The oldest known code of dimensional relationships of man
KASUREMBNT BASIS
was found in a burial chamber of the pyramids near Memphis
Man's dimensional relationships
and are estimated to date back to roughly 3000 BC. Certainly
since then, scientists and artists have been trying hard to
refine human proportional relationships.
We know about the proportional systems of the Empire of
the Pharaohs, of the time of Ptolemy, the Greeks and the
Romans, and even the system of Polycletes, which for a long
time was applied as the standard, the details given by Alberti.
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and the people of the Middle
Ages. In particular, the work of Durer is known throughout the
world. In all of these works, the calculations for a man's body
were based on the lengths of heads, faces or feet. These were
then subdivided and brought into relationship with each other,
so that they were applicable throughout general life. Even
within our own lifetimes, feet and ells have been in common
use as measurements.
The details worked out by Durer became a common
standard and were used extensively. He started with the
height of man and expressed the subdivisions as fractions:
MAN: THE UNIVERSAL STANDARD
7 Z
.7 E
_J Z
V? h » the whole of the top half of the body, from the crotch
upwards
,
/< h = leg length from the ankle to the knee and from the
chin to the navel
’/6 h = length of foot
’/8 h = head length from the hair parting to the bottom of the
chin, distance between the nipples
’/ioh= face height and width (including the ears), hand length
to the wrist
’/« h= face width at the level of the bottom of the nose, leg
width (above the ankle) and so on.
The sub divisions go up to ’/<w h.
During the last century, A. Zeising, brought greater clarity
with his investigations of the dimensional relationship of man's
proportions. He made exact measurements and comparisons
on the basis of the golden section. Unfortunately, this work did
not receive the attention it deserved until recently, when a
significant researcher in this field, E. Moessel, endorsed
Zeising's work by making thorough tests carried out following
his methods. From 1945 onwards, Le Corbusier used for all
his projects the sectional relationships in accordance with the
golden section, which he called 'Le Modulor' p. 30.
15
 MAN: DIMENSIONS AND SPACE
REQUIREMENTS
■MT BASIS

Body measurements
In accordance with normal measurements and energy

7»-------- 1

(V?) Working while standing ^8) Kneeling (T9) Sitting (56) Squatting

16
 MAN: DIMENSIONS AND SPACE
REQUIREMENTS
Space Requirements
SPACE REQUIREMENTS BETWEEN WALLS
«ix moving people, adil • 10% to rvidlhs
In accordance with normal measurements and energy
consumption

UW I—<»—I I-
© © ®
SPACE REQUIREMENTS Of GROUPS

1250 —I
(?) Closely packed (?) Normal spacing (n) Waiting qu«u«

12S0 -------- 1 I— 025 —I 2000

1)4) Marching SPACE (i?) Strolling

REQUIREMENTS OF VARIOUS BODY POSTURES ® Ma«. density: 6 people

par m2 la.g. cable railway)

©©®
SPACE REQUIREMENTS WITH LUGGAGE
H STICKS ANO UMBRELLAS

1000 —J

17
 MAN: SMALL SPACES
DIMENSIONS FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES

Old and new rolling

WCck as an esample Of
mirwnum space
requirements lot
passenger i>an«port

► 60 a t- 100 -< t- 1 20 -*

*-• first class t- 1.97

second class
© Intercity oxpreas carriage, plan view Isecond class) 1.05 m per seat
door tieiptit 2.0m door width 60 lonqildd.ri.il section Ihrougn (2)

]
70cm

TT
J
E
ii
o©o

® Top 6 -I
e [XLQDQ
QO QQQ
J ---------- -i

'5’i' ----- <7 OTO

—longnudlnal section 3
»—ii*—i r
udlnal section S j

OD5
n

l»o ------ • ---- 1«0» 1909 ------------ k 100 seats. 18 folding scats
(T) Lower deck: 4-axle double decker carriage

■T
1 TFQO
.
* *U
© Top deck: 4-axle double decker carriage resiauranl car With 32 seats

■1200—i ------- 1419 -------- 1 -------- ItOt 28 seals, second class

Lower deck: 4-axle double decker carriage with catering ■'
compartment, restaurant and luggage van
18
 MAN AND HIS HOUSING

?1'C average temperature ’ 23% X.jS-ft 2l'C average temperature ' .

' average temperature '•■•XSWXv.
74 c

average- relative humiddy about 0 . 20% average relative humid ty 8,% average relative humidity
. average i
02m’,'h oxygen about 0 015m’ih oxygen .......
about 0 03m’,'h oxygen

40g<h wele' vapou'

:a»bon du>«xle
with low
00167mJ,'h hurrudity.
carbon doxide considerably
O.OlSmVh carbon dioxide more

© Sleeping (T) Resting

(© Working
©-© Production of carbon dioxide and water vapour by humans l5lN,m average hourly
wo-k output on the
Ergostat

The function of housing is to protect man against the weather and to Room humidity temper water
provide an environment that maintains his well-being. The required Room air is most pleasant with a relative air ature coolant
fCI
inside atmosphere comprises gently moving <i.e. not draughty), well humidity of 50-60%; it should be maintained
50 82 63
oxygenated air, pleasant warmth and air humidity and sufficient light. between limits 40% and 70%. Room air which is *9 7886
To provide these conditions, important factors are the location and too moist promotes germs, mould, cold bridging, *8 75 22
*7 71 73
orientation of the housing in the landscape (-* p. 2721 as well as the rot and condensation. -» (§). The production of 46 68 36
arrangement of spaces in the house and its type of construction. water vapour in human beings varies in *5 65 14
62 05
The prime requirements for promoting a lasting feeling of well- accordance with the prevailing conditions and *«*3 59 09
being are an insulated construction, with appropriately sized windows performs an important cooling function. *2 56 25
*1 53 52
placed correctly in relation to the room furnishings, sufficient heating Production increases with rising warmth of the 40 50 91
and corresponding draught-free ventilation. room, particularly when the temperature goes 39 48 40
38 *6 00
above 37°C Iblood temperature!. 37 43 71
The need for air
36 41 51
Man breathes in oxygen with the air and expels carbon dioxide and 35 39 41
34 37.40
water vapour when he exhales. These vary in quantity depending on tolerable for tolerable *<» unrrMKliately 33 35 48
several hours up to 1h
the individual's weight, food intake, activity and surrounding (K.I <tw dangerous 32 33 64
31 31 69
environment -♦ ©-(§). lod-ne vapour 0 0005 0003 006 30 30 21
It has been calculated that on average human beings produce chlorine vapour 0 001 0034 005 29 2862
brom ne vapou" 0 001 000* 0 05 28 27 04
0.020 m3/h of carbon dioxide and 40g/h of water vapour. hydrochlonc acid 0 01 005 IS 27 25 64
sulphuric and - 005 OS
A carbon dioxide content between 1 and 3Xe can stimulate deeper hydrogen sulphide - 02 06
26 24 24
25 22 93
breathing, so the air in the dwelling should not, as far as possible, ammonia 01 03 35
24 2168
carbon monoxide 02 05 20
contain more than 1%». This means, with a single change of air per carbon d-suiphde - 15’ 10 0’
23 20 48
22 19 S3
hour, a requirement for an air space of 32m3 per adult and 15m3 for carbon dioxide 10 80 3X1
21 18 25
17 72
each child. However, because the natural rate of air exchange in free- ■mg per litre 20
19 16 25
standing buildings, even with closed windows, reaches 1V? to 2 times Harmful accumulation of industrial gases 18 15 31
17 14 43
this amount. 16-24m3 is sufficient (depending on the design) as a 13 59
16
normal air space for adults and 8 12m3 for children. Expressed another 15 12 82
activity energy expenditure IkJihl 1* 12 03
way. with a room height >2.5m, a room floor area of 6.4-9.6m? for each 13 11 32
adult is adequate and 3.2-4.8m2 for each child. With a greater rate of at rest in bed (basal meiabohc rate) 250 12 1064
n 10.01
air exchange. (e.g. sleeping with a window open, or ventilation via sitting and writing 475 10 9 39
ducting), the volume of space per person for living rooms can be dressing, washing, shaving 885 9 8.82
8 8 28
reduced to 7.5m3 and for bedrooms to 10m3 per bed. walking at Sknyh 2050 »7 7 76
Where air quality is likely to deteriorate because of naked lights, 7 28
cixmbmg 15cm stairs 2590 1 T6
6
6 82
vapours and other pollutants las in hospitals or factories) and in running at 8kmih 3550 4 6.39
enclosed spaces (such as you in an auditorium), rate of exchange of 3 5 98
rows ng al 33 st'okes'min *765 12 560
air must be artificially boosted in order to provide the lacking oxygen ♦1 6 23
and remove the harmful substances Space heating note that this expenditure in part contributes to heating ai» »n a room 0 489
-1 4 55
The room temperature for humans at rest is at its most pleasant .2 4 22
between 18° and 20°C. and for work between 15eand 18’C, depending 5) Human expenditure of energy
3 3 92
* 3 64
on the level of activity. A human being produces about 1.5kcal/h per 5 337
1c 313
kg of body weight. An adult weighing 70kg therefore generates 2520 2 93
kcal of heat energy per day. although the quantity produced varies I7 8 269
9 2 49
according to the circumstances. For instance it increases with a drop 2 31
10
in room temperature just as it does with exercise. 11 2 14
12 198
When heating a room, care must be taken to ensure that low 13 183
temperature heat is used to warm the room air on the cold side of the 14 1 70
15 1 58
room. With surface temperatures above 70-80'C decomposition can 16 1.46
take place, which may irritate the mucous membrane, mouth and 17 1 35
18 1 25
pharynx and make the air feel too dry. Because of this, steam heating 19 1.15
and iron stoves, with their high surface temperatures, are not suitable 20 1 05
21 095
for use in blocks of flats. 22 0.86
23 0 78
24 0 71
25 064

