A

sasRe
kay
asaPr
ose
s

SKS : 2
T
ata
pMu
ka : 3j
am/
min
ggu
Ma
ter
iMo
dul
I
- Si
ste
msa
tua
n
- A
nal
i
sisDi
men
si
- Gr
afi
k
Si
ste
mPe
nil
ai
an
Mo
dul
1 : 50%(
ter
di
ri
dar
itu
gasd
ank
uis15%,
UTS35%)
Mo
dul
2 : 50%

Pe
nda
hul
uan

T
ekn
ikKi
miaadal
ahil
muy a
ngmempel
ajar
ipr
ose
sp en
gubahanbaha
nmenj
adi
produ
ky a
ngb e
rni
l
ai
e
kon
omitin
ggidal
ams kalapr
odu
ksibesarmela
luiprose
sf i
si
ka,k
imi
a,ata
ub io
logi
.Dala
m
p
eng
oper
asi
anprose
sp ro
duks
idipabri
k,pe
rl
up emahamitent
angsi
ste
ms at
uand ananal
is
is
d
ime
nsis
ebaga
idasarda
lamper
hi
tung
andanpen
gopera
sianpab
ri
k.

Si
ste
msatuanyangdi
gunaka
ns e
bagi
anbesarkal
ang
ans a
ati
niadal
ahsi
stemIn
tern
asi
onal(SI
).
Si
ste
mInte
rnasi
onalse
ri
ngdise
butdeng
ans i
stemme t
ri
k.Si
ste
ms at
uanlai
nyangdi
gun
akand i
I
nggr
isd
anA meri
kaSe r
ik
atjugadikal
ang
ani nd
ustr
yp e
rmi
nyaka
na d
ala
hEn g
li
shEngi
ne e
rin
g
Sy
stem–EEa t
audike
nalj
ugadenga
nimper
ia
l u
nit
.

Be
sar
anp
ri
meru
ntu
kSi
ste
mIn
ter
nat
ion
ala
dal
ah:

I
nth
eEngl
is
hEn g
ine
eri
ngsy
stemofuni
tst
hepr
imar
ydime
nsi
onsa
rea
ref
orc
e,ma
ss,
len
gth
,ti
mea
ndt
emp
era
tur
e.
T
heuni
tsf
orfo
rceandmas
sa r
ede
fin
edind
epe
nden
tly

 t
heb
asi
cun
ito
fma
ssi
spo
und
-ma
ss(
lbm)

1
  t
heu
nito
ffo
rcei
sth
epo
und(
lb)a
lte
rna
tiv
elyp
oun
d-f
orc
e(l
b)
f.
2
EEs
yst
e 1l
m  bo
ffo
rcewi
l
lgi
veama
sso
f1l
  b
m as
tan
dar
dac
cel
er
ati
ono
f32.
  17405f
t/s.

Be
sar
anp
ri
meru
ntu
ksy
ste
mImp
eri
al
Pr
ima
ryQu
ant
it
y Di
men
sio
ns Co
mmo
nUn
its
F
orc
e F p
oun
d-f
orc
e
Ma
ss M o
unc
e,p
oun
d,s
lug
,to
n
inc
h,f
oot,
yar
d
L
eng
th L
r
od,
chai
n,f
url
ong
,mi
l
e
s
econd
,minu
te
T
ime T
h
our,d
ay

Da
lams
yst
emI
nte
rna
sio
anl
jug
adi
ter
apk
ana
wal
and
ari
sat
uans
epe
rti
ter
ter
adi
tab
le:

A
wal
anSi
ste
mSa
tua
nIn
ter
nas
ion
al
1000m 10n [1]
Pr
efi
x Sy
mbo
l Sh
orts
cal
e L
ongs
cal
e Si
nce
Y
ott
a Y 10008 1024 Se
pti
l
li
on Qu
adr
il
l
ion 1991
7 2
1
Z
ett
a Z 1000 10 Se
xti
l
li
on T
ri
ll
i
ard 1991
6 18
Ex
a E 1000 10 Qu
int
il
li
on T
ri
ll
i
on 1975
5 15
Pe
ta P 1000 10 Qu
adr
il
l
ion Bi
l
li
ar
d 1975
T
era
T 10004 1012 T
ri
ll
i
on Bi
l
li
on 1960

Gi
ga G 10003 109 Bi
l
li
on Mi
l
li
ar
d 1960
2 6
Me
ga M 1000 10 Mi
l
li
on 1960
1 3
Ki
l
o k 1000 10 T
hou
san
d 1795
10002⁄3 2
He
cto h 10 Hu
ndr
ed 1795
10001⁄3 1
De
ca d
a 10 T
en 1795
0 0
1000 10 On
e
1000−1⁄3 −1
De
ci d 10 T
ent
h 1795
1000−2⁄3 −2
Ce
nti c 10 Hu
ndr
edt
h 1795
−1 −3
Mi
l
li m 1000 10 T
hou
san
dth 1795
−2 −6
Mi
cr
o μ 1000 10 Mi
l
li
ont
h 1960[2]
Na
no n 1000−3 10−9 Bi
l
li
ont
h Mi
l
li
ar
dth 1960
−4 −12
Pi
co p 1000 10 T
ri
ll
i
ont
h Bi
l
li
ont
h 1960
−5 −15
F
emt
o f 1000 10 Qu
adr
il
l
ion
th Bi
l
li
ar
dth 1964
−6 −18
A
tto a 1000 10 Qu
int
il
li
ont
h T
ri
ll
i
ont
h 1964
−7 −2
1
Z
ept
o z 1000 10 Se
xti
l
li
ont
h T
ri
ll
i
ard
th 1991
−8 −2
4
Y
oct
o y 1000 10 Se
pti
l
li
ont
h Qu
adr
il
l
ion
th 1991

