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Gravity Model and Fractal Dimension of Ungaran Geothermal Area

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PROCEEDINGS, 6th ITB International Geothermal Workshop 2017
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, March 22–23, 2017
GRAVITY MODEL AND FRACTAL DIMENSION OF UNGARAN GEOTHERMAL AREA
Syaiful Alam* and Zunarto Saputra**
* Universitas Padjadjaran, ** Institut Teknologi Bandung
Corresponding author: syaifulalam61@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Ungaran Volcano is known as an undeveloped
geothermal field, located at Central Java. Fumarole,
hot spring, acidic mud pool and hydrothermal
alteration constitute the southern part of Ungaran
Mountain, Gedongsongo. Better understanding of
geothermal system is the most important in
exploration.
The second vertical derivative of gravity data
revealed the geothermal manifestation is
surrounded by normal fault. The structural system
of geothermal area has its regularity and
randomness within principle of self-similarity. This
natural system could be realized by fractal
dimension of bougeur anomaly and drainage
pattern. The two variables, bougeur anomaly and
drainage pattern, are negatively related as bougeur
decreases while drainage pattern increases in
fractal dimension (D) and vice versa.
A quantified drainage pattern geometry as function
of lithology and structure is approached by box
counting algorithm. In the other hand, a quantified
fractal bougeur dimension is equivalent to the
representative of deep and shallow subsurface
anomaly. The Gedongsongo geothermal
manifestation is characterized by lower bouguer
fractal dimension, 1.1-1.2 D, and higher drainage
pattern dimension, 1.7-1.8 D. No significant
change between regional and residual anomaly of
gravity data indicate the deeper anomaly has strong
influence to the shallower anomaly due to its
inherent correlation of fractal dimension. Fractal
dimension is able to predict its irregularity behavior
of natural system.
Keywords: Fractal Dimension, Gravity Model,
Drainage Pattern, Geothermal System
INTRODUCTION
Gunung Ungaran is the northern range of volcanic
constellation including Sindoro Sumbing,
Merbabu, Telomoyo, and Merapi Volcanoes in
Central Java (Fig.1). The Gedongsongo district is
well known as the main geothermal manifestations
of surrounding area. Most of them found as hot
spring, fumaroles, warm pool and altered
ground/soil gas. The spatial distribution of soil gas
(radon, thoron, carbon dioxide, mercury)
conclusively identified the presence of fracture
zone for geothermal fluid migration (Phuong, et al.,
2012). Previous geophysical investigation using
gravity data is well published for Ungaran Volcano
research (Fujimitsu, et al, 2007)
Fault/fracture zone can form in large variety of
range such as geomorphology and drainage system.
Drainage system is the pattern formed by streams,
rivers, and lakes in a drainage basin. In a drainage
systems, streams or rivers always connect together
to form network (Zhang and Guilbert, 2012). At
present, much research has been done on the
description of drainage patterns in geography and
hydrology. Drainage analysis is useful in structural
interpretation in consideration of drainage patterns,
drainage texture and anomalies. Drainage analysis
may provide clues to inactive structural features
exposed at the surface, to structural features
currently rising, and possibly, to buried structural
features (Howard, 1967).
In the universe, plenty of structural space turns the
resulting from rearrangements of identical
components in large quantities. The process of
rearrangements that occur through regulation or
specific formulation is called the organization. The
principle of the organization is a regularity and
randomness. Between these two extremes, there is
the principle of self-similarity which will take it on
a structure called a fractal.
The word ‘fractal’ is coined by Benoit Mandelbrot
(1982), the geometric of a river network in its
drainage basin is seen as a fractal with its
dimension characteristics, which applied to objects
that were too irregular to be described by Euclidean
Geometry. The term encompasses a wide range of
objects, from regularly repeating forms that have
an exact mathematical definition to naturally
occurring stochastic patterns that can only be
described in a probabilistic way (Davis, 2002).
Fault and drainage system is natural system and has
its self-similarity between individual to the gross
system. Fractal is the way to describe the geometry
of irregular and randomness in natural system. This
1
research figured out fractal analysis to know the
fractal dimension of the object.
GEOLOGY OF GUNUNG UNGARAN
Gunung Ungaran is located in a linearity of
volcanic complex. Gunung Ungaran has
experienced many periods of geo-history from
oldest to youngest Ungaran.
Fig. 1. Location of Ungaran Volcano, Central Java
Ungaran volcano is a complex volcano with
stratum volcanic type which consists of andesitic
lava, perilitic lava, and volcanic breccia from the
post Ungaran caldera stages (Fig. 2). Ungaran
volcano is part of second volcanism cyclic of Java
began from lower Pliocene until lower Pleistocene
(Claproth, 1989).
Geothermal area of Central Java, including the
Ungaran volcano, is located in the Quartenary
Volcanic Belt, Solo Zone. This belt is located
between the North Serayu Mountains and the
Kendeng zone and contains numerous Quaternary
eruptive centers, including Dieng, Sindoro,
Sumbing, Ungaran, Soropati, Telemoyo, Merapi,
Muria, and Lawu (Van Bemmelen, 1970; Thanden
et al,, 1996 in Phuong et al., 2012).
The main geothermal prospect at the Gedongsongo
area is controlled primarily by the occurrence of
the Ungaran collapse structure running from the
northwest to the southwest (Setyawan et al., 2009).
Fig. 2. Geological Map of Ungaran Area