maximum mate’
content of one
cubic metre ol
»r Igl

19
 HOUSES: PORCHES AND ENTRANCE
HALLS
Porches play a crucial part in sheltering the entrance hall from

RBSIDIMTIAL BUILDINGS
inclement weather conditions. They should be designed as far
as possible with the prevailing local wind direction taken into
account. In addition, they should be visible from the street or
garden gate.
The key rooms with the highest levels of circulation, and,
in particular, stairways, should be immediately accessible from
the hall - (4). For instance, an effective design could have the
hall providing a direct connection between the kitchen, stairs
and WC . (§).

1J Relationships between rooms

(2Central entrance © Side entrance

8J adjacent to porch

! position, whether the doors
10
doors on one snle and Io* level of traftc
rnuumum wxllh ol 0 9m required ll.Om rt bettor)
(lO) Corridor with doors opening Into I ho rooms
doors on one side, and wide enouflh for two
people 10 pass one another unhindered width
1.30 Io 1 40m
doors on both sides, large volume of traffic
1 6m width to allow two i2 0rn or more for
three) people 10 pass each oilier
comfortably
CORRIDORS
Where a long corridor is
necessary, the width is
established according to its
are on one or both sides, the
arrangement of the doors,
and the anticipated volume of
circulation. Appropriate
corridor widths are shown in
{g}.
If possible all doors should
open into the rooms.

=
XTAfr
93\ 2.20
Z'l.'
2 40 2 60
olfsel doors on both sides. Iwmvy traffc

doors on one side. Io* traffic: corridor doors on on« Side. heavy baffc doors opposite one another on both sides
width • dob’ width plus M cm

Doors op«n Into these corridors

245

stairway, no continuation
rooms but with better plan
/
'g', 7 m2 landing serving eight rooms
4 m2 landing serving four k--'1 rooms, a
bathroom and a
® 1 m2 hallway serving four rooms,
separating the bedroom,
bathroom
children's and living room
room.
246 wardrobes
® ®
2m2 landing serving four large rooms and
WC Ibest use of space, good layout)
5 m2 landing serving four large
and two small rooms
3 m2 landing, as (4), with stora/bathroom
but no WC (open stairway gives
dressing room
6 m2 landing serving four rooms, a
bathroom, dressing room and
2 m2 hallway serving throe rooms:
otherwise like fij
5.2m1 hallway with built-in
cupboards serving six rooms
LANDINGS AND HALLWAYS
Floor areas required for different
numbers of rooms
®
appearance of * m2 landing) 5m2 landing serving five rooms and a
2
bathroom
I'Y'S 7 m landing serving six
large rooms and one small
3 m2 landing serving four large
rooms, a small one (o.g. bathroom)
and a WC
storeroom 4 m2 landing serving eight
rooms, with split-level floors Ibest use
of staircase areas)
These figures show the arrangement and number of doors to
rooms that are 2m wide or more for different sizes and shapes
of landing and hallway. The layouts giving the most
economical uso of space are shown in <4), (S), @ and @. The
majority of these examples are based on an aisle width of 1
m, which is suitable as a minimum because two members of
a family can still pass one another. This width does not,
however, leave enough space for built-it cupboards, which are
often desirable -♦ 3$. Enlargement of a landing or hallway at
the expense of room size can allow better door arrangements
and not make the rooms feel any less spacious - ig>.
 STORAGE SPACE
Corners behind doors and
spaces under stairs and
sloping roofs can all be used
to provide storage space.
The easiest space to
exploit is under the staircase,
where there is often room for
large sliding cuphoards > (§)
or even a work space . (g>.
Where cupboards are built
into spaces under roof slopes
it is important to ensure good
insulation must be provided
behind the units. Such
cupboards should also have
air holes at the top and
bottom, or have louvre doors •
@ - so that there is constant
ventilation.

Equipment storage in the roof

space

'g'\ Sliding cupboards under •—' the

stairs

© Drawers in the roof space <1 p, Extended drawers can be - used

under the roof slope

Sliding cupboard* in the eave* Roof-space cupboards with louvre Roof space cupboards next to the Folding bed under a steep roof
doors dormer slope

247
 UTILITY ROOMS
In utility rooms there must be adequate cupboard space for
storing cleaning materials and equipment, tools and ladders -
G)-{6}. Each cupboard should, if possible, be no less than
60cm wide.
In some circumstances, and particularly in multistorey
housing units, chutes made of stainless steel or galvanised
steel sheet can be used for discharging household waste or
collecting laundry ©-©. They will require a ventilation shaft
with a cross-sectional area of 30-35% of the waste chute. For
safety, chute insertion points can have electrical doors so that
only one load at a time can be dropped.
Linen chutes are most likely to be worth considering in
houses on sloping sites with utility rooms in the basement
Household waste should ideally be collected and
transported in portable containers — @ the dimensions of
which need to be taken into account when planning the
standing and movement areas required. These intermediate
waste containers are made of steel sheet or polyethylene and
have capacities up to 110m 3 (110011. More common
household dustbins of polyethylene or galvanised sheet steel
are free-standing and have no wheels - ©. They range from
50 to 1101 capacity and can be contained in a purpose- built
outhouse

rung* 1cr room height side rail length room jide rail length
Vacuum cleaners Imml imml heigh! (nini) Imml
3 2403 1350 12 3530 1710
4 2600 1580 16 4760 2250
up to 8 3500 25*0 20 6870 2770

IjdJ Ladders

shah dia. Ictnl minimum dimension lent!

chute vent * b c <1 e
loose household waste 40.45 25 65 65 21 95
waste in tings 111011 SO 30 eo 130
60 21
paper lotllcc wasial 55 30 65 65 21 no
linen (renuty house l 30 15 35 35 115 110
linen (larger units such as 40 25 45 45
5
rials, hostels, hotels 45 25 50 50
116 110
115 no
V
or hospitalsi 50 30 66 66 115 110

6) Stepping stool (Yl) Waste disposal and laundry collection systems • © ♦ ©

(l?) Wasta disposal in bags

248
 UTILITY ROOMS
bttingy VMlUh
belter The best position for utility rooms is facing north. They should
rqutprrv^r rr.n '.<m|
ideally be near the side or rear door and be adjacent to or
60 60
automate maib.ng machine accessible from the kitchen 0 -
and dryoi .upright urvtl
Utility rooms are used for a variety of purposes, including
AUMI w<b no
VMMlMf h8^d* 60 storage, laundry and ironing, sewing and possibly also for
dirty laundry canunw 50 60 hobby activities. To be of real value, the length available for
■vortdop lor tddod linen 63 I 20 standing space or work surface should be a minimum of 3.80m
ironing surface CO >00 '00 (preferably 4.60m) . (2).
uotage cuptxord 50 60
The arrangement of the equipment should allow safe and
total co WO 460 convenient use: for example, an ironing board when used
standing needs to bc at a different height than when seated -
Arrangement for utility rooms Standing space required for »@
equipment

l-eo 4— '20—4 »-100H H60H—1 20 ------------ ♦- 80-'00-1 r- 60 -4—' 20 ——60-loo-* I

I ------------- 2 40 2 80 -------------------- 1 I ------------- 2 40 2 80- ----------------- 4 ----------- —2 40 2 80 -------------------I

Single sided domestic

Double sided U shape L shape
utility room (L shape)

"Y '. Utility room at side 8) Accessible from kitchen

entrance

-45-.