Ma
ssa
Ma
ssi
same
asu
reo
fth
eamo
unto
fma
ter
ia
lina
nob
jec
t,b
ein
gdi
re
ctl
yre
lat
edt
oth
enu
mbe
ran
d

2
t
ypeofato
msp r
ese
ntintheob
jec
t.Massd
oesnotc
hangewi
thab
ody
'sp
osi
ti
on,mo
veme
nto
r
a
lte
rat
ionofi
tss
hape
,unl
essmate
ri
ali
sadd
edorr
emove
d.
Sa
tua
nma s
sayangpa
li
ngb a
nyakdi
gunakanad
ala
hk i
lo
gramd
anp
oun
dma
ssa(
lbm)
.1Po
undma
ssa(
lbm)
mempun
yai
nil
aiy
angset
araden
gan0,453592
37 ki
lo
gram

Wei
ghti
sth
eg r
avi
tat
ion
alf
orc
eacti
ngo
nab o
dymass
.Tr
ansf
ormin
gNe
wto
n'sSe
con
dLa
w
r
el
atedt
othewei
ghtasafo
rcedu
etogr
avi
tycanb
eexpr
ess
eda s

W=mg  
  
  
 
  wher
e
W=wei
ght(N,lb
f)
m=mass
 (kg,sl
ugs
)
2 2
g=a
cce
ler
ationofgr
avi
ty(
9.81m/
s ,32.
17405f
t/s)

T
hehan
dli
ngofma
ssandwe
igh
tde
pen
dso
nth
esy
ste
mso
fun
itst
hati
sus
ed.
Themo
stc
ommo
n
s
yst
emsofun
itsa
ret
he
[
1]
Th
etonn
e(uni
tsymbolt
)ormetr
icton(U.
S.)
, of
tenwri
tt
enp
leo
nas
tic
all
yasme
tri
cto
nne
,isau
nito
f
3
masse
qual
to1,000 
kg(2,
204.
62 l
b)(10 ki
l
o gr
ams).

 1000kg=1t
onn
e(met
ri
c)=0.9842t
ons(
imp
eri
al
)
 1ton(
US)=2
000lb=907.
185kg

On
eto
nnei
seq
uiv
ale
ntt
o:

 O neme gagram( exact

ly);
o me ga gramist h
eo ff
ici
alSIter
m,butgeneral
lynotuse
dinin
dust
ryo
rsh
ipp
ing
,no
rco
ll
oqu
ial
l
y
1000 [
12]
 ⁄0.
453 
592
 37pounds( ex
actl
yb ydef
ini
ti
on)
, g i
vin
ga p
proxi
mat
ely
o 2 2 05 l
b( tofoursigni
fi
cantdig
its
)
 9 8.
42 %o fal o
ngt on
o O n elon gton(2,240 
lb)is101.
605%o fato n
ne
 1 10.23%o fas hortton
o O n es hortton(2,
000 lb)is90.
72%o fatonne

L
UAS
a
cre
.pen
gukur
anluasy
angdi
kenal
diUni
tedStat
es:s
etar
ad e
ng an43.
560f
t2,;
4.840
2 2 2
s
quar
eya
rds
;4.046,
856m.;0.
4046856ha;0,
0015625mil;0,0040468km.

3
 2 2 2 2 -
7 2
 1m 
=1550i
n =10.
764f
t =1.
1968y
d =3.
861x
10 
mil
e

V
OLUME
Ac ub
iccenti
me t
re(orc u
b i
ccenti
me t
erinUSEn gl
is
h )(sy mb olcm3— thea bb
revia
tionsccand
[1]
ccm,thoughwi d
elyus e
d,a r
ed epr
ecat
ed )i sac ommo nlyu seduni
tofv ol
umee xtendi
ngthe
deri
vedSI-
uni
tc ubi
cme tre,andcor
respon
d st othevolumeo facubeme as
uri
ng1  c
m×1  cm×
1 cm.Onecubi
cc en
timetrecorr
espon
dstoav ol
umeo f1⁄1000000ofacub
icme t
re,or1⁄
1000ofal
i
tre
,
oronemill
i
li
tre;th
us,1 cm3≡ 1  mL.Thema s
so fonecu bicc e
nti
metr
eo fwaterat3.98 °C(
the
tempera
tur
ea twhichitattai
nsit
sma xi
mal densi
ty)i
sr o
u gh l
ye qual
toonegram

Al
itr
eisdef
ine
da sas
pecia
lnameforacub
icdec
imetreor10c
enti
metr
esx10cen
time
tre
sx10
ce
ntimet
res
,(1L≡ 1d m3≡ 1000cm3)
.Henc
e1L≡ 0. 001m3≡ 1000cm3,
and1m3(i
.e
.a
3
cu
bicmetr
e,whic
hist
heS.I.
unitf
orvo
lume)i
sexac
tly1000Lor35.
3ft

