to liquid and gas to gas heat
transfer applications primarily when the operating temperature and pressure is
very high or fouling is a severe problem on at least one fluid side and no other
types of
Exchangers work. These tubular exchangers may be classified as shell-and-tube,
double-pipe, and spiral tube heat exchangers. There are all prime surface
exchangers except for exchangers having fins.

ii) Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

A typical double pipe heat exchanger consists of one pipe placed
concentrically in side another of larger diameter with appropriate fittings to direct
the flow from one section to the another section. One fluid flows through the inner
pipe and other fluid flows through the annular space. Double-pipe heat
exchangers can be arranged in various series and parallel arrangements to meet
pressure drop and mean temperature difference requirements. The major use of

4
double pipes exchangers for sensible heating or cooling of process fluids where
small heat transfer area required. This configuration is also very suitable for one
or both fluids are at high pressure because of the smaller diameter of the pipe.
The major disadvantage is that double-pipe heat exchangers are bulky and
expensive per unit transfer surface. Inner tube being may be single tube or multi-
tubes. If heat transfer Coefficient is poor in annulus; axially finned inner tube can
be used. Double-pipe heat exchangers are built in modular concept, i.e., in the
form of hairpins.

1.4.2. Relative direction of fluid motion

This type of heat exchanger are classified as follows
1. Parallel flow heat exchanger
2. Counter flow heat exchanger
3. Cross flow heat exchanger

1.4.2.1. Parallel flow heat exchanger

In this type, hot and cold fluids moves in the same direction.

Figure 1.2. Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger

5
1.4.2.2. Counter flow heat exchanger
In this type, hot and cold fluid move in parallel but opposite directions.

Figure 1.3 Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

1.4.2.3 Cross flow heat exchanger

In this type, the hot and cold fluids move at right angles to each other.

Figure 1.4 Cross Flow Heat Exchanger

6
1.4.3. Design and constructional features
On the basic of design and constructional features, the heat exchangers are
classified as follows
1. Concentric tubes
2. Shell and tube
3. Multiple shell and tube passes
4. Compact heat exchangers.

1.4.3.1. Concentric tubes

In this type, two concentric pipes, each carrying one of the fluids are used
as a heat exchanger. The direction of flow may be parallel or counter.

1.4.3.2. Shell and tube

In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids moves through a bundle of
tubes enclosed by a shell. The outer fluid is forced through the shell and it moves
over the outside surface of the tubes.

Figure 1.5 Shell And Tube

7
1.4.3.3. Multiple shell and tube passes
In order to increase the overall heat transfer, multiple shell and tube
passes are used. In this type, the two fluids traverse the exchanger more than one
time. This type of exchanger is preferred due to its low cost of manufacture, and
easy to repair.

1.4.3.4 Compact heat exchanger process

There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat
exchangers. They are generally employed when convective heat transfer co-
efficient associated with one of the fluids is much smaller than that associated
with the other fluid.

i) Spiral Tube Heat Exchanger

Spiral tube heat exchanger has excellent heat exchanger because of far
compact and high heat transfer efficiency. Spiral-tube heat exchangers consist of
one or more spirally wound coils which are, in circular pattern, connected to
header from which fluid is flowed. This spiral coil is installed in a shell another
fluid is circulated around outside of the tube, leads to transfer the heat between
the two fluids. Heat transfer rate associated with a spiral tube is higher than that
for a straight tube. In addition, a considerable amount of surface can be
accommodating
in a given space by spiralling. In spiral tube heat exchanger, problem of thermal
expansion is not probably occurring and self cleaning is also possible. A spiral
tube heat exchanger is a coil assembly fitted in a compact shell that to optimizes
heat transfer efficiency and space. Every spiral coil assembly has welded tube to
manifold joints and uses stainless steel as a minimum material requirement for
durability and strength. Spiral tube heat exchanger uses multiple parallel tubes
connected to pipe or header to create a tube side flow. The spaces or gaps between
the coils of the spiral tube bundle become the shell side flow path when the bundle