Ironing and sleeve pressing board 1^17^ Electrical Ironing machine built into
,15) Sewing machine ironing machine
cupboard

249
 MSIDINTIAL BUILDINGS PANTRIES, LARDERS
When planning houses or flats, space should be allocated for
rooms such as larders, pantries or cold stores. The most
practical solution is to have a larder in or beside the kitchen -
<2) - (§)■ It must be cool, well-ventilated and shaded from the
sun. Connections for a freezer unit and a drinks cooler should
also be provided if the larder is of sufficient size and storage
shelves are best arranged right up to the ceiling.
In very large households, there may be a need foi a cold
U shape
store. These are supplied in modular form in a range of sizes
(j'l Typical larder plan*
-♦(§) and include separate cooling and freezer sections

I, 2J Larder and cupboard 3) Comer larder

© As (§) but adjacent to WC 'g'\ Size* ol cold atores —(useful araa

1.23-3.06 m'l

STORAGE
Apart from the cellar and attic rooms there should be at least
one storeroom (1 m2 or more, with a minimum internal width
of 75cm and good ventilation) in the house. For larger
dwellings at least 2% of the living area should be planned as
storage room. The space is needed for storing cleaning
equipment and materials, tools, ironing board, shopping
baskets and bags, cases, stepladder etc. Doors should open
outwards to give more space and internal lighting must be
provided, perhaps by a contact switch on the door. A recess
close to kitchen for built-in cupboards is desirable

5ho
e

(12,1 Storeroom* and cupboard* Storeroom* in entrance araa Storeroom and shoe cupboard in Larder and storeroom in
entrance aroa kitchen area

250
 KITCHENS

© Section through kitchen with Section through kitchen; apace © Low-level oven requires adequate © Worktop* and atorage 60 cm
two worktop* for two people apace in front: eatractor hood deep
above cooker

►—100-J F

I sTs
i
200 1

j\\il
•Tilrri 85-92

crockery storage cupboards, accessible

1-60-4—’20 -------------HCO—I
from both sdes

Household eink height* and high Hatch between kitchen and dining Self-closing door* with kick-plate
Side-by-side working
shelving room between pantry and dining room

for baking and dish-waahing

T
“WU71 T
86 92 Iwl MJ 70-75
JmxLXww
t-CO-4-50- 1.10-4

©
Eatractor fan on outer wall <A).
(j5) Pull-out/swivelling table 16) A breakfast bar arrangement

better if directly above cooker (BI

recommended maximum height ■» 92cm

Section through kitchen units: Plinth depth varies height of work

Kitchen fitting* and standing area* required
preferred measurement* surface

251
 KITCHENS
S9Miailflfl lVIlMiaitlH

Built-in and Fitted Units

Despite increasing standardisation, the dimensions and
manufacturing ranges of kitchen fittings still vary considerably.
Built-in units are generally available from 20-120cm (in 5cm
steps}, usually with a height of 85cm
In an architect-designed kitchen, the various elements are
assembled in a way that cannot be altered, with worktops and
storage surfaces, possibly including an electric oven (with cut-
outs for hotplates) and a continuous cover plate.
The materials used in kitchen units include, wood,
plywood, chipboard and plastic. Exposed wood surfaces are
varnished or laminated with plastic. Shelves are of wood or
plastic-coated chipboard; metal shelves are best for pots and
H(cml ■ Wlcm) x Olcml
50 70-150 35
pans. Sliding or folding doors are useful if space is restricted
65 because they require no additional space when opened.
,00
Floor units -»(£)* (2) are for storing large, heavy or seldom-
used kitchen equipment. Wall-mounted cabinets - (3) + © have
a small depth so that the worktops beneath them can be used
without hindrance. They allow crockery to be reached without
bending.
Full-height cupboards . (5) can be used for storing cleaning
materials, brooms etc. but are are also suitable for housing
refrigerators, ovens, or microwaves at a convenient height.
Sinks and draining boards should be fitted into floor units,
which may also include a waste bin, dishwasher and disposal
units (and, if necessary, an electric water heater).
Single well-mounted unit
Special equipment, such as retractable breadbins with
universal cutting board, equipment cupboards with special
pull-out or hinged compartments, retractable kitchen scales,
spice drawers, pull-out towel rails etc., save time and effort.
An extractor above the cooker is recommended @ and
extractor hoods are most suitable for this task. There is a
differentiation to be made between air extraction and
recirculation systems. Extractor systems require a vent to the
outside but are more effective than recirculation systems and
so are the preferred type.

(?) Full hoight cupboard*

252
 KITCHENS

MSIDINTIAL BUILDINGS
The dimensions of built-in units
and equipment must be taken into
consideration when designing the
layout and storage areas of a
space efficient kitchen. Modern
electrical and gas units as well as
kitchen furniture are made such
that they can usually be fitted
together and built in. giving
combinations that ensure a
(?) Large gas cooker
smooth flow of work. Provide
(3J Refrigerator
sufficient shock-proof sockets: a
minimum of one double socket for
each working and preparation
area.
sue w d h sue w d h A double sink unit is usually
III lcm» kxnl Icml III <cml lem) Icm) required » ® ideally with a draining
50 55 55-60 HO H5 50 55 55-60 surface on one side and a
80-85
h 75 55 60-65 85 75 56 60-65 85 90 standing surface on the other.
100 55 60 65 90
100 55-60 60-55 85 Dishwashers should be fitted to
125 55-60 6b-70 90 ICO
150 CO 65 65-70 120-130
the right or left of the smk. Where
200 65-70 70-75 130-140 the kitchen is very small, compact
250 70-ao 70-75 140-150 kitchens • offer a solution. They
require little space and can be
© Dimensions: rofrigoretors and fitted with many useful features.
freezers -»(3) ♦ © © Dimensions: built-in
refrigerators

37134 34-34
a Ol 4 [acs

__ M '2*

□DI 4

86. I 24
25-34

5SOI44! bODl

110

(ij Dimension*: built-in sinks (?) Type* of built-in sink*

nk unit*

333 03333
-
033
I--S0 parity Board
100
. 12) Hotplato © Kitchen board*
© -
Glass or plastic storage
canisters

(l7) Multipurpose sheer

115) Kitchen scale* ;16) Food processor

253
 KITCHENS
Kitchens should face north east or north-west and be adjacent
to any vegetable/herb garden and cellar. Ideally the kitchen
should look out on the garden gate, house door, children's play
area and the patio ->(T). They should be well located internally
with respect to the pantry, dining room and utility room.
Although the kitchen is primarily a workplace within the
house, it is a room in which the householder may spend long
periods so careful design is important. The kitchen is also
often a meeting point for the family if it contains a dining or
----------- view from «itchen
snack area -♦(?).
------ loules When fitting out the kitchen arrange the units in a way that
iOOin» IIOIIIMI only «i i**gei booses follows the sequence of tasks to reduce the amount of walking
© required, and ensure there is sufficient room for free
Relationship between large kitchen and other areas
movement. Where possible, seek to reduce the amount of
work done standing and ensure no activity requires an
unfavourable body posture by matching working heights to
body sizes. Good lighting of the work surfaces is another
essential provision ( . p. 251).
An appropriate arrangement to ease work in the kitchen
would bc, from right to left: storage surface, cooker,
preparation area, sink, draining surface - (3) - (4). (Note that
left-handed people often prefer to work from left to right.) A
width of 1.20m between the sides is essential for free
movement and using appliances and fittings. With a depth of
60cm on each side this gives a minimum kitchen width of
2.40m .(§>.
The minimum area for a cooking recess is 5-6m2; for
normal kitchens it is 8-lOm7. and 12-14mz for normal kitchens
with dining or snack areas • (4) - (7).
For planning purposes, the following width requirements
for fittings and equipment may be used: cooker 60cm, twin
sinks and draining surface (including dishwasher) 150cm,
refrigerator 60cm, freezer 60cm, cupboards (provisions,
cleaning materials, crockery and appliances) 170cm. With a
worktop surface width of 200cm, this gives a total requirement
of 700cm of standing area.

