CHAPTER ONE MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
1 T or F: Metals have higher melting point than
ceramics in general
False
2 "According to the textbook, the period of
human history associated with prominent
materials before 2.5 million years ago is
referred as"
Stone Age
3 Materials that are neither good conductors
nor good insulators of electricity is called
Semiconductors
4 "What is the term used to refer to a single
hydrocarbon molecule in plastic materials,
such -C2H4- in polyethylene plastic bag."
Mer
5 What is the chemical name of nylon?
polyhexamethylene adipamide
6 What are the four main properties of metals
high electrical conductivity, strength, ductile,
metallic luster
7 "According to the textbook, the period of
human history associated with prominent
materials during 4000-3000 BC is referred as"
Copper Age
8 "According to the textbook, the period of
human history associated with prominent
materials in the present time period can be
referred as"
Plastic or Semiconductor (silicon) Age
9 What material replaced the Asian silk used
for parachutes in World War II?
Nylon
10 The Golden Gate bridge in San Francisco
was built primarily using what metallic
material
Steel
11 "In materials, if atoms are arranged in a
regular repeating pattern, it is termed as
___________ materials."
Crystalline
12 T or False: S is part of polymer groups?
False
13 T or F: Ceramics are more chemically stable
than metals
True
14 A composite is a(n):
combination of material groups
15 What are the four main properties of
ceramics?
brittle, chemically stable, high melting point,
high thermal resistivity
16 "Semiconductors are neither good electrical
conductors nor good electrical insulators. Why,
then, are semiconductors considered as an
important engineering material?"
Precise control of chemical purity allows
precise control of electronic properties.
17 What is a property?
the response of a material to an external effect
18 Examples of properties
Mechanical, electrical, deteriorative, optical,
magnetic, thermal
19 what are the classes of materials
Metals, ceramics, polymers
20 what is a metal
inorganic metallic elements
21 name 2 properties of metals
1. Thermal and electrical conductors 2. Strong
and ductile
22 why are metals good conductors metals
ceramics
because they have free electrons polymers & composites

23 what is an alloy
33 order of stifness
a combination of 2 or more metals and non-
metals
metals and ceramics
composites
24 What is a ceramic polymers
a compound of metals and non-metals 34 order of strength
25 name 5 properties of ceramics metals
composites
1. Hard and strong 2. Brittle 3. Resist high ceramics
temps 4. Low density 5. electrical polymers
insulators
19 order of electrical conductivity
26 common example of a polymer
metals
plastic semi conductors
ceramics and polymers
27 what is a polymer 20 what do properties of materials depend on

a long chain molecule and network usually bonds between atoms

based on carbon atomic packing

28 name 3 properties of polymers 21 what is an atom comprised of

1. electrical insulators. 2. low density 3. low Proton + neutron + electron

operating temperatures 22 where is the mass of the atom located

29 what are composites nucleus

a mixture of 2 or more materials 23 where is the volume of the atom located

30 what is unique about semi conductors electron cloud

24 what does the atomic # dictate
they share properties of both insulators and
conductors # of protons
25 what type of electrons determine important
properties
31 what types of materials are used in "Bio-
Materials" valence electrons

all 26 what are electroPOSITIVE elements

32 order of density of materials metallic elements that GIVE UP outer electrons

to become CATIONS
27 what are electroNEGATIVE elements
non metals that ACCEPT electrons to become
ANIONS
28 electronegativity
the tendency to attract electrons
29 essentially, why do atoms bond together?
to reduce overall energy
30 when is equilibrium reached
when Fa+Fr=0 OR when the overall energy is
at a minimum
31 what is bonding energy
the energy required to break the bonds
32 what would a higher bonding energy do
stronger bonds=higher strength=higher
melting temp
33 types of primary bonds
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Metallic
34 types of secondary bonds
1. Van der Waals
2. Dipole fluctuations
35 Primary, Secondary; Physical Chemical.
MATCH THEM
Primary=Chemical, Secondary=physical
36 between what types of elements are ionic
bonds typically found
metals and non metals
37 what type of material are ionic bonds
usually found in
Ceramics
38 why do ions pack together
to maintain neutrality
39 materials which are ionically bonded are
what? (3 things)
1. very strong
2. brittle
3. insulators
40 Covalent bonds
sharing of electrons, they try to attain noble gas
configs
41 degrees between sp^3 orbitals
109.5
42 %Ionic Character formula
[1-exp(-0.25(Xa-Xb)^2)]x100
43 what are 'ion cores'
closely packed metal ions in ordered
arrangements
44 what type of bonding are SEAs of electrons
found
Metallic
45 Metallic bonds are insulators or conductors
conductors (free electrons)
46 Secondary bonding
low energy-weak bonds
47 what are secondary bonds based on
dipoles(separation of charge)
48 Where are Van der Waals forces found
between 2 adjacent polar molecules
49 What does Amorphous mean?
NO REPEATING ORDER or pattern in bonds,
aka short range order
50 What are crystals?
Atoms bonded together in a REGULAR 3D
patter, aka long range
51 what materials are crystalline Patterns 62 which is the most & least symmetric crystal
found in? structure