8
is placed in the shell. Tube side and shell side connections on the bottom or top
of the assembly allow for different flow path configurations. The spiral shape of
the flow for the tube side and shell side fluids create centrifugal force and
secondary circulating flow that enhances the heat transfer on both sides in a true
counter flow arrangement. Since there are no baffles are provided in to the
system, therefore to lower velocities and heat transfer-coefficients. Performance
is optimized. Additionally, since there are a variety of multiple parallel tube
configurations are not compromised by limited shell diameter sizes as it is in shell
and tube designs. The profile of a spiral is very compact and fits in a smaller path
than a shell and tube design. Since the tube bundle is coiled, space requirements
for tube bundle removal are almost eliminated. When exotic material is required,
a spiral tube heat exchanger minimizes the material used since manifolds replace
the channels, heads and tube sheets of a conventional shell and tube design. Spiral
tube heat exchanger uses single channel technology, which means that both fluids
occupy a single channel, which allows fully counter-current flow. One fluid (hot
fluid) enters the centre of the unit and flows towards the periphery. The other
fluid (cold fluid) enters the unit at the periphery and moves towards the centre.
The channels are curved and have a uniform cross section, which creates
“spiralling” motion within the fluid. The fluid is fully turbulent at much lower
velocity than straight tube heat exchangers, and fluid travels at constant velocity
throughout the whole unit. Spiral tube heat exchanger consists of number of
spirals attached to the header. One fluid flows from periphery to center of the
casing while the other is moving from center to periphery, it has following
advantages,

9
1. Because of the spiral flow paths imparted to the tube- and shell-side fluids,
the effects of centrifugal force and secondary circulating flow enhance heat
transfer on both sides in a counter flow arrangement.

2. The other fluid enters the unit at the periphery and moves towards the
centre. The channels are curved and have a uniform cross section, which
creates “spiraling” motion within the fluid.

3. The fluid is fully turbulent at a much lower velocity than in straight tube
heat exchangers, and fluid travels at constant velocity throughout the whole
unit, and thus the sticking of oil problem will be eliminated.

4. Spiral heat exchangers require small area for mounting resulting in lower
unit installation cost compared with other.

5. Compared with other types of heat exchanger, spiral unit provides the best
access to their heat transfer area with no special tools or lifting equipment
required.

10
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SUREVEY

2.1 Papers referred

DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SPIRAL TUBE HEAT

EXCHANGER.
From this paper, Jay J. Bhavsar, V K. Matawala, S. Dixit are analyzed
spiral tube heat exchanger over the shell and tube heat exchanger. Spiral tube heat
exchangers are known as excellent heat exchanger because of far compact and
high heat transfer efficiency. An innovative spiral tube heat exchanger is designed
for particular process engineering. A new arrangement for flow of hot and cold
fluids is employed for design, hot fluid flows in axial path while the cold fluid
flows in a spiral path. To measure the performance of the spiral tube heat
exchanger, its model is suitably designed and fabricated so as to perform
experimental tests. The paper gives analysis of spiral tube heat exchanger over
the shell and tube heat exchanger.

A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR RATING THERMAL PERFORMANCE

IN SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGERS
From this paper, Martin Martinez Garcia & Miguel Angel Moreles are
analysed The steady state heat transfer equations associated to two fluids in
counter flow, hot and cold, in a spiral heat exchanger are considered in this study.
A numerical method for solution was proposed to approximate the temperature
distribution and overall heat transfer coefficients using the flow rates and the
temperatures at inlets and outlets. In particular the effectiveness and correction
factor were computed as performance parameters and develop a tool for design.
The method is tested and validated on two actual spiral heat exchangers that were
reported in the literature.

11
DESIGNING A HELICAL COIL HEAT EXCHANGER
From this paper, Ramchandra K. Patil and Prasanta K. Ghosh are analysed
how to designing a helical coil heat exchanger heat exchangers serve a straight
forward purpose: controlling a system’s or substance’s temperature by adding or
removing thermal energy. Although there are many different sizes, levels of
sophistication, and types of heat exchangers, they all use a thermally conducting
element usually in the form of a tube or plate to separate two fluids, such that one
can transfer thermal energy to the other. Home heating systems use a heat
exchanger to transfer Combustion - gas heat to water or air, which is circulated
through the house.
Power plants use locally available water or ambient air in quite large heat
exchangers to condense steam from the turbines. Many industrial applications use
small heat exchangers to establish or maintain a required temperature. In industry,
heat exchangers perform many tasks, ranging from cooling lasers to establishing
a controlled sample temperature prior to chromatography. Anyone who wants to
use a heat exchanger faces a fundamental challenge: fully defining the problem
to be Solved, which requires an understanding of the thermodynamic and
transport properties of fluids. Such knowledge can be combined with some simple
calculations to define a specific heat-transfer problem and select an appropriate
heat exchanger.

12
2.2 Summary of literature review

A spiral heat exchanger (SHE), may refer to a helical (coiled) tube

configuration, more generally, the term refers to a pair of flat surfaces that are
coiled to form the two channels in a counter-flow arrangement. Each of the two
channels has one long curved path. A pair of fluid ports is
connected tangentially to the outer arms of the spiral, and axial ports are common,
but optional.