Effective kitchen workplace arrangement

‘ • loot
B (rutB'CU I. lAOVoej'tltnitoi'Smfi
G ■MilUltS H • Ibl © U-shaped kitchen
C' One-sided kitchen 5 J Two-sided kitchen

Perspective view of onesided Mini.kitchen with Internal

© General view •<D © Kitchen wall unit
kitchen • 1,4? ventilation

254
 Menu: loup. meet course, dessert, course, dessert, white and red course, ice cream, white, red and course, dessert, white, red and
drink wine sparkling wine sparkling wine
Menu: soup, fish and meat Menu: soup, fish and moat Menu: starter, fish end meat

10) Coffee machine (lV) Toaster

Egg boiler

,3) Serving table Dining table Large extending table (l6i Dining table

wxlth
number ol diners depth (OTI (cm. space required |m’>
<cml

four people .',30 26

five people i,»0 38

six people a ,80 i,95 39
seven people >245 51
eght people 2280 52

Heat width Iml » number <1, peopkil 0

round table -------- -------------------------- 7777-------------------------

<0 60 • 6)
e g lor 0 60m sea, width and six people
3.142

Minimum area (^9) Minimum area requirements -♦ (

requirements

255
 DINING AREAS
-60 »35f-6O-*-^-f-BO-‘ 1351 It is often desirable to have space
in the kitchen for eating snacks,
breakfast etc. and use the dining
room for main meals only. This
can be provided by including a
retractable table, with a height of
7O-75cm, which is pulled out of a
base unit - (4). A movement area
of at least 80 cm is needed to the
Minimum tableto-wall distance left and right of the table. If
depends on how food will be sufficient space is available a fixed
sorved table against a free standing unit
can be used (5). Another
alternative is the breakfast bar
arrangement (g). This requires
less depth than the fixed table,
185-90
7075 even though the surface is also
1-60 —
40cm deep, because of its
*-50 110-1 elevation but this also means that
special stools are required.
Q Depending on their design, full
204-21*
44.54 dining areas require far more
space but they can obviate the
need for an additional dining room
□» - (?) ■»(§)• A corner seat and
i
dining table take up the least
Retractable tabla Breakfast bar amount of space . (§}.
It is useful to be able to extend
the dining room through wide
doors or a folding wall for special
occasions -* @ To eat comfortably
an individual needs a table area of
1-80 •
60 x 40cm. A strip of 20cm is
P"4»> space to railway restautant cats needed in the centre of the table
for dishes, pots and bowls -» (J).
T
1 35
Lighting should not be dazzling:

SB
Smallest space for dining tabla
00

Ensure clear access to rear seats

I 60
the ideal distance from lower edge
of the light to the table top is
around 60 cm -»(J).
Suitable locations for dining
and recess with moro than five diners ©
Round table, four to six people
rooms are shown in (u) - Jfe.
•50-— 155 —I --------------------- 39C --

ISO J

r— 40 I 204— 40 -i

do Minimum size for six diners with © Most comfortable seating arrangement in dining room for 12 people (with ('12J Typical table cover
round table sideboardl

(l3) Dining room layout .chom. (u) Self-contained dining room ~ ■' between kitchen Dining room between patio and Dining room and living room, as
and living living room: folding doors allow rt$i. on common patio giving
room (undisturbed dining areal
combination with the living room good natural lighting

256
 BEDROOMS
To ensure comfort while

MSIDINTIAL BUILDINGS
sleeping, the bed length
should be 250mm longer than
the individual's height. Based
on average heights, beds are
produced in a range of
standard sizes: 900 x 1900
mm, 1000 x 1900 mm, 1000 x
2000 mm, 1600 x 2000 mm
and 2000 x 2000 mm. The
bedroom layout should give at
least 600mm, preferably
750mm, around the bed -<0.
This is important to allow the
bed to be made easily and
also, if there is a cupboard
standing parallel to the bed. to
give enough space for
north
movement even if the
cupboard doors are open.
There should always be a
bedside cabinet to the left and
right of double beds and a
headboard, onto which one
can fix clip lights for reading,
is also useful - (2). Bedside
lamps should be provided in
addition to general lighting.
© Bedroom with space for About 1m of cupboard
dressing table and side length should be planned per
cupboard person. If there is not enough
, 75 2 00 | 75 | n room in the bedroom, then
space can be found in the
corridor .
At least one mirror, in which
one can see oneself from
c
head to toe. should be fitted in
a a bedroom: mirrored
** cupboard fronts are even
?
c better.
5
e

Bedroom with dressing room

Chilo's

Bedroom with dreasing room Bedroom with adjacent Bedroom with

Bodroom with adjacent and access to bathroom child's room shower/bathroom
cupboard corridor 3 1S

3 SO

Jw

<l ,fi Two-bed room for z 1,16, Two-bad room

(l3: Dividable . <g>
childran/guasts
257
 BEDROOMS
Hoping root Types of Bed

'j'', Canvas bad; folds to give a stool

Couch/bed conversions

S Sofa bad: badding rolls up in

zippad covers
Bunk bods and units

9 ) Bad on cupboard unit

©
Pullman bad for caravans and
railway alaaping cars

Castor-mounted folding and wall beds

a- 91 2 20

Folding bad on castors Wall cupboards for folding beds Bads unfolded in front of
cupboard doors @
Hinge<Vswinging folding bads

258
 BEDROOMS
Bed Positions
The position of the bed within a room can have a significant effect on a person's feelings of well-being:

I, 2 _) With head to wall (ji ) Awny from tho wall

A self-assured person is happy to sleep anywhere in the room whereas somebody with an anxious disposition may prefer to
sleep next to a wall:

© In cupboard alcove

The arrangement of double beds (and single beds placed side by side or as bunks) has more to do with personal preference
than space. Separate beds have now become common for couples whereas an enclosed double bed was customary in the past:

1/1 /l Box bed (lH; Four poster bed (l9j Canopy bod (20) Ornate bad surround

In addition to room decoration and furnishings, a restful atmosphere also depends on the orientation of the bed (head best towards
north!, position with respect to the light (looking away from window) and the door (looking towards door). Where there is more
than one bed their position with respect to each other is important:
(jjT) Friends (10) Sitters

Different arrangements of beds may be desirable if friends, sisters, brothers or guests sleep in one room:
The last example is formed like a basilica and lit by a special ceiling light when the curtains are closed. These last four examples
show how the room and furniture decoration has depended strongly on the customs of the era.

259
 BEDROOMS
Bed Alcoves and Wardrobes
Built-in cupboards and fitted wardrobes are ideal for owner
occupied houses, whereas free-standing units are better for
rented housing. With small rooms it is necessary to make use
of every space and this need can be satisfied effectively by
creative use of built-in cupboards. Highly suitable are complete
fitted wardrobes or cupboard rooms in walls between the
bedrooms.
Care must be taken to avoid condensation in cupboards on
exterior walls. This is achieved by providing insulation and
good ventilation. Ventilation is also necessary for cupboard
rooms .

3-25
■»tiove

Double alcove (shelve* on the

doors)

(5) Section .(g) Section through Section-.® (Vf) Section -■ Q31 (l 2,! Section . (til
'-z drawers » (6)

60 1 00 . 1 ___________ '50 ____________

1
-----------------‘ I SS t 6S
------------------30

Built-in wardrobe

© Cupboard space and Cupboard area with

shower botwoon two separate accosses
child's bedrooms

260
 BEDROOMS
Storage requirements
When planning storage areas in bedrooms the following
numbers may be used to work out an approximate minimum
volume.