(Thanden et al, 1996)
2
METHODOLOGY
Gravity Model
One of potential theory in geophysical method is
gravity method. It is the best used to do mapping
and modeling the contrast density of the
subsurface. The potential theory in geophysical
method is more specifically including potential
field. Two kind of fields are material and force
describing in physical property and act at each
point of space-time (Blakely, 1996).
The gravity anomaly at each point , is
obtained by the integral equation;
∆ ( ) −
∆ , =2 ;
− + −
∆ ( )=∆ (1)
G = the gravitational constant
(x,z) = source coordinate
( ) = density contrast
= reciprocal length unit
This equation led to a density contrast function
which decreases with depth, rapidly at shallow
depth, thence progressively more slowly and which
is asymptotic to some value less than or equal
either to the density of the adjacent rock (Cordell,
1973).
The observed gravity anomaly is principally as a
point observation. The unsample point of gravity
anomaly is then estimate using inverse distance
technique. Estimation technique is required to
visualize the distribution data. Inverse distance is
better than kriging in geothermal area due to the
anomaly value will increase in the central area of
volcano and vice versa. Meanwhile, two parameter,
the distance (distribution data) and the anomalies,
are considered in the inverse distance technique
(Clark, 1987);
⋯
∗( )=
⋯
= + + +⋯+ ,
∑ = 1, (2)
∗( ) = estimation value at point
= gravity anomaly observation
= the distance (estimation-observed point)
= weighting factor
Upward continuation is the best used to separate
regional-residual anomaly in land survey area due
to its ability as a filter for eliminating noise
generated by objects in the near-surface. Upward
continuation is a step of converting potential field
data measured on a level surface into the data as if
measured at the level of the upper surface, so that
the potential field elsewhere on the surface of the
measurement tends to highlight anomalies caused
by sources (regional effects).The calculation of the
potential field at each point of observation on the
results of the continuation field (z) can be done
using the following equation;
| | ( ,
( , , )= ∫ ∫
R3 = | − ′| + | − ′ | +
U(x,y,z0) = potential continuation field
Δz = the distance of continuation
U(x’,y’,z0) = observed potential field
The equation (3) is still in the form of spatial
domain. In practice, it is difficult to implement
because it must be known surely the potential field
at each point of removal result. Upward
continuation will be more efficient and give a
meaning if done in Fourier domain as in the
following general equation;
( ) = ( ). ( ) (4)
F(Uu) = continuation field (fourier domain)
F(U) = potential field (fourier domain)
φu(k) = e-zk; transfer function
In geophysical exploration, data used in the
modeling is residual anomaly due to the area of
interest located at shallow depth. Residual anomaly
is calculated by the following equation;
= +
Δgi = bougeur anomaly
Δgc = residual (decompensative) anomaly
Δgd = deeper anomaly (crustal variation)
Nowadays, structural interpretation is still
qualitative. The more quantitative interpretation to
decrease the structural ambiguities is reduced by
gravity method. Principally, structural fault reflect
the contrast density underlying/overlying fault
plane. It can be traced by second vertical derivative
of gravity data. The second vertical derivative is
minus of second horizontal derivative from Laplace
equation;
( , , )=0
( , , ) ( , , )
=− + (7)
In 1962, Bott proposed a set of criteria to
distinguish between a sedimentary basin and a
granite boss as interpretation of gravity minima. He
found that the ratio of the moduli of the maximum
and minimum second vertical derivative (| |/
| |) provides a means of distinguishing
between the two geological structures (Reynolds,
1997);
>1 ( ) (8)
>1 ( ) (9)
, ) Another derivative analysis is horizontal gradient.
′ ′ (3)
This method is used to locate contrast density
anomaly boundaries from gravity data. The
equation is expressed (Cordell and Grauch, 1987);
( , )= + (10)
From equation (10), total horizontal gradient is
square root of the sum of squared x and y
derivative of gravity anomaly.
After separating regional-residual anomaly, 2D
gravity model must be developed. The first
approach to 2D gravity model with polygonal
source geometry is well defined by Talwani, 1959;
∫ =∫ ≡ (11)
=2 ∑ (12)
Equation (11) is line integral equation of 2D area
(x,z) with depth z, line AB, angle from x axis
toward z axis from horizontal point origin and
angle from another horizontal point. The
equation (12) in vertical dimension is also applied
(5)
in horizontal dimension.
Fractal Geometry
According to Mandelbrot (1982), fractal geometry
could be used for quantitatively describing
complex pattern in nature. The quantitative
description of a fractal is the fractal dimension (D).
The fractal dimension in this research was
calculated by box-counting method (also called
raster fractal dimension).
Box-counting method is the most common for
evaluating fractal dimension for a given dataset.
The aim of the method is to calculate the minimum
(6)
number of boxes with a specified side length
( , , )
required to cover all points in the data set
(Mandelbrot, 1985). Like other method in fractal
geometry, box-counting method is also used to
know the fractal dimension (D).
In box-counting method, a set of box with different
size are selected and overlaid on the fracture
network in each square domain. The box filled with
3
fractures is counted, while the empty box is not
counted. Then, the number of box filled with
fracture versus box sizes is plotted on a log-log
scale and the slope of the straight lines shows the
fractal dimension (D) of that fracture system
(Barton and Larsen, 1985 in Jafari and Babadagli,
2012).The equation to calculate fractal dimension
(D):