The main advantage of the SHE is its highly efficient use of space. This attribute
is often leveraged and partially reallocated to gain other improvements in
performance, according to well-known trade-offs in heat exchanger design. (A
notable trade-off is capital cost Vs operating cost.) A compact SHE may be used
to have a smaller footprint and thus lower all-around capital costs, or an over-
sized SHE may be used to have less pressure drop, less pumping energy,
higher thermal efficiency, and lower energy costs.

13
 CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

• It consist of two loops

1) Hot water (open loop)
2) Cold water (closed loop)
• The hot water is passed to shell side.
• The cold water is passed to tube.
• The different thermocouple present in the position as shown in fig,.
• The various temperatures are noted in the temperature indicator.

Figure 3.1 Experimental circuit diagram

14
3.1 Material specification
Table 3.1 Material specification

PARAMETERS DIMENSION
SHELL
I.D. 125 mm
Length 450 mm
Material Acrylic tube
COIL
I.D. 7.05 mm
O.D. 9.53 mm
Length 10 m
Material copper
Exchange Area 0.22 m2 (Approx)
SUMP TANKS
Capacity 5L
Material Stainless steel
Ports Inlet/Outlet/Drain
THERMOCOUPLE J type

15
3.2 Model design

The model of the design was done in CREO 3.0.

Fig 3.2 Isometric view of Spiral Tube

16
 CHAPTER 4
HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATIONS

4.1 Calculation methodology

1. The heat load (Q - watts) for hot fluid is calculated using the expression

Qh = ṁh Cph (ΔT)h

Where
ṁh – Mass flow rate of hot fluid (kgs-1)
Cph – Specific heat of hot fluid (jkg-1k-1)
(ΔT)h – Temperature drop of hot fluid (k)

2. The heat load (Q - watts) for cold fluid is calculated using the expression

Qc = ṁc Cpc (ΔT)c

Where
ṁc – Mass flow rate of hot fluid (kgs-1)
Cpc – Specific heat of hot fluid (jkg-1k-1)
(ΔT)c – Temperature drop of hot fluid (k)

3. Total heat load Q = (Qh + Qc) / 2 (J/s)

17
4. Logarithmic mean temperature difference

(𝐓𝐢 − 𝐓𝐨)
LMTD=
𝐥𝐧 (𝐓𝐢/𝐓𝐨)

Where

Ti = (Thi – Tho) & To = (Tho – Tci)

5. The overall heat transfer co efficient is obtained from the relation

𝑸
U= (w/m2 k)
𝐀(𝚫𝐓) 𝐥𝐧

𝐂𝐦𝐢𝐧
6. 𝑪=
𝐂𝐦𝐚𝐱

7. Number of transfer units (NTU)

𝐔𝐱𝐀
𝑵=
𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏

8. Effectiveness of heat exchanger

𝟏− 𝐞−𝐍(𝟏+𝐜)
𝝐= (Percentage)
𝟏+𝐂[𝐞−𝐍(𝟏+𝐜)]

18
 CHAPTER 5

RESULT & DISCUSSION

5.1 Theoretical calculation

HOT FLUID

Rate of heat transfer Q = mh Cp (T1 - T2)

Q = 0.0102 * 4.182 (325-308)

Q = 0.725 kW

COLD FLUID

Rate of heat transfer Q = mc Cp (t2 – t1)

Q = 0.0079 * 4.182 (317 – 302)

Q = 0.495 kW

Over all heat transfer co-efficient

Q = UA (∆𝑇)lm

( T1 – t2 ) – ( T2 – t1 )
(∆𝑇)lm = 𝑇1−𝑡2
𝑙𝑛[ ]
𝑇2−𝑡1

(325 – 317) – ( 308 – 302 )

(∆𝑇)lm = 325−317
𝑙𝑛
308−302

(∆𝑻)m = 6.95 k

19
Area A = π D L

A = π * (7.05 ) * 10

A = 0.22 m2

0.610 = U A (41.92)

0.610 = U * 0.22 * 6.95

U = 0.374 w/m2k

Cmin= 0.032

Cmax= 0.041

0.314 𝑥 0.221
N=
0.0412

N = 2.50

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.032
𝐶= =
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.041

𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟒

20
 1−𝑒 [−𝑁(1−𝑐)]
ϵ=
1−𝐶[𝑒−𝑁(1−𝑐)]

ϵ = 0.76

ϵ = 76%

The temperature distribution of the counter flow heat exchanger in the

variation of temperature oC.

Temp distribution
70
60
50
temp oC

40
HOT FLUID
30
COLD FLUID
20
10
0
1 2 3

Figure 5.1 Temperature distribution in the counter flow heat exchanger

Figure 5.1 shows that the temperature distribution in the counter flows heat
exchanger. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is also high when compared
to the parallel flow heat exchanger.