For men For women

1 45-
8 suits 6 suits
6 coats 10 coats
8 jackets 5 jackets
12 pairs trousers 20 dresses
20 shirts 15 skirts
15 tee-shirts 15 blouses
12 jumpers 20 tops
4 pairs pyjamas 15 jumpers
8 pairs shoes 15 pairs leygings/trousers
2 hats 6 pyjamas,'nightdresses
10 pairs shoes
4 hats
Sundry items
6 sheets 6 duvet
covers
12 pillows and cases 8
bath towels 8 hand
towels
© Jackets Trousers

11 . fl • 3 6 fund 3 batn
,i>w«it. towels
© Pyjamas and handkerchiefs
Men's clothes Towels

Women’s hats © Boots and shoes 1,12' Socks ond gloves

\14j' Dressing table Clothes chair (beck in the form of Built-in clothes cupboard using
.13' Clothes hangers 15 a hangerl the doors for storage

261
 BATHROOMS

Fittings
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

1 70 1.87’

Deeper water required tor shorter baths

© Bath unit Bath panolled on one or two sides

with convection heating

Squatting WC (French style) Deep-flush toilet bowl; built-

in cistern

262
 BATHROOMS
1. Wall-mounted units are
preferable for hygiene
reasons and for ease of
cleaning. Deep-flush WCs
reduce odours.
■ 90—J
© •—i—I
r-A-i

2. In contrast to showers,
baths may be used
medicinally (e.g. muscle
relaxation} as well as for
washing.

and may have convection

heating inside.

i --- ^7-
A
B
ieo-
L 18
T TO- •
,00-12
120-15

4. Urinals -»© are often found

in today's households.
Should be of a suitable size

9—A—<

5. Wash-basins:
L
A --------- 1

□ □
I

BxT
T»« 90
a BO" 80 90- and have ample surrounding
90 »■ 100
flat storage surfaces. Flush-
mounted fittings save space
and are easy to clean. Mixer
taps save water and energy.
Note that 1.20 m wide double
wash-basins do not really
provide enough free arm
movement when washing:
better is a layout with two
basins, towel rails in between
and storage to the sides - p.
262

263
 BATHROOM
Cubicles
Traditional wet room installations usually involve substantial
0 (0, wall expenditure and a lot of time. Because the requirements are
largely standardised, prefabrication is desirable, especially for
fanning block terraced and multi-family housing projects, holiday homes,
apartments, hotel facilities and for old building restoration
work. Sanitary blocks can be prefabricated - (f)-®, as well as
0 utility walls or complete cubicles -* with premounted
piping as well as units
block placed against wall with accessories. Prefabricated compact cubicles are
supplied in a range of fixed dimensions.
Prefabricated cubicles are mostly sandwich construction,
- © wc n ry elements with wooden frame and chipboard or fibre-cement panels.
They use aluminium, moulded stainless steel or glass-fibre
reinforced plastic to match the units and accessories.

(3y Sanitary block in front of wall

• I 00 ---- 1
1.07—4

I 16
1’
±5

H— 96 HI

I ------ •157’ ------------ 1

Larger WC cubicla with 7 Bathroom cubiclo

© Compact WC cubiclo with units © Shower cubicle with service ihower
duct

I ------ 1.45 ---------- 1

2.87
'

----- ,53 --------------- ,

I ? 15

(w) Bathroom cubicle with Compact WC cubicle As — (fl) but with shower to one Compact cubicle with
- washing machine --J side showor

l-l 40-1
1-1 W
<
' "T*
"1

1
1 74 u.
M/
1 07.

(l 3} Hospital-stylo WC cubiclo

264
 BATHROOMS

soNiaiinfl iviiNiaism
Location
The most convenient location for the bathroom is adjacent to
e E man's
8
bathroom
8 bedroom
the bedrooms (and the WC if it is not incorporated in the
? bathroom itself). Although showers are compact and often
I WC
5
u
5
rtoman'k
bodroom
preferred by younger people, baths are generally more
suitable for the elderly.
If the house has no utility room and a small kitchen, spaces
1
and connections can be provided in the bathroom for washing
• corridor machines and laundry baskets.

(T) Spatial relationships with tho bathroom

bathroom unrVequipment foix atea

width (cm) depth tcrnl

bmttln wash basins and brdets

t single buiitm wash-basin >60 >55

2 double built in wash basm > 120 >55
3 built in single wash basin with
>70 >60
cupboard below
4 built in double wash-begin with
cupboard below > 140 >60
>50 • 40
5 hand wash bas-n
6 b-det illoor-etariding o’
wati-mouniedl 40
60

tubs/trays

7 bathtub > 170 > 75

8 shower tray >80 >80"

WC »nd urinals

9 WC with wall unit or prassure cistern 40 75

10 WC with built in wall cistern 40 60
11 urinal <0 *0

washing equipment

1? washing machine 40 IO 60 60
13 clolhes drier 60 60

bathroom lurnitu»r

14 Ww cupboards, high cupboards. according

wall hung cupboards to male 40

• in the case o! shower trays with w . 90 this can also be 76cm

3 Swing doors to bathroom and WC © Bathroom on landing

JO; Space requirements for bathroom and WC units

from parents' bedroom between bedrooms

water watei water apprOr.nM.te

consumption consumption temperature tme
for II) I"CI Inunsl

washing

hands 5 37 2

lace 5 37 2

teeth 05 3

tccblcgs 25 37 4

whole body 40 38 15
Bathroom between
heir washing 20 38 ,0
bedrooms
30 40 5
children s bath

bathing:
full bath 140-160 40 15

s.u bath 40 40 8
showar bath 40-75 40
6

groonung

wet shave 1 37 4

'g''| Bedrooms and bathroom can • ■' be Hot water requirements: tomperatura and usage time for domestic water
closed off using swing 3 Bathroom and saparate heaters
doors shower

265

RKSIDKMTIAL BRILDIMRS
© Bathroom under roof with skylight
'g-'. Bathroom accessed from
corridor
5 -1 Typical bathroom in
terraced house
1 -1 Kitchen, bathroom and WC on one
utility well
g -1 Kitchen, bathroom and WC on one
utility wall
266
BATHROOMS
Location
Bathrooms with WCs are self-contained rooms which are
equipped with all of the fittings necessary to meet all the
sanitary needs of the occupants. However, the plan should
ideally include two separate lockable rooms for the bathroom
and WC and this is essential in dwellings for more than five
people. A bathroom with WC can be directly accessible from
the bedroom as long as another WC can be reached from the
corridor - @
'2'', Bathroom accessible from A bathtub and/or shower tray plus a wash-basin are
bedroom and via shower/WC installed in the bathroom, while a flushing toilet, bidet and hand
washing basin are installed in the WC.
For cost efficiency and technical reasons the bathroom,
WC and kitchen should be planned such that they can share
the same service ducts . Q) + (4), 0 - In multistorey homes, an
arrangement such that the utility walls for the bathrooms and
WCs are directly above one another helps to keep installation
costs and the necessary sound insulation measures as low as
possible. However, adjacent bathrooms in two different flats
must not be connected to a single supply or discharge pipe
system.
The bathroom and WC should be orientated towards the
north, and should normally be naturally lit and ventilated. At
least four air changes per hour are required for internal rooms.
For comfort, a bathroom temperature of 22 to 24°C is about
right. A temperature of 20°C is suitable for WCs in homes. This
is higher than that encountered in office buildings, where 15 to
17°C is the common norm.
Bathrooms are particularly susceptible to damp so
appropriate sealing must be provided. Surfaces must be easy
to clean because of high air humidity and condensation, and
the wall and ceiling plaster must be able to withstand the
conditions. Choose slip resistant floor coverings.
Consider the required noise insulation: the noise levels
from domestic systems and appliances heard in neighbouring
Nassauer Hof Motel. Wesbadcn
flats or adjoining rooms must not exceed 35 dB(A|.
(6 J Typical hotel layout
At least one sealed electrical socket should be provided at
a height of 1.30m beside the mirror for electrical equipment. It
is also necessary to consider the following for the
bathroom,'WC: cupboards for towels, cleaning items,
medicines and toiletries (possibly lockable), mirror and
lighting, hot water supply, supplementary heater, towel rails,
drier, handles above the bathtub, toilet paper holder within
easy reach, toothbrush holder, soap container and storage
surfaces.
<g\ Kitchen, utility room.
bathroom and WC centrally
grouped
(?1J Spacious bathroom
@ £n suite bathroom and separata © Bathroom and launa (linked
shower room via shower)
 BATHROOMS
Planning Examples
Specially designed polyester
baths (wide shoulder and
narrow foot sectionsl and
shower units offer space
savings that make small
rooms appear more spacious
Baths with chamfered
corners can be useful in
renovation projects • t@.
2.50
Q Planning example: small
As . (,). but 2.50 m wide
bathroom
90 75 75