( )
= lim → (13)

D = fractal dimension (the slope)

N = the number of filled boxes
r = measure of side of a square box
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 3. (a). Data Distribution and (b) Bougeur

Anomaly (Estimation by Inverse Distance)

The data distribution is not uniform and cluster. In

this area, the gravity anomaly data is distributed
randomly. The better way to estimate random
distribution data in area of geothermal is inverse
distance due to its increasing value in a centre of
volcanic itself and in a close distance of data space.

The deep regional (crustal effect) and shallow

(geological structure) anomalies are still presented
in bougeur anomaly. Bougeur anomaly map is
divided into noise, residual and regional anomaly
and must be separated. Principally, two approaches
in regional-residual separation are polynomial
equation-based and frequency filter-based.
Figure 4 is the result of regional-residual separation
using upward continuatio. Upward continuation is
one of filter based-method. Regional anomaly has
lower frequency than bougeur anomaly. Bouguer
anomaly is the result of the superposition between
mixed regional and residual anomalies. The longer-
wavelength (smoother curve) feature associated
with deep regional effect.
Fig. 4. Upward Continuation Separation
The blue curve is bougeur anomaly that has a
mixed-frequency between lower and higher. The
red curve is regional anomaly separated by upward
continuation and resulting lower frequencies at
certain depth. Upward continuation method is
basically strengthening the regional anomalies at
certain altitudes continuation field. The greater the
altitude, the more dominant regional effects (low
frequency) and vice versa. The continuation of
upward value is the value at the field continuation
as a regional anomaly. To look for anomalies
local/residual, the bougeur anomaly is reduced by
regional anomaly.