Ceramics, Metals, Some polymers cubic & tricrilic respectively

52 What are space lattices 63 linear desnity formula

the arrangement of atoms number of atoms/ unit length of direction

vector
53 What is a unit cell
64 Planar density formula:
the smallest repetitive unit which is part of the
lattice pattern (it must display the minimum # (atoms/2D repeat unit)/(area/2D repeat unit)
of features but never repeat any)
65 Single crystal
54 name the 3 types of densely packed
structures when a piece of material is made of 1 single
crystal
1. Body centered cubic(BCC)
66 Polycrystals
2. Face centered cubic (FCC)
3. Hexagonal close packed (HCP)
Many different crystals, with varying
55 formula for atomic packing factor orienations
67 what is a grain boundary
volume of unit cell occupied by atoms/ total
unit cell volume
the boundary line at which crystal grains meet
56 where do atoms touch each other in BCC
68 If a property varies with direction, it is said
to be...
along the cube diagonals
57 where do atoms touch each other in FCC Anisotropic
69 If a property doesn't vary with direction, it is
along the FACE diagonals
said to be...
58 Coordination # of BCC, FCC & HCP
respectively isotropic
70 describe creep
8, 12, 12
59 Atoms per unit cell of BCC, FCC, HCP the tendency for a material to lengthen over
respectively time under load
71 The degree to which a material will creep is
2, 4, 6
dependant on what?
60 crystal density formula
the number of grain boundaries
density=number of atoms in unit cell * Molar
Mass/volume of unity cell * Avogadros #
61 what is polymorphism/allotropy 72 state bragg's law formula

elements in which more than 1 crystal form can n(lambda)=2d(hkl)sin(theta)

exist depending on temperature
73 what can be said about the position of atoms
which are covalently bonded?
their elements will be close on the periodic
table
74 Basically, why are metals ductile?
Non-directional bonding-->fewer restrictions--
>can withstand larger forces before bonds
break.
ALSO, since metals have free electrons, this
allows their structures more freedom,
promoting ductility.
75 Which is the only Non-Crystalline ceramic?
And what is another word for this category?
82 how is a crystallographic direction denoted?
[xyz]
83 what does the family of directions denote?
all edges of a cube
84 what does family denote?
all internal diagonals
85 what does the family denote?
all face diagonals
86 what can be said about directions and
planes with the same indices in cubic systems

Glass. Amorphous the direction is perpendicular to the plane

76 what are space lattices? 87 if the electronegativity value of an element is
high (ie near 4), what will it typically do to
the patterns in which atoms prefer structuring electrons
themselves in
77 when we refer to lattice constant, which acquire/attract them
variables are we talking about? 88 A balance of [these] forces determines the
inter-atomic spacing
a, b, c
78 List the properties of BCC (3) Repulsive and attractive forces
89 H2 would have which type of bonding and
1. 4R=sqrt3*A why
2. coordination # =8
3. 2 atoms/unit cell covalent, similar electronegativity, same
4. APF=0.68 number of valence electrons require to fill first
79 List the properties of FCC (4) orbital
90 describe fluctuating dipoles
1. 4R=sqrt2*A
2. coordination # = 12 when the atomic nucleus and electron cloud are
3. 4 atoms/unit cell not symmetrical, secondary bonding occurs
4. APF=0.74 between two adjacent molecules due to the
80 List the properties of HCP(2) charge separation
91 briefly describe why when water freezes, it
1. 6 atoms/ unit cell expands
2. coordination #=12
81 what crystal SYSTEM is common for all when water freezes, there are 4 hydrogen
CUBIC crystal STRUCTURES bonds found between 2 h20 molecules. these 4
bonds are relatively open and spaced apart,
a=b=c and usually, alpha causing this expansion
=beta=gamma=90deg
92 chapter 2 question
how and what do alpha, melting temperature
and bond length depend on?
they depend on Eo(bonding energy). the larger
Eo, the large those constants.
93 is energy higher or lower for denser packed
structures?
lower
94 which materials have the simplest crystal
structures
metals
95 what happens if you change the sign of all
the indices of a direction?
it would give the exact opposite direction
96 what can be said about two parallel planes
they are equal and will have the same miller
indices
97 how do we denote a crystallographic plane?
(hkl)
98 how do we denote a family of planes?
{hkl}
99 what does the {100} family of planes
denote?
all faces of a cube
100 In FCC, what are the close packed planes?
{111}
101 In HCP, what are the close packed planes?
(0001)
102 Although BCC is not as close packed, which
is its most densely packed plane?
{110}
103 what is the stacking sequence of FCC
ABCABCABC
104 what is the stacking sequence of HCP
ABABABABABAB
105 give a well-known example of an
Anisotropic material
wood
106 how might one increase the Creep on a
material
increase the temperature
107 what effect does increasing the # of grain
boundaries have on creep?
the material will creep more
108 would properties in metal typically be iso
or anisotropic?
isotropic
109 why is the diffusion coefficient greater C in
alpha-iron BCC rather than C in gamma-iron
FCC
since the atomic packing factor is less in BCC
than it is in FCC, this means there is slightly
more interstitial space for the atoms to move
about in, making it faster to diffuse
110 are covalent bonds directional
yes, they are directional
111 true or false and why? when ro (distance) of
2 atoms is at equilibrium, the binding energy is
0
FALSE! the change in binding energy is 0, not
the actually value, the binding energy will be at
a minimum
1 what is solidification
the result of casting of molten material
2 steps of solidification:
1. Nuclei form
2. Nuclei grow
3. grain structure is achieved (not considered a extra half plane is inserted (b vector is
step) perpendicular to dislocation line)
14 screw dislocation
3 what do we call grains that are of equal length