© Small bathroom with corner

(Ei) Six-sided bath and shower 1.10

bath . 9090
83 90

^9J Bathroom with separate showor 10,’ Double-sided arrangement

75 . 75 . 75

125 40 25 ■XV30

(15) Shower. WC. bldot. basin

Bath with chamfered corner

Bath and shower with 19)
(necessitated by limited space)
saparate washing area
267
 HOUSE ORIENTATION
boundary
NORTH
yaid little sun, cold rtinicr winds even light.
=a =a largo wnd-ows tor scattorod light during
the day necessary, lower insect problems

(«>>«« north
“leajt-joulh
tccan road -'terrace.
1
Q distance as
cast west road gieat as T
possible
heritage or
M] bteklmg tine
terrace
t-
a . inm <1
stance be ween built lings
_________ ________
weathered side in Preferred house
/p\ Preferred house -
Europe, intense morn ng pleasant orientation on north-
orientation on afternoon sun can' warming up in
cause overheating and summer, fastest to south roads (east sida
mt-w*tl roada dazzling an summer cool in winter of street is favourable)
so consider planting communal area
trees muse room
dining root-
Preferred directional laodog'hali library playroom living mam bedroom
orientation of individual playroom room winter guest-room
study kitchen one-
garden breakfast area
rooms room flat

favourable
unfavourable
favourable
unfavourable -/
SOUTH
late or in-ci best side of house, midday sun in
garage favourable
summer, strong sun in winter: consider
awnings ar-d overhanging roots os W
prelection against the sun very poodTT TT
© Favourable (preferred) and
unfavourable positions on slopes © Preferred house orientation on
straats with various directions
and streets

Optimal residential sites
As a rule, sites to the west and south of towns and cities are
preferred for residential development in areas where the
prevailing winds are generally southerlies or westerlies (eg.
many parts of western Europe!. This means the houses
receive fresh air from the countryside while urban pollution is
dissipated to the north and east. These latter areas, therefore,
are not desirable for housing and should instead be
considered for industrial buildings. Note that in mountainous
areas or by lakes the wind behaviour described above may be
different. For example, sunny southern and eastern slopes in
the north and west of a city located in a valley basin could be
sought-after locations for the construction of private homes.
Plots located on mountain slopes
Plots located on the lower side of mountain roads are
particularly favourable because they offer the possibility of
driving directly up to the house, where a garage can be
located, and leave a tranquil rear garden with an uninterrupted
view and sun. On the upper side of the street, this is far harder
to provide and walls and concrete ditches are usually
necessary behind the house to guard against falling rocks and
collect rainwater running off the mountain. Plots located by
water
The potential nuisance from mosquitoes and foggy conditions
make it inadvisable to build too close to rivers and lakes.
Plots are generally narrow and deep in order to keep the
street side as short as possible. If the plot is situated to the
north of the street, the building should be located towards the
rear, despite the extra costs of a longer access. This is in order
to take advantage of the sunny front garden area. Buildings
on such plots can be impressive when seen from the street.
<T)
Plots on the east of streets running north-south . @are the
most favourable in areas with westerly prevailing winds
because gardens and living areas then face east, which is the
most sheltered. Additionally, it is less likely that there will be
neighbouring buildings close enough to obstruct low sun in the
east. To take advantage of winter sun (low in the southern
skyl, the buildings must be situated close to the northern
boundary so a large area of terrace can be south-facing. Plots
on the west of a north-south street should be planned in a way
that maximises the amount of southern sunlight received and
gives an unobstructed view from the terrace. This might
require the house to be built on the rear boundary
The most favourable plots for
houses in streets running in other directions are shown in
Plots adjacent to existing houses built on the sunny side
have the advantage that the position and ground-plan of the
new house can be designed in a way that ensures the sun will
not be obstructed at any time in the future

Orientation relative to the street Room orientation

For separate houses with boundary walls, the most favourable
plots are usually situated south of the street so that all auxiliary
rooms, together with the entrance, are then automatically
positioned facing the street. This solves any privacy problems
because it leaves the main living and sleeping areas located
on the quiet, sunny side least south -west!, facing away from
the street and overlooking the garden. If the plot h8S sufficient
width, large French windows, terraces and balconies can be
used to good effect. - <L)
Whenever possible, all living and sleeping areas should face
towards the garden on the sunny side of the house, with the
utility areas on the opposite side This allows rooms that are
occupied for the most time to take advantage of natural solar
heating. Use of a local sun diagram <pp. 164 and 165) will
indicate when the sun will shine into a room, or a part thereof,
at a particular hour for any season. This information may also
be used to decide which way the building should be orientated
and where it should be placed to avoid being shaded by
neighbouring buildings, trees and the like.

272
 HOUSING TYPES

semi detached linked houfret

■"x. house type. detached single family home terraced house
house Iwith v3rdl
buildings with
attached plot

i r~n i
... . fi t..

ITIAL
“I T --------------------------T s ZSsIZZii J|G
^'P ■ td"
iff ■■ Sff -- *‘***:’i: • [ I ] •
.FT.
characteristics

' ,5
1 ’3 4 | (13 5f
1 minimum front width (ml “I- » | ,3 1
» | 20 55 | 55 | 75
23 1 20 18 5 1 ,7 5 ’ 24-1“ —1 ----------------
o plot depth, minimum (ml 22 I 20
1
plot depth Ipiele'red value! 125) l2Sl l») (25) 1251 | 1201 <26) | 30 | 25
-, 1
1
440 400 300 '260 250 1 262 130 1 165 ! 108
3 minimum sire ot plot (mJl 1 1 1
(2361 1
(5001 1 |SOO> (3?5| 1 (3251 13361 1 1300) (143) I

------------------ 11 r 1
d additional area for saparate ! 1 130! 30 1 I
•T garage or parking space Inp) 1
1 1
c plot area net land tor 440 , 400 300 . 260 2S0 I 262 ’60 I 165 ’»
O construction (3 • 41 lm’> 1 , |2W» 1 1
1500) | ISCOI <3751 J 1325) (338) J (3301 (’73) | 1

—
6 noimal number of storeys 1 , , ‘2 I 1<2 2 It) 2 j , 2
1
r
7 average gross floor area,‘house (m?i ,50 ,60 ’£0 1 too ,» 150 .30 | ,30 ’50

04
05 1 062 06 0 57 08 (0 751
llOOr area index (calculated) 0 34 (03)
1032)
10 10451 _______ 1 0 78 079
41 1 1051 1045)
8 _
maximum permitted floor area index” 05 05 08 <0 5, 08 1 06 08
9 1
maximum permitted land use ratio” 04 06 04
04

,o average occupancy (occupan,S‘dwiMlingl 35 35 35 3.5

ne, residential densty (dwetlirgshectarcl 22 J 25 33 J 38 ♦0 J 38 62 | 60 1

53
j1 maximal
variance 20 25 26 39 29 40 50 62

iie( res-dentiai densty 'occupartShectarcl 77 [ as ”6 J ,33 140 J 133 217 j 2,0 | 186
.. 2 maximal
70-90 90 133 103 143 ,70 2,0
variance

• without garage on mo property

” village and residential areas
® _ . . ,. ,
Summary of typical housing densities
. ...

design related integration with regard to architecture and vegetation

The relationship between dwellings and surroundings Positioning of the house on the plot end integration in the - -
neighbourhood

Relationship between dwelling and plot Plot tones end the impact on the design of tho dwelling plan (the
arrangement of rooms, functional areasl

273
 SQUARE, CUBIC AND TENT-SHAPE
FORMS

Soction

12

1 toll
2 living araa
3 kilctonibraaklaat to- «
dining room
5 bathroom
6 bedroom
Attic floor © © lower ground floor 7 Clukl'i bedroom
Soction
8 utility room
9 hobby room
10 provisions
11 hoot-ng
12 garage
13 terrace
14 terraced-meg
15 sludo

(5 J Houio on o alopo • (6)

\
la1I
5E
pP P««"« |
1 bath

XI

(13) Uppor floor Soction

283
 CALCULATIONS: DIVISION OF SPACE

OFFICK
room

OfliC*

Y) With standard desks (size 0.78 • 1.56m), a division of 187.5 is suitable for e ribba<V*lab-and-beam floor - having a 62.5 grid module
IKoenen floorl with normal formwork. Better for movable partitions

2^ Modular desks (sizo 0.70 ■: 1.4Om, Velox system). By combining modular desks with Velox continuous - tabla with filing unit*
below windows instoad of filing cabinet* I -•{JX one grid module in every five
was savod. Desk clearance of 7Scm is possible only when swivel chair* on casters are used.