21
 EFFECTIVENESS
1.2

0.8

0.6
EFFECTIVENESS
0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 5.2 Effectiveness Vs NTU

Figure 5.2 refers that the various of effectiveness to the number of

transfer units. The effectiveness varies from 0 to 1 from the various NTU
values.

22
 CHAPTER 6
PHOTOCOPY
The Photocopy of the experimental setup was shown below.

Fig 6.1 Spiral tube heat exchanger

Fig 6.2 Experimental setup

23
 CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS, MERITS AND DEMERITS
7.1 Applications
The applications of heat exchangers in various aspects are mentioned
below

In nature
 The human nasal passages serve as a heat exchanger, which warms air
being inhaled and cools air being exhaled. Its effectiveness can be
demonstrated by putting the hand in front of the face and exhaling, first
through the nose and then through the mouth. Air exhaled through the nose
is substantially cooler. This effect can be enhanced with clothing, by, for
example, wearing a scarf over the face while breathing in cold weather.

 "Countercurrent" heat exchangers occur naturally in the circulation system

of fish, whales and other marine mammals. Arteries to the skin carrying
warm blood are intertwined with veins from the skin carrying cold blood,
causing the warm arterial blood to exchange heat with the cold venous
blood. This reduces the overall heat loss in cold waters.

In industry
 Heat exchangers are widely used in industry both for cooling and heating
large scale industrial processes. The type and size of heat exchanger used
can be tailored to suit a process depending on the type of fluid, its phase,
temperature, density, viscosity, pressures, chemical composition and
various other thermodynamic properties.

24
  In many industrial processes there is waste of energy or a heat stream that
is being exhausted, heat exchangers can be used to recover this heat and
put it to use by heating a different stream in the process. This practice saves
a lot of money in industry, as the heat supplied to other streams from the
heat exchangers would otherwise come from an external source that is
more expensive and more harmful to the environment.

 Heat exchangers are used in many industries, including:

• Waste water treatment
• Refrigeration
• Wine and beer making
• Petroleum refining
• Nuclear power.

 In waste water treatment, heat exchangers play a vital role in maintaining

optimal temperatures within anaerobic digesters to promote the growth of
microbes that remove pollutants. Common types of heat exchangers used
in this application are the double pipe heat exchanger as well as the plate
and frame heat exchanger.

In aircraft
 In commercial aircraft heat exchangers are used to take heat from the
engine's oil system to heat cold fuel. This improves fuel efficiency, as
well as reduces the possibility of water entrapped in the fuel freezing in
components.

25
7.2 Merits
The advantages of Shell and Spiral tube heat exchanger are

1. Less expensive as compared to Plate type coolers.

2. Can be used in systems with higher operating temperatures and pressures
3. Pressure drop across a tube cooler is less.
4. Tube leaks are easily located and plugged since pressure test is
comparatively easy.
5. Tubular coolers in refrigeration system can act as receiver also.
6. Using sacrificial anodes protects the whole cooling system against
corrosion.
7. Tube coolers may be preferred for lubricating oil cooling because of the
pressure differential.

7.3 Demerits

The disadvantages of Shell and Spiral tube heat exchangers are

1. Heat transfer efficiency is less compared to plate type cooler.

2. Cleaning and maintenance is difficult since a tube cooler requires enough
clearance at one end to remove the tube nest.
3. Capacity of tube cooler cannot be increased.
4. Requires more space in comparison to plate coolers.

26
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that the design and fabrication methodology of spiral

heat exchanger works carried out in the project. The spiral tube heat exchanger is
compact in size and more heat transfer can be carried out. The objective of the
present work is to streamline design and fabrication methodology of the spiral
tube heat exchanger. The designed spiral tube heat exchange is required to be
developed and experiments will be performed on it to analyses pressure drop and
temperature change in hot and cold fluid on the shell side and tube side.

27
 REFERENCES

1. Jay J.Bhavasar, V K. Matawala and S. Dixit. (2013) ‘Design and

experimental analysis of Spiral tube Heat exchanger’, International journal
of Mechanical and Production EngineeringVol. 1, pp.37-42.

2. Ramachandra k. patil and prasanta K. ghosh, “designing a helical coil heat

exchanger”, journal of heat transfer pg. no 85-88.

3. Martin Martinez Garcia & Miguel Angel Moreles (2012) , “A Numerical

Method for Rating Thermal Performance in Spiral Heat Exchangers”,
Modern applied science, vol 6, no. 6, ISSN 1913-1844, pg.no 54-63.

4. C.P. Kothandaraman and Subramanian, Heat and Mass transfer, new age
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