4
 Fig. 5. Regional (left) and Residual (right)
Anomalies
Regional anomaly, in figure 5, is mostly identical
pattern with residual anomaly as in trend and in
shape, only different in the value anomaly. The
shades of purple color, on regional anomaly, has
lower anomaly than the shades of green color. The
anomalies are merging to form cones with higher
anomaly in the position of Ungaran Volcano.
Negative and positive anomalies are shown clearly
on residual anomaly. The geological boundaries are
Tertiary rock locating in the broader and wider of
Ungaran cone than Quaternary rock, resulting
negative anomaly near volcanic cone. The
Gedongsongo Fault is at the southwest part of
Ungaran Volcano. In this area, lower anomaly is in
association with Quaternary rock and higher
anomaly is in association with Tertiary Rock also
Intrusive/Igneous bodies. The same pattern
between residual and regional anomaly indicates
the deep structural or basement involved, probably
the Gedongsongo Fault.
Fig. 6. Second Vertical Derivative using Filter
Elkins (left) and SVD Slice (right)
Fig. 6 shows the slice location for SVD around
Gedongsongo Fault and some geothermal
manifestation. There must be contact body between
negative and positive anomalies based on residual
anomaly map. The SVD curve on figure 6 has
| |>| | and has a meaning of normal
fault. In this case, the SVD is coincided with the
Gedongsongo Fault. The geological boundary
between contact body of Tertiary and Quaternary
rocks is probably the Gedongsongo Fault. This
could be the reason for some geothermal
manifestation up flowing to the surface.
Fig. 7. Anomaly Boundaries using Horizontal
Gradient
Figure 7 is the result of horizontal gradient.
Geothermal manifestation is located surrounding
higher horizontal gradient and in association with
Gedongsongo Normal Fault and could be
structurally controlled manifestation. The
horizontal gradient (HG) does not entirely show the
Gedongsongo lineament. The definition horizontal
gradient is the changes in the value of gravity
anomaly from one point to another by a certain
distance. The horizontal gradient of the gravity
anomaly caused by a body tends to show the edges
of the body. The spread of fault located in the
southwest and northeast, causing the gradient
anomalies appear. Some intrusion body also
appeared in the southeast of Mount Ungaran. This
causes the body contact with the intrusion that gave
rise to the anomaly of horizontal gradient.
According to geological setting, five bodies are
Basement, Kerek Formation, Kalibeng Formation,
Intrusive Body and Quaternary Volcanic Rocks.
Fig. 8. Gravity Forward Modeling of Ungaran
Volcano and Surrounding Area
Figure 8 is 2D (x,z) gravity forward modeled with
contrast density background 2.7 gr/cc, rose-colored
basement 0.9 gr/cc, yellow-colored Kerek
Formation 0.7 gr/cc, green-colored Kalibeng/Dmar
5
Formation 0.4 gr/cc, intrusive body (volcanic cone)
0.8 gr/cc and quaternary volcanic rock 0.3 gr/cc.
The black line is observed anomaly gravity and the
blue line is calculated anomaly using polygonal
source geometry. U, D is upthrown and
downthrown side of regional bodies. The normal
fault based on SVD is coincided with geothermal
manifestation at Gedongsongo.
In figure 8, the black curve is the point of
observation and the calculated anomaly results
shown by the blue curve. In this area, there are two
gravity anomalies, ie Gedongsongo normal fault
(on the left side of the model) and Ungaran
Volcanic Cone (beside the Gedongsongo normal
fault). The model above is forward modeling.
Given body will reflect the anomaly respond.
Ungaran Mountain and surrounding area have five
body of rocks with various density. There are
basement, Kerek and Kalibeng Formation,
Quaternary and Intrusive bodies. The Kalibeng
Formation (green color) is spread out to the north.
A collapse body of rocks (up-thrown and down-
thrown sides) surrounding volcanic cone is as result
of the presence of heat source.
All fractal dimension is not integer but in a fraction
number. The fractional number is called
intermediary number reflecting degree of self-
similarity at any scale. Fractal dimension of this
area is reflecting complex geometry, differ with
classical Euklid dimension. It is an alternative
approach to explain quantitatively the relationship
between variables based on geometrical unit,
reducing qualitative interpretation.
Structurally controlled area of drainage network
has a higher fractal dimension and otherwise on
bougeur anomaly contour. The higher fractal
dimension has the number of streams are less than
the length units. Escarpment geo-morphological
unit occupied the area with a higher fractal
dimension. This mathematical consideration on
self-similarity dimension denotes the quantitative
pattern recognition of surface and subsurface
phenomena

