Technological Institute of the Philippines-Manila

Chemical Engineering Department

CHE 202 – Chemical Engineering Calculations 2, 1st Semester, AY 2019-2020

Liquid Fuels
Case I, Case II, Case III

Directions: Provide a detailed solution for the following problems. Box your finals answers and round your answer into
2 decimal places.

Problem 1: The Orsat analysis of the flue gas from an oil-fired furnace is CO2: 8%, CO: 3.0%, O2: 4%, and N2: 85%.
An analysis indicates that the oil contains 78% by weight carbon, the remainder being combustible hydrogen and
moisture. Air enters at 300 K and 1.013 bar. Assume air to be dry. Calculate the following:
(a) The percentage excess air used
(b) The carbon-hydrogen weight ratio of fuel oil
(c) The volume of air used per kg of oil fired
(d) The mass of moisture (kilograms) in the flue gas per kg of oil fired

Problem 2: A furnace is burning fuel oil having the following analysis on a weight basis: 85.0% C, 14.0% H and 1.0%
S. Dry air is used for combustion and is supplied in 20% excess. 10 percent of the carbon burns to CO and S is
converted completely to SO2. It has come to light that there is an air leak at some point in the base of the stack. The
air is at 300 K and 100 kPa with 70% relative saturation. The Orsat analysis of the stack gases above this point indicates
concentration of CO2 and SO2 together as 8%. What percent of the stack gas is air leaked into it? The vapor pressure
of water at 300 K is 3.56 kPa.

Problem 3: A liquid fuel analyzing 88% (weight) C and 12% (weight) H2 when burned with excess air gives a flue gas
of the following composition on a dry basis: CO2 = 13.5%, O2 = 3.5% and N2 = 83.0%. Calculate the following:
(a) The percent excess air used
(b) The volume of dry flue gases at STP per 100 kg of the fuel burned.

Problem 4: The Orsat analysis of the flue gas produced by the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel shows 10.2% CO2,
1.0%CO, 8.4% O2 and 80.4% N2. What is the atomic ratio of H to C in the fuel?

Problem 5: The Orsat analysis of the flue gas resulting from the combustion of a pure hydrocarbon fuel oil is found to
be: CO2 = 14.6%, CO = 2.0%, O2 = 2.8%, N2 = 80.6%. Calculate the composition of the fuel in weight percent.

Problem 6: A hydrocarbon fuel is burned with dry air. The combustion gases leave the furnace at 750 K and 100 kPa.
The flue gas analysis shows CO2 = 12.0%, CO =1.0%, O2 = 4.0% and N2 = 83%. What is the dew point of the stack
gas?

Problem 7: In the operation of an engine using pure methyl alcohol, CH3OH, the air supply is reduced below the
theoretical value to a point such that 90% of the carbon in the fuel burns to CO2, and the remaining 10% to CO; assume
furthermore that under these conditions, the hydrogen in the gaseous combustion products in the 40% of the CO in the
exhaust gases, the oxygen being all consumed. Calculate the following:
(a) The expected Orsat analysis of the gases from the exhaust pipe.
(b) The kg of dry air required per kg of fuel burnt.
(c) Volume of fry air supplied to the engine per kg of fuel burnt, on the assumption that the barometer is
normal and the air temperature is found to be 25 °C
(d) Volume of combustion gases at 538 °C, operated at normal barometer
(e) Percent of the air that was supplied in the process
 Technological Institute of the Philippines-Manila
Chemical Engineering Department
CHE 202 – Chemical Engineering Calculations 2, 1st Semester, AY 2019-2020

Problem 8: Diesel fuel consisting only of the carbon and hydrogen is burned in a steady flow combustion chamber.
Saturated air is entering at 30 °C and 1 atm with a relative humidity of 90%. Analysis of the stack gases exiting at 500 K
and 750 mmHg shows 8.02% CO2, 1.11% C, and 4.25% H2, 8.51% O2 and the rest N2. Calculate the following:
(a) The Percent Excess Air
(b) Complete analysis of the stack gas
(c) Volume of the flue gases per kg of fuel consumed
(d) The atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the original fuel
(e) Equivalence ratio (kgmol basis)

Problem 9: The exhaust gases from a Diesel engine using a high-grade fuel oil, shows 10.2% Co2, 7.9% O2, and the
rest nitrogen. The analysis was made with care in an Orsat apparatus, using mercury as confining liquid in the
measuring burette. From these data, calculate the following:
(a) The weight ratio of the hydrogen to carbon in the fuel oil
(b) The percent by weight of carbon in the oil
(c) The pounds of dry air used per pounds of oil burnt in the engine
(d) The moles of exhaust gases discharged from the engine per pound of fuel oil burnt.