Barr
el(
bbl
)
Thesta
ndar
dbar
relo
fcrudeoi
loro
therpet
rol
eump
roduct(
abb
revi
ate
dbbl
)is42USg
all
ons
(34.
9723 
i
mp g
al;
158.9873 
L)
.Accor
din
gtoBPStat
ist
ical
Rev
iew2006:

 1bar
rele
qual
s42USg al
l
ons
 1BPD=42 /24/60=.0292GPM
 1GPM=34. 2
9BPD
 1bar
rele
qual
s158.984L i
tr
es
 Th
ea p
prox
imatecon
v e
rsi
onforBPDt
oto
nne
s/y
eari
s49.
8,s
o100,
000BPDe
qua
lsa
rou
nd
4,
980,
000tonnesperyear

V
olumej
ugase
ri
ngdi
nya
taka
ndala
ms a
tuanvo
lumepersat
uanmass
aa t
aud
ike
nal
seb
aga
i
v
olu
mespesi
fi
k(Ṽ)
.Vol
umespe
sif
ikmer
upak
ank e
bal
i
k a
ndarid
ens
ita
s.

Te
ran
gkant
ent
angde
bitd
isekt
ormig
ass
eper
tiBOPDBWPDBLPDdanmener
apand
ise
kto
rmi
gass
eka
li
gus
mene
ran
gka
nposi
sip
eker
jaa
noran
gTKte
rut
amad iu
nite
ksp
oli
tas
idanRe
fi
nery

4
De
nsi
tas
Den
sit
asataura
patmassameru
paka
nr asi
omas
sazattot
ald
iba
giden
ganvo
lumezatt
ers
ebut.
Den
sit
asjug
ame ru
paka
nk e
bal
i
kandarivol
umes
pesi
fi
k.Se
bag
aicon
tohai
rmempuny
aiden
sit
as
1.
000g /
Lb e
rar
tiaird
enganmass
a1. 000gakanme mp
uny
aivol
ume1L . De
nsi
tasma s
sa
di
nya
taka
nsebagai
:

ρ=m/V=1/Ṽ 
 
  
  
 
 wh
ere

ρ=d
ens
ita
s(k
g/m3)
;m=ma
ss(
kg)
;V=v
olu m3)
me( ;Ṽ=s
pec
if
icv
olu m3/
me( kg)

Den
sit
asjugaseri
ngdi
nyat
akandal
amb a
sismola
r,sep
ertimis
aln
yalar
utanNa
OHme mpuny
ai
3
de
nsit
asmo l
ar53kmol
/m3.Ar
ti
nyadal
am1m l a
ruta
nters
e b
utmenga
ndung53kmo
l.Keb
ali
kan
da
riden
sit
asmo l
ara
dal
ahvol
umemolar
.

Unt
ukbeb
erap
akasu
sdal
ampro
sesya
ngmel
ib
atka
nung
gunpad
ata
n(fi
xbed)
,di
ken
ali
sti
l
ahb
ulk
de
nsit
yyangmer
upa
kanr
ati
otot
almass
aofsol
i
ds/t
otale
mphybedvo
lume.Po
rosi
tyi
sthat
p
ort
iono
fth
eso
ilv
olu
meo
ccu
pie
dbyp
ores
pac
es.

%s
oli
dsp
ace=(
bul
kde
nsi
ty/p
art
icl
ede
nsi
ty
)x100

%p
oro
sit
y=100-(
%so
li
dsp
ace
)

Cont
ohp er
hit
u n
ga n.
1.Aso i
lsampleh asama sso fsol
i
dsequalto400lbs.andawatercont
entof20%.Wha
tist
he
bul
kde n
sit
yo fthesoil
giv
ent hatth
evolu
meo fth
es amplei
s5.0ft
3?
Toobtai
nthema sso fwaterofthesoi
lsampl
e,wes hou
ldmult
ipl
ythewaterc
ont
e n
tandt
heso
li
d
mass:
Mw=2 0%*400l b=80l b
The
refor
e,thetotalmassis:400lb+80lb=480l b
Weca nobt
a i
ntheb ul
kdensityofth
esamp l
eofthesoi
lwithou
rfor
mu l
a:
480lb/5.0ft3=96l b/
ft3

2.A260c m3c yl
in
d r
icalco
ntai
nerwasusedtocol
l
ectanund
istur
bedsoi
lsample
.Thecon
tai
ner
andsoilweig
hed413gwh endri
ed.Whenempt
ythecont
ain
erwe ig
hed75g .Whatist
hebul
k
densi
tyandporo
sit
yo fthesoi
l?
A.Todete
rminebul
kd ensi
ty:
SampleVol
ume=2 60c m3;Sampl
eWe i
ght=413-75=338g; Bul
kdens
ity=338g /
260cm3=
1.
3g/ cm3
B.Todeter
minepor
o s
ity:
Bul
kd ens
ity=1.3g/ c
m3;Pa r
ti
cleden
sit
y=2 .
65g/cm3;Poro
s i
ty=100-( 1.
3/2.
65x100)=
51%

o
Be
ber
apak
ala
nga
nte
rut
amao
ilc
omp
anyme
nya
tak
and
ens
ita
sda
lamb
erb
aga
ica
ra,
sep
ert
i API
,

A
PI

5
Th
eA me
ri
canPetr
ole
umI nst
it
utegrav
ity
,orA PIgrav
it
y,menguk
urber
atatauri
ngany
ac ai
ran
mi
nyakdi
ban
din
gkandenga
na i
r.Ji
kanil
aiAPIgrav
it
ylebi
hb e
sardar
i10,min
yakter
sebutl
ebih
r
ing
anda
na k
anmengapu
ngd a
lamair
;j
ikakur
angdari10aka
nlebi
hber
atdanmeng
endapdiai
r.