■y Division of combinod office, with

outer individual offices and related
common areas

Section through individual and shared rooms in a combined office Aichitccis Sliuht and partners

345
 CALCULATIONS: FLOOR AREA
Light REQUIREMENTS
levels in office T ical
(lO) VP ventilation '- x z
©
buildings requirements - 360 4
20 — i
© standard shaped units
pm tHM'di. Boot shelve,
OFFICE BUILDINGS

55 - - 1 56 1 56 I 56 — 139 -tjp,

40 !■
•
a; 25366
..J

pm Boards. book shelves, pull out

shelves, suspended hies
12
34 Possible layout of a small room in a combined office (perhaps,
home basedl

o o 51 Office area requirements are calculated in two parts.

(1) People space is calculated as (standard individual space x
h 33
®
loOle
extensor
with
number of people) + allowances for immediate ancillary
needs + a factor (usually 15%) for primary circulation.
I2) Non-people space (e.g. machine rooms, and libraries and
the like for which fittings and equipment sizes are more
important than staff numbers in setting the area
standard distances requirement) should be calculated by informed estimates
Between centre lines
based on existing good practice or comparable examples +
ol walls
7 50m.Q an additional factor for primary circulation.
8 25 m-. ©and® 5 00m-
.©
Figures for the average floor area requirement for each
3 75m-0) workstation and employee in an organisation (including office
© equipment and space to operate it), not including management,
4VKJIV>9>OUP Ot*<C normal maximum Xl have roughly the following distribution:
depth ol office 3 75 7 50m IO0 3
30% 3.60-4.60 m2
disl between window* 25m
9.25m
600m 117 - 0 - depth of ^X
55% (average 8.5m2) 7.00-9 00m2
dist between colunvi)
mam corridor width
1 75 7 50m 11 00m djyiqtit entry 15% >9.00- 15.00 m2
1 75 2 50m 3.25 m
vide cotrtdov width height ol 1 50 200m 250 2 50m thumb: The space requirement per employee clearly depends on a
offee 400m
5 OOm
® Rula of tht D « number of factors, e.g. type of work, use of equipment and
1.SHW machinery, degree of privacy, level of visits made by outsiders
and storage needs. The average workstation floor area
requirement until 1985 was 8-10m2; in future it will be 12-15m2.
15 00 m'
Although a minimum floor area requirement for office
floor areas of:
up to 50 m2 2.50 m
til over 50 m2 2.75 m
oo
over 100 m2 3.00 m
desifln. tech
meal
over 250 and up to 2000 m2 3.25 m
planning workstations has not been defined, the following guidelines
i''g"''' Minimum dimensions for ^-z two-
p«rson office should be followed: separate offices, minimum 8-10m2
average — -------
(according to the grid module); open-plan offices, minimum l2-
level 41
Wiwk
troth air
m'.'h person
Id VDI
requlrenwnts
lo ASHRAE
g ladelme
15m2.
tghixig <miy <lux) Station office employee 4.50m2
10 non smoking.
corridors, toilets healed *r secretary 6.70m2
ancillary rooms 30
*t*r» 60 -
when * iy C departmental manager 9.30m2
outside
archives 120 250 director 13.40 m2
clerical won,. 250 503 10 27 office space
20 30 nonsmok,.ig assistant vice president 18.50m2
post room.
kitchen
26 34
30 40 smolmg
vice president 28.00 m2
l«h dtawmi) 600 1 003 A representative calculation of the space requirement for a
lebo'Mrxy 4 000 34 51 smolinq
51 68 exec offree workstation is as follows:
work room, min. 8.00 m2 floor area;
free circulation space, min. 1.5m2 per employee, but
min. 1 m wide;
surrounding volume of air, min. 12m3 when most work is
done while seated, min 15m3 when most work is done while
not seated.
The following floor-to-ceiling heights are recommended for
12 50 m'
administration.
An American study (Connecticut Life Insurance) indicates the
ronviwcml following requirements for floor area and space to operate
office equipment (personal floor area + an additional 50cm on
© Examplei of ideal workstations
all sides):
The depth of a room depends on the space required for an
individual in a multi-occupant, open-plan, group or office room.
The average depth of office space is 4.50-6.00m. Daylight

346
 CALCULATIONS: FLOOR AREA
REQUIREMENTS
illumination reaches work workstations to a depth of approx.
4.50m from the window (depending on the location of the office
building, e.g. in a narrow street or in an open area). Rule of
thumb: D - 1.5HW, where D is the depth of light penetration and
Hw is the height of the window head (e.g. Hw = 3.00m, D =
4.50m). Workstations located in the deepest third of the room
require artificial light. Working groups often have to do without
dayl.ght penetration, since they may be allocated to deeper
rooms if that is required by the building layout
The width of corridors depends on the occupation of the
space and the area required to move equipment. Generally
speaking, it should be possible for two people to pass each
other.

347
 CALCULATIONS:
FLOOR AREAUsable floor area is based on the
iLdnJ
REQUIREMENTS
principle of office units arranged in
a row along the facade or some
variant thereof, with office size
determined by rank or function.
user usable Moo; area in oir<«
cleueal wort m
One senior sratl member will* e need toi
a-’ dnciction regarding peitonnei or social services,
s or needing io be «W« 10 career,:raio
approx 12 in’
two senior staff members Iperheps with scaling
provided lot a trainee) or one emp'oyeo with a
conlererve table lor about roct people
________________________ approx IHnV
Manager with a conference table tor about six
people, or three senior stair members or
s secretaries, or two eenapr stall members with
' " rr- additional equipment or a workstation, or a room
Jt* . —g m front ol the Director's Ollice with e wa,tmg
area 24-30nV
Isblei pranged
Section leader's office or functional room
with gangways ®
containing a great deal of equipment
& lerger than 30 mi
v
je

o
r

Ming

4-
o
^1^ Minimum room width according to window grid modules

According to standard dimensions relating to the larger module is needed, the spacing shown in ®
varied space requirements in office buildings, the should be selected.
minimum distance between the centre lines of The largest grid module for office buildings is
windows or window columns is 1.25m. The resulting 1.875m; the figure shows some
distances between the centre lines of partitions arc examples of the many efficient ways to position
2.50m. 3.75m, 5.00 m etc. > ® These offer furniture. Beam spacing according to the standard
considerable choice in positioning furniture, and are dimensions of 625mm or 1.25m is also suitable for
flexible enough to fulfil almost every requirement. If this centre distance, and every third beam will
a coincide with a facade column.