Problem 10: The substance cetane is a colorless, liquid hydrocarbon that ignites easily under compression. For this
reason, it is used as a standard measure of performance of compression-ignition fuels such as diesel. If an
experimental study on the combustion of biodiesel fuel that has the same performance as the mixture of cetane-
methylnaphthalene, shows flue gas analysis of 8.36% CO2, 5.28% CO, 2.85% H2, and 7.19% O2, calculate the
following unknowns: (The density of cetane is = 770 kg/m3 and for methylnaphthalene is = 1001 kg/m3)
(a) The percent excess air
(b) The cetane number of the fuel

Problem 11: A hydrocarbon fuel oil is being burnt in an internal-combustion engine, which is running clean. Ultimate
analysis of the oil shows 90.26% carbon and 9.44% hydrogen. Analysis of the combustion shows 15.1 %CO2, 2.9%
CO, 1.8% H2, and 80.2%N2. Calculate the following:
(a) The H/C ratio from the analysis of the fuel
(b) Pounds of air per pound of fuel
(c) The percentage of water vapor in the wet exhaust gases

Problem 12: A high-grade fuel oil containing approximately 91%C and 9%H is burnt in a furnace that is well designed
and well operated giving an Orsat analysis of 12.4% CO2, 3.7% O2, and 83.9% N2. The air is substantially dry.
Calculate the thermal efficiency.

Problem 13: An automobile engine is supplied with a gasoline, that is found by analysis to contain 88% carbon and
12% hydrogen operated at normal barometer.
(a) Calculate the Orsat analysis of the exhaust-pipe gases
(b) The pounds of dry air required per pounds of fuel
(c) The volume of this air at 60 °F
(d) The volume of the combustion gases at 1000 °F granting complete combustion with theoretical dry air

Problem 14: A fuel oil containing 70% carbon by weight and the rest combustible hydrogen and moisture is burned
with excess air. The flue gas analyzed 9% CO2, 2% CO, 3% O2 and 86% N2. Determine the following:
(a) The percentage of excess air
(b) The ratio of carbon to combustible hydrogen in the fuel on a weight basis
(c) The ratio of carbon to total hydrogen in the fuel on a weight basis
(d) The percentages of combustible hydrogen and moisture in the fuel
(e) The mass of moisture present in the flue gas per kg of oil burned
 Technological Institute of the Philippines-Manila
Chemical Engineering Department
CHE 202 – Chemical Engineering Calculations 2, 1st Semester, AY 2019-2020

Problem 15: Octane is burnt with 20% excess air. Calculate the following:
(a) Air-fuel ratio by weight
(b) Air-fuel ratio by volume
(c) Weight of dry exhaust gas formed per unit of fuel
(d) Moles of O2 in the exhaust gas per unit weight of fuel. (Sp. gravity of Octane = 0.7)

Problem 16: The weight composition of a fuel oil is 87% C and 13% H. It is burnt with air which is known to be enriched
but the composition of the air is not known, although it is a mixture of N2 and O2 only. The Orsat analysis of the flue
gases produced is CO2 = 14% O2 = 4% and N2 = 82%.
(a) Determine the percentage of excess oxygen if any.
(b) What is the composition of air that is being used?
(c) What would have been the Orsat analysis of the flue gases if air is used and its normal composition and
the stoichiometric amount been used. Assume the reaction is 100% complete.

Problem 17: Gasoline with an octane number of 85 has the same knocking tendency as a mixture of Iso-Octane and
Heptane. Calculate the expected Orsat analysis if the fuel is burnt with 30% excess air with a product gas with molal
ratio of CO2 to CO of 5:2 and H2 to CO of 1:1.

Problem 18: A furnace is fired with fuel oil with a partial analysis of 7.6% S and 2.8% N. Orsat analysis of the stack
gas shows 9.44% CO2, 1.19% CO, 0.4% SO2, 0.47% H2, 6.8 O2 and 81.7% N2. Air supplied is at 23oC, 755 mm Hg
and 85% RH. Calculate the following:
(a) Percent excess air
(b) Analysis of the fuel oil
(c) m3 air/kg fuel

Problem 19: The principal motor fuel blend in Germany has been Reichkraftskoff made up of 50% Motor Benzole
(75% benzene, 15% toluene, 10% xylene), 25% Tetralin(C10H12) and 25% Industrial Alcohol (80% ethanol, 20%
methanol). After combustion in excess air, a stack gas containing 9.13% CO2 and 1.83% H2 is obtained. Calculate the
following:
(a) Percent excess air
(b) Complete analysis of the stack gas

Problem 20: Coal tar fuels are liquid fuels obtained by blending coal tar distillation products such as carbolic oil,
naphthalene oil, creosote oil, anthracene oil and medium pitch. A sample elemental analysis shows 85.9% C, 6.3% H,
1.2% S, 5.5% O and 1.1% N. If this fuel is burned in excess air at 30oC and 755 mm Hg with 90% RH, it produces a
burner gas containing 10.64% CO2, 3.19 % CO and 0.64% H2. Calculate the following:
(a) Percent excess air
(b) Complete Orsat analysis of burner gas
(c) m3 stack gas/kg coal tar