A
PIg
rav
it
yda
ric
air
anmi
nya
kdi
hi
tun
gda
ris
gmi
nya
kde
nga
nru
mus
:

Co
nve
rse
ly,
thes
pec
if
icg
rav
it
yofp
etr
ol
euml
i
qui
dsc
anb
ede
ri
vedf
romt
heA
PIg
rav
it
yva
luea
s

Th
us,ah
eav
yoi
lwi
thaspe
cif
icg
rav
it
yof1.
0(i
.
e.,
wit
hth
esa
med
ens
itya
spu
rewa
tera
t60°
F)
woul
dha
veanA
PIg
rav
it
yof:

Gen
era
ll
yspeaki
ng ,o
ilwit
ha nAPIgr
avi
tybet
we en40and45c ommandsthehighe
stpri
ces.Cru
de
oi
li
scla
ssi
fi
eda slig
ht,me d
iumorheavy
,accordi
ngtoit
sme as
u r
edAPIgra
vit
y.
 Li
ghtc r
udeo i
lisd e
fin
edash avi
nga nAPIgrav
it
yh i
gherthan31.
1° API
.(l
esst h
a n870
3
kg/
m)
 Medi
umo i
lisde f
in
eda shavi
nganA PIgra
vit
yb et
ween2 2.
3° A
PIand31.1° A
PI.(870to
3
920kg/m)
 Heav
yo i
lisdefi
n e
da shav
inganAPIgrav
it
yb e
low22.3°API
.(920to1000k g
/m3)
 Ext
rah e
avyo i
lisdef
inedwi
thAPIgra
v i
tybel
ow10.0°API.(
great
ertha
n1000k g/m3)

Ba
ume
Baumédegr
ees(hea
vy)ori
gi
nall
yrepr
esent
edthepercen
tb ymas sofsodi
umc h
lor
ideinwaterat
60degr
eesFahr
enhei
t(15.
5° C)
. Th
eBauméo fpl
ai
nwa terwouldbe0. T
odaytheBaumés c
aleis
sti
l
lusedi
nvar
iousi
ndust
ri
ess u
c hasbr
ewing,
sugarbee
tp r
ocessin
g,star
ch.
At20°C,t
herel
ati
onsh
ipbetweenspec
if
icgra
vit
y(s.g
.)(
rela
tiv
ed ensi
ty
)anddegre
esBa u
méi s:

 F
orl
i
qui
dsd
ense
rth
a nwate
r:s
.g.
=145÷(145-de
gre
esBau
mé)
;
 F
orl
i
qui
dsl
essd
ensetha
nwa t
er:
s.g
.=140÷(d
egr
eesBa
umé+130)
.

De
gre
esBr
ix
Deg
reesBr
ix(sy
mbol°Bx)isauni
trepr
esen
tati
veoft
hes ug
arcont
entofa
na qu
eoussol
uti
on.On
e
de
greeBri
xcorr
espondsto1g r
amo fsuc
rosein100gramso fsol
uti
onan
dt hu
sr e
pres
ent
st h
e
st
reng
thofth
es ol
uti
onasap e
rcent
agebyweig
ht(%w/ w).
Ap
proxi
mateval
ueso f°Bxcanb ecompute
df r
om2 61.3 
× (
1 − 
1/S)
,whereSi stheappa
rent
sp
ecif
icgr
avi
tyoft
hes ol
uti
on20°C/
20°C.

6
Sp
eci
fi
cGr
avi
ty(
Rel
ati
veDe
nsi
ty
)
Speci
fi
cgrav
it
y(sg)at
audiken
aljug
adenga
nr e
lat
iveden
sitymeru
pakanbi
lan
gantid
akb er
di
me ns
i
ya
n gbis
ame nunj
ukk
ana pak
ahflui
dacai
rterte
ntulebi
hb er
atdiba
ndin
gkanairataufl
uidagas
te
rtent
ulebi
hber
atdiba
ndin
gkandenga
nudaradal
amk ondi
sit
erte
ntu.I
nf
ormasi
tentangs.
gs u
atu
gasseper
tiga
sLPGb i
sadigu
nakanunt
ukaspekproce
sss a
fety
.GasLPGme mpunya
is.gle
bihdar
i
1arti
nyamempunyai
densi
tasleb
ihber
atdar
iudarasehi
nggaj
ikater
ja
dikebo
corangas,makagas
cende
rungte
raku
mu l
asid
ibagi
anbawah,t
ida
kmu dahter
bawaali
ranudar
a.