Possible arrangement for different window grid modules

348
 CALCULATIONS:
SPACE FOR
OFFICE BUILDINGS

FURNITURE

A wide range of office

furniture is available. The
suitability of furniture for any
office is influenced by its
flexibility, adjustability,
durability. IT compatibility,
storage space, ergonomics,
aesthetics and cable
handling.
The space required while
seated and standing is used
to calculate the minimum
clearance between individual
desks or tables (preferably a
minimum of 1 ml. depending
on whether they are placed
against walls or other tables,
or in front of filing cabinets.
Windows placed high in
the wall provide satisfactory
illumination deep into the
room, which allows efficient
use of space and access to
the window ledge «

®
Tobloa connected directly to (t7''l Circulation between tables Filing cabinets beneath
window sills ' and windows window sills
349

High desk for card index; 1500
card* in each boa
Service counter
A: with passage behind it
B: with ad|Olnmg desk
© Computer desk with double
retractable trays (Veloxl
(l2) Cabinet for vertical filing
CALCULATIONS:
SPACE FOR
FURNITURE
Double unit » (3) Cabinet for atoraga of varioui
standard size cards and diskette*
> person standing on the other side
Service counter with desk feeing Individual counter units; can be
client* (Swedish style) separated
Many furniture systems in
contemporary offices are still
designed according to standards in
OFFICE BUILDINGS
use smee 1980 In addition, furniture
units such as simple work tables
and desks that incorporate filing
systems are still used. Because of
the increasing use of VOUs and
keyboards, European standards for
workstations specify a surface
height of 72cm high. A new desk
measuring 140cm x 70cm x 74cm •
(3': has been introduced, together
with the standard desk whose
dimensions are 156cm x 78cm x
78cm. The requirements include
adjustable workstation height,
protection against vibrations, a
sound-absorbent surface and foot
rests with ergonomically correct
height. preferably adjustable.
Chairs should be adjustable,
with castors and upholstered seats
and backs. Properly contoured back
support for the lumbar curve is
essential in an office chair. It should
also provide firm support for the
lower part of the back and the upper
thighs. Many combinations ol
typewriter stand and desk are
available, ranging from space-
saving units to built-in systems
Eilioo aicfeixes anti caul
aAateuia’ systems
Filing, archives and card
indexes may use cabinets without
sides, usually in steel units of
standard dimensions.
Counters for transactions with a
are generally long, and should be
62cm wide and approx. 90cm high
(g) If a counter is only 30cm wide,
its height should be approx 100cm
— (?). In public areas of a building
where high security is required, this
makes it difficult for any person in
front of the counter to reach
anything behind it — (7)- Clearance
to stand and deal with members of
the public should be provided
behind the counter .p 362 (£)-(©.
Individual counters are easier to
reorganise since the floor space is
more flexible - (8)
Some counters and switch
boards, e.g. in reception areas,
hofd VDU terminals and probably
keyboards. Their design should
take account of this
Cupboard for omploysas'
clothing
350
 CALCULATIONS: ARCHIVE SPACE
In spite of new office technologies, the use of paper as the mam storage
medium for information has increased Paper consumption doubled every 4
years until 1980 Computer memory has now become a more common way
of storing information in office communication systems, but the need for
what is known as uncodcd information (printed letters, texts, periodicals
etc.) means that paper will continue to be used.
It is necessary to arrange stored documents in a clearly labelled
system, with short circulation routes and efficient use of space Space
should also bc available for archives (T). As cabinet widths increase, the
aisle between cabinets should also get wider.
I x W (filing equipment) = space for furniture
♦ V>L x Wj» 0.5 - aisle space
Total requirement = space for furniture + aisle space Deep tiling
cabinets are more economical The diagram in . @ shows the relationship
between furniture floor area and aisle space required for a vertical filing
system using large archival shelves (Velox system) or a flat filing system.
The floor area needed for a vertical filing system is 5.2m 2, and the aisle
space should be 4.6m2 1100:90) For flat filing systems, the floor area is
3.2m2 and the aisle space 3 6m2190:100, ratio reversed). Flat filing systems
cannot hold os much as vertical ones, and high shelf units are hard to
organise Vertical files may reduce staffing levels in the filing section by <0%.
Hanging files use wall space 87% better than box files -* @. An efficient
way to move files is by paternoster elevator. Workstations should include
shelves for sorting, a small table and a chan on castors.
Pull-out shelf with
The filing room should bc centrally located, and the best window grid
telescopic runners
module is between 2.25m and 2.50m Since a clear height of only 2 10m is
required, three storeys of filing could be fitted into a space which would only
take two storeys in normal offices. Dry storage rooms are essential, and
therefore attics and basements are unsuitable
Narrow shelves @ and @ with hanging files and a writing surface can
provide a functional connection between workstations Trolleys can be used
either as writing surfaces or lor card index boxes. Movable filing systems
give substantial space saving 1100 120%) by eliminating intermediate
Rack (or magnetic tapes or film <49 passages -» @'B. There are no fixed standards for filing systems. They are
separata holders) usually adapted to suit individual requirements, such as registries, archives,
libraries and storage areas. The increase in load for each square metre of
floor space must be taken into account. File shelving may be moved by
hand or by mechanical means. In some designs, the entire filing system, or
only parts of it, can be locked by one handle.

Pull-out rack (or suspended (iles

® Rock to hold suspended (lies
111 long ri lc«e leal M*4«V MO*UK »n CiXfibfMtl
parallel to front tarun on opm o«Q«iw<« n
5hd«ts »• JW ■».«p*rv*v! Utrsj HI
pjpeoxd fetem ur»t> ft ■ >B -
W

lOOXi fivu .,rpio« 1,25 m tlflOm 2 4m

2 mm link lailtijn- lloonthuouseabin« w w.it
hoWeisl: appro. length 5«m’ 3 25m2 38m'
35 8i<m exh 21 tow jiwOn'l i tx-Xiil np
Oprtieon bU eithdng sdt
piisigri
Supporting rail (or centre-
wv)r^wil>i<y sms e we w«7S(*ev
Pull-out shelf (or diskettes
mounted suspended (Iles (u) Spoce required by different filing systems
I 52-
8 ------
turnimc apace
355
8 —ft A A A /
J
I
lurnitore spsce/ /
VVVZ
3‘Sle space '
furniture spice
9
*>
furniture space

aisle space
mm a $
|6M>-

aisle spare
s furniture space
82 A A /I A /
*
A
( 1/ V V /

aisle spare

(l l) Clrculation/fumiture areas (or

1.30 nV — 1.05 —
ifllO, 6101
11be
1

J
k
JI
(15) Wal1 ,pnc" n““d«d fig)

q
Continuous tables Section .
(or suspended and with trolley

ii- ........ : box (lies (equal nos

of documents,

-i r rew, of # * ra* i of filet I aaaaooaa a

C_2 C3 CJ a c=j
k Lwiikli JiU ; J t=> a anoo

.2 * office space
saved
-fifTTF M
Handling limes
Comparison ot list and vertcal tiles
NZ1 rr.rtl 1.J ri 1..1
motor -
fiat vertical . control
rn i f 11 i ii00*** T* " rii 7 t't‘r ]• "TI** I t r •

rr: remove file

sort t.'es
replace files
29%
41%
30%
100's.
141,
661.
20%
100% plan ot movable filing
11;

®
Large Velox archivol shall Isection (75) Filing systems 08) A = movable filing; B • comparison with space (or normal tiling
1?
end plenl
Number of occupants for various office sizes

351
1.20 m grid modulo
The standard room size of 18 m* 2 3 I3 x 1.20m less 0.10m for the partition) corresponds to a 3.50 m room width, which is too narrow for standard furnishings
for two employees (2 x 1.00 m clearance plus

2 x 0.80 m depth of desk -

3.60rn). The two-grid-module room, 230m wide, is too narrow for one senior staff member with seating for a visitor. Deeper workstations with video display
units and other special equipment require the next largest room <4.70m).
1.30m grid module
A room 3.80 m wide, corresponding to 18m2 usable floor area, allows for an additional filing cabinet, two video display stations 0.90m deep, one drawing
table or drawing machine and one desk, and one desk and conference table for four people. Such an office is very flexible, and will accommodate
workstations of all standard office sizes without any need to move the walls.
1.40 grid module
A room 4.10m wide, i.e. 3 x 1.40 m less 0.10 m for a partition, provides excellent possibilities for furnishing and more flexible use. A room depth of 4.40 m,
providing 18m2 floor area li.e. 4.10m x 4.40m), is normally sufficient for special uses or greater demands on space. Increasing the room depth to 4.75 rn
increases the usable floor area of a three-grid-module standard room to 19.5m2 fi.e. 4.10m x 4.75m|.

352