spiral planar ramp is inserted (b vector is

equiaxed
parallel to dislocation line)
4 what do we call grains that have been
15 3 properties of grain boundaries
elongated
1. high mobility
columnar 2. high diffusivity
5 List the types of point defects 3. high chemical reactivity
16 how are grain boundaries produced
1. Vacancy
2. interstitial by the solidification process
3. substitutional
17 how can we explain the causing of equiaxed
6 how can we increase the number of vacancies
grains
increase temp
there a greater delta T near the wall during
7 solvent: formation
18 what kind of defect is a grain boundary
host element
8 solute: Area defect
19 which factors can cause vacancies?
minor element
9 list the conditions for solid subsitution, and solidification process, heating, neutrons,
what is this law called? working
20 what is substitutional solid solution
1. difference in atomic radius must be less than
15% when a host atom is replaced by another atom
2. similar electronegativities which can be either larger or smaller. note: DO
3. same crystal structure NOT CONFUSE WITH SUBSTITUTIONAL
4. Valency DIFFUSION!!!
this law is called the W. Hume-Rothery rule
21 what is an insterstitial solid solution
10 plastic deformation is produced by what
type of defect
same as substitutional except it goes between
atoms and is typically smaller
line defects, more specifically dislocations
22 what do these (S.S.S) cause?
11 where would impure atoms go?
distortions to the lattice
interstitial spaces
23 will a metal have a greater tendency to
12 Linear Defect: dissolve another metal of lower or higher
valency?
1D misalignment
13 Edge Dislocation higher
24 if you have both a screw and edge
dislocation, what is this referred to as?
mixed dislocation
25 put in order of reactivity/energy: surface,
bulk, boundary
surface>boundary>bulk
26 give a few examples of bulk defects
cracks, holes
solute atoms exchange places with solvent
atoms using vacancies
6 interstitial diffusion
when smaller atoms diffuse between the larger
ones in spaces called the interstices
7 name 2 processes which use diffusion
1. case hardening
2. doping
8 what is steady state diffusion

27 list 4 methods to observe grain boundaries
in metals/ceramics
1. section and grind the sample
2. polish it with diamond paste
3. etch it chemically
4. microscope
28 briefly describe the intercept method to
determine the size of grain boundaries
draw random equal length lines through the
photomicrograph. count the number of grains
crossed per line and get the average. grain
size=(line length/avg grains
crossed)/(magnification)
when the concentration doesn't change with
time
9 what is non-steady state diffusion
when the concentration changes with both time
and distance
10 what type of energy supplies activation
energy?
heat energy
11 which is more rapid and why, insterstitial or
vacancy diffusion?
interstitial diffusion because no vacancies are
required so they can move readily, the atoms
are generally smaller so they are more mobile

1 what are rates governed by 12 with an increase in temperature, what will

happen to the diffusion coefficient
activation energies
it will increase exponentially
2 define the activation energy

the extra energy required to overcome the

energy barrier to allow for movement of atoms
3 what is inter-diffusion

migration of atoms from [high] to [low]

4 what is self diffusion

migration of atoms within a single elemental

solid
5 what is substitutional diffusion