Ca
ris
pec
if
icg
rav
it
yda
rig
asa
lam(
met
han
a),
LPG,
CO2
,CO,
H2S

Sp
eci
fi
cGr
avi
tyCa
ir
an/
pad
ata
n
Spec
if
icGr
avi
ty(s
.g)ca
ir
anat
aup
adat
ana
dal
ahs e
bag
air
asi
ode
nsi
tasc
air
ana
taup
ada
tan
te
rhada
pdens
ita
sa i
rpadas
uhur
uj
uka
nte
rte
ntu
;

SG==ρ/ρH2O 
 
  
  
 
 di
man
a

SG=sp e
cif
icg
rav
it
y:ρ=d
ens
ityo
ffl
ui
dors
ubs
tan
ce(
kgm3);ρH2O=d
/ ens
ityo
fwa
ter
3
(k
g/m)

Kon
dis
iruj
uka
nuntu kd
ens
ita
sai
r:
suu4oC(
h 39oF
)di
man
ade
nsi
tasa
irp
ali
ngb
esa
rya
itu1.
000
m3o 3
kg
/ r62.
4lb/
ft .

Ex
amp
le-Sp
eci
fi
cGr
avi
ty
I
ftheden
sit
yofir
o nis7850kg/m3,7.
85gramspercu
bicce
n t
imet
er(
cm3)
,7.
85k
il
ogr
amsp
er
l
it
er,
or7.
85metri
ct o
n spe
rcubi
cme t
er-th
es p
eci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofi
roni
s:
3 3
SG=(7850kg/
m )/( 1000kg
/m )  
 =7.85
3
 wat
erden
sit
yis1000kg
/m
 Re
lati
vedensi
ty(RD)o
rspe
cif
icg
rav
it
y(SG)i
sad
ime
nsi
onl
essq
uan
tit
y,a
siti
sth
era
tio
ofe ith erdensi
tiesorwe i
ghts
 wh e reRDi sre l
ati
ved en
sity
,ρsubstanceistheden
sit
yo fthesub s ta nc eb ein gme asu
red,an
d
ρreferenceisthede ns
ityoftheref
e re nce. (
Byconve
nti
onρ, theGr e ekl et te rrho ,
denotes
den s ity.)
 Ther eferencema te
ri
a lca
nb eindic atedu si
ngsubscr
ipt
s :RDsubstance/reference,whichmeans
"t
h er e l
a ti
vedensit
yo fsubst
anc ewi threspe
cttoref
e r
enc e
".Ift h er e fe renceisn ot
exp lic i
tlys t
atedthenitisnorma l
lya ssumedtobewa terat4  °C( or ,mo rep reci
sely
,
3.98  °C, whichisthetemp er
aturea twh ic
hwa t
erreachesitsma x i
mu md e nsi
ty)
.I
nSI
unit s ,th edensi
tyofwa teri
s(ap pr oximatel
y)1000 
kg m3o
/ r1  g /c m3, wh ichma ke
s
rela tived ensit
yc al
culat
ionspartic ular
lyconve
nien
t:thede nsityo ft h eo b jectonl
yneedsto
bed iv i
d edby1000o r1, depe
ndin go ntheuni
ts.

Sp
eci
fi
cGr
avi
tyGa
s
Spec
if
icGra
vit
y(s
.g)g
asa
dal
ahr
asi
ode
nsi
tasg
ast
erh
ada
pde
nsi
tasu
dar
apa
das
uhur
uj
uka
n
te
rte
ntu;

 T
her
el
ati
ved
ensi
tyofg
ase
sisof
tenmea
sur
edwithr
esp
ectt
odr
yai
ratate
mp e
rat
ureof
2
0°Candap r
essu
reof101.
325kPaabs
olu
te,whi
chhasaden
sit
yof1.2
05 k
g/m3.

7
 Re
lat
iv
ede
nsi
tywi
thr
esp
ectt
oai
rca
nbeo
bta
ine
dby

 Wh e
reMisthemo l
arma ssandthea
pproxi
matel
yequals
ignisusedbecauseequal
it
y
pert
ain
sonlyif1molofthegasand1 
mo lofa
iroccu
pythesamev ol
umea tagi
v e
n
t
e mper
atur
ea ndpr
essurei.
e.t
heyar
eb o
thIdeal
gases.
Ideal
b e
havi
ourisusua
llyonl
ysee
n
atver
ylowp r
essur
e.F
o rexampl
e,on
emo lofanid
ealga
so ccupi
es22.414Lat0° Cand1
atmosphe
rewh er
eascarbondi
oxi
dehasamo l
arvol
umeof22.259Lu n
d ert
hosesame
condi
ti
ons

8
Ko
nse
pMo
l
Th
emo l
eisauni
tofmeasu
rementuse
dinche
mistr
ytoe
xpr
essamo un
tso fachemica
lsubst
ance
,
de
fi
nedasa namoun
tofas ubsta
ncethatcon
tai
nsasmanye l
emen t
aryentit
ies(e
.g.
,ato
ms,
2
3
mol
ecu
les,i
ons
,el
ect
ron
s)seba
nyakbi
lan
ganAvo
gadr
o= 6.
02214179(30)×10

On
elb
-mo
lise
qua
lto453.
592
37 
mol

Ma
ssamo
lar
,si
mbo
lM,
ada
lahma
ssad
ari
sat
umo
lse
bua
hun
sura
taus
eny
awak
imi
a.