To determine the Fractal Dimension (D) of study

area, the map scaled 1:50.000 had been constructed
including the drainage patternand bougeur anomaly
contour using box counting fractal algorithm. The
map is divided into grid boxes. Total of the box in
this research area is 54. Fractal dimension was
calculated into a grid as an example in figure 9.
The higher step will increase the number of box
filled with the object and it is done iteratively to
have convergence value.

Fig. 10. Fractal Dimension of Drainage Pattern

Fig. 9. Step for Box counting calculation

In figure 10 and 11, drainage pattern in research

area shows the Fractal Dimension (D) from 1.61
until 1.81. and for bougeur anomaly range from
0.962 until 1.838. Fractal dimension (D) between
drainage pattern and bougeur anomaly has a
reversal value. Drainage pattern has higher fractal
dimension while the lowerbougeur anomaly at the
same point and vice versa.

Fig. 11. Fractal Dimension of Bougeur Anomaly

6

Several tools in statistics are available to explain
frequency distribution of two variables. Correlation
coefficient is a tool for determining relationship of
bivariate data distribution;
( , )
( , )= (14)
Correlation coefficient in equation (14) need
covariance. In this case, covariance is a measure of
the relationship between two variable, both fractal
dimension of drainage network (x) and bouguer
anomaly contour (y). Standard deviation of variable
x and y is defined in units that depend on fractal
units and resulting dimensionless coefficient.
Correlation coeeficientbetween fractal drainage and
bougeur is -0.31. It means that structural factor in
research area-representated by drainage pattern-
make a negative and weak impact to Fractal
Dimension (D). In other hand, lower value of
Fractal Dimeniosn (D) of bougeur anomaly might
be caused by normal fault that control the
Gedongsongo manifestation (see Figure 8 for the
cross section model). Bouguer anomaly contour is
a result of contrast density in the subsurface which
is a random phenomenon through the fractal
approach and also applied to the drainage pattern as
surface phenomenon formed randomly due to the
presence of fault. These two variables are the
things that allows to find the relationship between
the two random phenomena which affected by
geological structure.
Fig. 12. Crossplot Grid Series vs Fractal Dimension
(Bougeur in Blue, Drainage in Red Color)
Figure 12 gives a clear visualization of those
relationships. Fractal bougeur and drainage have
the opposite values at the same point. Nonlinearity
curve as shown in figure 12 is reflecting fractal
behavior. Fractal bougeur and drainage has the
opposite function based on curve above. It is
slightly revealed that self-similarity in a certain
grid scale due to its periodic function. When the
value of fractal bouguer is lower, the value of
fractal drainage is higher. Explicitly, the correlation
coefficient supports this relationship. The negative
value of correlation coefficient, -0.38, has a
meaning of negatively related (as fractal bougeur
increases, fractal drainage decreases). This is not
stronger relationship due to the value of correlation
coefficient is closer to zero.
CONCLUSION
Geothermal potential of Ungaran Volcano is
structurally controlled system. SVD defines the
Gedongsongo Fault is a normal fault resulting
downthrown collapse side around volcanic cone.
The similarity pattern and shape of regional-
residual anomaly indicates the basement involved
to the normal fault.This fault is a potential system
to generate fractured and permeable zone. The
occurrence of volcanic cone is a potential heat
source.
The self-similarity of fractal dimension in a certain
grid scale reveals scale invariant of natural system
as a common object features in geological
phenomena. The periodicity of fractal dimension
values over the bougeur and drainage pattern is as a
condition for predictable natural phenomenon.
In this case, surface and subsurface phenomena has
a correlation in fractal dimension. The two
variables, bougeur and drainage network, has a
negative correlation but not stronger relationship.
When the value of the fractal dimension bougeur
rises, the fractal dimension of drainage pattern
drops and vice versa.
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