Sat
uand a
lton(Da)kada
ng-
kadan
gjug
ad i
gun
aka
nseba
gaisat
uanmassamol
ar
,utamanyad
alam
bi
dangbi
okimia
. Sa
tuanDal
tonmer
upa
kansta
nda
rsa
tuanun
tukmenu
nju
k k
anmass
a( g
ram)dar
i1
molato
ma taumo l
eku
l.
12
1Dal
tondi
def
ini
si
kans e
bagai1/12ma ss
aa t
omn et
ral C.
1 
Da 
equi
val
entdenga
n1  g
/mo l
.
1 
Da 
=1.660 
538 782×10–27 k
g
At
omHme mpunyaimassasebesar1Da
At
omCme mpunyaimassasebesar12Da.
Pr
ote
inmempunyaibe
ratmole
k u
l 64000g/molb
isadi
nyata
kans
eba
gai
64k
Da

Tu
gasd
anPe
nda
laman
- Be
rap
aju
mla
hmo
lat
omHd
anOdal
am1molmol
ekul
H2SO4
-

Ko
nse
ntr
asi
Zat
Kons
entr
asizatmerup
akanperbandi
nga
nj u
mlahza
ttert
ent
udala
ms ua
tular
utanata
uca
mpu
ran
te
rhada
plaru
tanataucampur
anzattota
l.Kons
ent
rasi
din
yat
aka
nd al
amber
bagai
c a
ra:
- Konsentr
asimassa
- Konsentr
asimol
ar(mol
a r
it
as)
- F r
aksimass
a
- F r
aksimol
- F r
aksimol
ardanfr
aksimassabebasai
r
- Ppmd anppb
Ko
nse
ntr
asi
Mas
sa
Kon
sent
ars
ima ss
a(dimens
ima s
sa/v
olu
me )a
dal
ahperb
andi
nga
nanta
rama ss
ak omp
onendal
am
su
atucampura
nz atter
hadapvol
umez a
tk e
sel
uru
han.Sal
ahsat
uc on
tohs at
uankonse
ntra
si
massaada
lahg/L.Ji
kalar
utanmengan
dungkon
sentr
asimass
agarams e
besar10g /
La r
ti
nya

9
da
lam1Llaru
tanme
ngandun
g10gg ar
am.
Ban
din
gkandeng
and
ensit
asmassa?
Kon
sentr
asi
ma s
sabi
asadi
ter
apk
anuntukf
asg
as,
cai
rda
npa
dat
Ko
nse
ntr
asi
Mol
ar
Konse
ntar
s imo l
ar(molar
ita
s)a d
ala
hp erb
and
inga
njumla
hmo lkomponendal
ams uatula
rut
an
te
rhadapvolumet o
tall
arut
an.Ji
kalar
utanmenga
ndun
gk o
nsent
ras
imo l
arAs
ams ul
fatsebe
sar4
mol/
L(atause r
in
gd i
tul
issebag
ai4M)arti
nyada
lam1Llar
uta
nme nga
ndung4molH2SO4.
Band
ingka
nd engandensit
asmo l
ar
?
Konse
ntra
s imolarbi
asadit
erap
kanuntu
kfasgasdanca
ir
F
rak
siMa
ssa
Fr
aksimassaa dal
ahp er
bandi
nganma ssas al
ahs atukomp on
ent e
rhada
pma s
saz atseca
ra
ke
selur
uhan
.Nil
a i
fra
ksimassasel
alul
ebihbesardari0danma ksi
mum1. Penj
umlah
annil
aif
raks
i
massasemuak omponenhar
uss a
mad engan1.F ra
k s
ima ssa1b er
art
izatters
ebutmerup
akan
se
nyawamu r
ni.Frak
sima s
sas er
in
gd i
berisi
mb olw.F r
aksimassasela
lud i
gan
dengk
and e
ngan
l
aj
ua li
rma ss
a ,yai
tujumlahma s
saz att ot
alp ersatuanwa kt
u.Fraksimassajugaseri
ng
di
nyat
akandal
amp er
senma s
sa.
denganca r
ime nga
li
kanfraksimassadengan100,misalf
raks
i
massagul
a0,1jugabi
sadiny
ataka
np e
rsenma ssagul
aa dal
ah10%.
Per
hi
tunga
nfraksimassadar
idat
afraks
imo ldi
lakuk
and en
ganp e
rsamaan:

Ber
atmoleku
lrata-r
atacampurandihi
tungde
nganpenj
umlaha
nd ar
iperk
ali
anantarafr
aksimol
de
nganber
atmo le
kulmasin
g-masin
gs eny
awadal
amc a
mp u
ran.
Soa
l:
1. Hit
ungBeratmolek
ulrat
a-r
ataUdaradanf
rak
simassanya
2. Lar
utanasamd enganlaj
ua l
i
rma ssa200kg/j
am,denganfr
aksimassaH2SO4=0,1;HCl=
0,
15;H2S=0, 01;s i
sanyaair
.Hitu
ngfr
aksimol
arma s
ing-
masin
g,ber
atmo le
kulrat
a-r
ata
danla
jual
irmo l
ar
F
rak
siMo
l
Fr
aksimo ladal
ahp er
bandi
nganmo ls al
ahsa t
uk omponenterhadapmo lzatsecarak e
seluruhan
.
Ni
laifr
aksimo lsel
aluleb
ihb e
sa rdari0d anma ksi
mum1.Pe njumlahannil
aifr
aksimo ls emua
ko
mp onenh ar
uss amad en
gan1.F ra
k s
imo l1b era
rtizattersebutme ru
pakans enya
wamu r
ni
.
Fr
aksima ssaseri
ngd i
ber
is i
mbolx .Frak
simo lsel
aludigand
en g
ka ndenganlaj
ua l
irmolar,yai
tu
j
umlahma ssazattota
lpersatuanwa ktu
.
Fr
aksimol j
ugaseri
ngdiny
atakand a
lamp er
senmo l.
dengancarimengali
kanfra
ksimo lden
ga n100,
mis
a lf
rak
s imolgul
a0,1jugabi
sad i
n y
a t
akanpersenmolgulaadala
h10%.
Con
t o
h:
La
rutanNa OHd al
ama i
rdenganmo lari
tas2d and en
sitas53k mo l
/m3.Hitungfr
a ksimol,frak
si
massaNaOHd and en
sit
aslarut
and ala
mt on/m3.
Ja
wa b:
La
rutaninime ngandung2k omp onenNa OHd ana i
r.J umla
hmo lNa OHb i
sad ihi
tungd engan
menggunakandif
ini
simola
ri
tas.Sehinggadidal
aml ar
utanters
ebutt er
dapat2mo lNaOHd al
a m1L
3
l
aru
t a
n.Se dan
g k
and ar
idatad ensi
tasmo lardid
apatd al
am 1m l aru
tanme ngandung53k mol
se
ny a
wa .

10
Fr
aksimolNaOH=mo lNaOH/molt
otal=2/53=0,0377
Se
hing
g afr
aksimolai
r=0,9623
Be
ratmo l
ekul
rata
-ra
ta= 0,0377x40+0, 9632x18=18,83k g
/kmol
3 3
Den
sit
asma ssa=53k mol/
m x18, 83kg
/kmol=998,0kg
/m =0, 998to
n/m3.
F
rak
simo
lda
nfr
aks
ima
ssab
eba
sai
r
Fr
aksimolat
auma s
sab eba
sa i
radal
ahp e
rban
din
ganmo lata
uma ssasala
hs atukompo
nen
te
rhad
apmolat
aumassazattot
alt
eta
pitan
pame mper
hi
tungk
anairy
angter
kandu
ngd i
dal
amnya.
Sat
uanin
ibany
akdit
erap
kandidal
amp e
mb ah
asantent
angpenger
in
gan.Pa
rameteri
nibi
asan
ya
di
guna
kanda
lamfa
sg a
sd anpa
data
n

11
Con
toh:
La
rut
anme nga
ndung:H2O;C2H5OH;CH3OH,d
anCH3COOHd
enganf
rak
sima
ssama
sin
g-ma
sin
g;
0,
4;0,3;0,
1;0,2memp un
yail
ajual
i
rmassa1.
000l
b/j
am.Hi
tun
g:
 L aj
uali
rmola
rmasingmasingse
nya
wa
 L aj
uali
rmola
rtot
al
 F r
a k
simol
 F r
a k
simolbeb
asair
Ja
wab
:
…….

A
li
ra
ng asdeng
anlaj
uali
rmassa90k
g/me
nit
.Ko
mpo
sis
iga
ste
rdi
rid
ariCH435%mo
l,CO22
0%
d
ansis
anyagasH2.
Hit
ung:
 F r
aksi
ma ss
ama s
ingmas
ing
 Lajual
irmol
armasi
ng-
masi
ng
 Lajual
irmol
art
otal
J
awa
b:

T
ugasd
anPend
alama
n
- J
ela
ska
npe
rbe
daa
nko
nse
ntr
asi
massad
engande
nsi
tas
-

Th
ee qu
iva
lent(symbol
:eqorEq),some ti
me ster
me dthemolarequ
iva
lent
,isaunitofamountof
su
bstanc
eu sedinchemi
str
yandt h
eb io
logi
ca l
scie
nces.
Ane qu
ival
ents uaturadik
ala dalahg ram ma ss a mole
kuld i
bagid en
gane quiv
alen
sinya
.
Mi
ll
ie
quiv
alen
ta dal
ahmassamo l
ekuldalams atu
anmi l
ig
ramdibag
idenganequi
val
ensi
nya.Co
ntoh:
2+
 A i
rme mpuny
aikadarCa s ebesar55mg /L.
2+
 Eq ui
v a
len
tdari
Ca  
adalahberatatomdibagiv
ale
nsisehi
ngga40/2=20mg /me q
uiv
 Ko nsentr
asi
equi
valenadalahkonsentr
asimassadiba
giEqui
val
entyai
tu55/20=2, 75
me q
/L

Themassofoneequi
val
ento
fasub
sta
ncei
scall
edi
tsequi
val
entwei
ght
.Inpra
cti
ce,
theamoun
t
ofasubst
anceinequi
val
ent
sof
tenhasave
rysmal
lma g
nit
ude,soi
tisfre
quent
lydes
cri
bedi
n
ter
mso fmi
ll
i
equiv
ale
nts(mEqo
rme q
),t
hepre
fi
xmill
ideno
tin
gthatth
eme asur
eisdivi
dedb
y
1000.

Pa
rtp
ermi
l
li
on(
ppm)
 F asaCai
r
Par
tspermil
l
ion-p
pm- 
isc
ommonl
yus
edasamea
sur
eofsma
lll
eve
lsofpol
l
utan
tsinair
,wat
er,
bo
dyflu
ids,et
c.Par
tsp
ermil
l
ioni
sthemas
sra
tiob
etwe
enthepoll
uta
ntcompon
e n
ta ndt
he
so
lut
ion
.

I
nth
eme
tri
csy
ste
mpp
mca
nbee
xpr
ess
edi
nte
rmso
fmi
l
li
gr
amv
ers
usk
gwh
ere

 1mg
/kg=1p
artp
ermi
l
li
on

12
Ka
ren
ade
nsi
tasa
irme
nde
kat
i1k
g/Lma
kas
atu
anp
pm(
mas
sa)s
amad
eng
anmg
/L.

Con
toh
La
rut
anH2SO42M,hi
tun
gfrak
simolH2SO4d
ank
ons
ent
ras
iH2SO4d
ala
msa
tua
npp
m.A
sums
ika
n
de
nsit
asl
arut
ansa
mad en
ganden
sit
asa i
r
……
…….

 F asaPad
at
Sat
uanp p
mj u
gaser
in
gd i
gun
aka
nd a
lamfa
sapada
tuntu
kme
nge
tah
uik
ada
rda
rib
aha
nya
ng
be
rgun
a,misa
lny
aka
ndung
anemasda
lamba
tuane
mas(o
re)
.

 1mg
/kg=1p
artp
ermi
l
li
on

p
pmc
anb
eal
sob
eex
pre
sse
das
:

 1ppm=0.0001%
 1000pp
m=1‰
 10000pp
m=1%

Con
toh:
Bat
uandida
era
hk a
bupat
enBo
gorme
mpuny
aika
ndun
ganema
s15p
pm.Be
rap
ato
nba
tua
nha
rus
di
gal
iun
tukmenda
patk
an1kgemasd
eng
ankemur
ni
an99,
99%.

 F asaGas
Dal
amfasagas,
satua
np p
mtida
kb i
sala
ngsungdi
samakanden
gansat
uanmg/
L .
Konsen
tra
sidebu
3
diuda
rabia
sanyadin
yata
kansebag
aima ss
ap eruni
tvolu
me,seper
tiµg
/m arti
nyamikr
ogr
am
3
pen
cemarperm udara
.Seda
ngkangaspencemarb
iasa
nyadin
yata
kandal
ams a
tuanppmvolu
me
6
ar
ti
nya1volga
sp e
ncemarpe
r10 volud
ara(0,
0001%v ol
ume).

Ko
nve
rsi
ppmg
asme
nja
dis
atu
anµ
g/m3d
il
aku
kand
eng
ana
ngg
apa
nga
sid
eal
:

Da
rip
ers
ama
ang
asi
dea
ldi
dap
atv
olu
memo
larg
asi
dea
lad
ala
h22
,4L
/mo
l

13
J
ikas
uhud
ant
eka
nant
ida
kst
and
arma
kah
aru
sad
ako
rek
sis
uhud
ant
eka
nan

T
uga
sda
nPe
nda
lama
n
-

14
Ga
ya/F
orc
e
Di
dala
mi l
mufis
ika,
gayaada
lahapapuny
angdap
atmenye
babkans
ebuahbendaber
massa
meng
alamipe
rcepa
tan.Ga
yame mil
i
kibes
ardanar
ah,s
ehi
nggamer
upak
a nbes
a r
anvek
tor
.Sa
tua
n
SI
yangdig
unaka
nu nt
ukmengukurgay
aadal
ahNewto
n(di
la
mb a
ngka
nden g
anN)

Gay
asebes
ar1Newt
on(
N)gay
aya
ngdib
eri
kank
e1k
il
ogr
amma
ssab
end
aun
tukb
erg
era
kde
nga
n
pe
rcep
ata
n1me t
rep
ers
eco
ndsqu
are
d.

F=ma  (
1)
2 2
di
man
a :F=fo
rce(
N,l
b);m=ma
f ss(
kg);a=a
cce
ler
ati
on(
m/s,f
t/s)

Nameofu
nit Symb
ol De
fi
ni
ti
on Re
latio
ntoSI
uni
ts
2 −5
d
yne(c
gsun
it) Dy
n ≡g ·
cm/
s =10 N
k
il
ogr
am-
for
ce;k
gf ≡ g×1 
kg =9,
80665N
Afo
rcecap
a b
leofgi
vi
ngamas
so fonek
gan 2
n
ewt
on(
SIu
nit
)N =1 
N=1 
kg·
m/s
ac
cele
rat
ionofo
n emet
rep
ersec
o n
d,pe
rse
con
d.
≡ g×1  l
b
p
ound-
for
ce lb
f 1lbfad
alahg
ayayangdibe
ri
kanol
ehI
lbmden
gan=4,44822162N
perc
epat
ansebesa
r32,174ft
/s
ThePo
und-f
orc
e(symbo
l:l
b)i
f sauni
toffo
rceinsyst
emsofmeas
ure
menti
ncl
udi
ngEn
gli
shEn
gin
eer
in
g
uni
tsan
dBrit
ishGr
avi
tat
ion
aluni
ts.
Un
itsoff
orc
e
n
ewt
on k
il
ogr
am-
for
ce,
d
yne p
oun
d-f
orc
e
(
SIu
nit
) ki
l
opo
nd
1N ≡ 1k
g·m/
s² =105d
yn ≈0.
10197k
p ≈0.
22481l
bF
−5 −6
1d
yn=10 N ≡ 1g
·cm/
s² ≈1.
0197×10 k
p ≈2
.2481×10−6l
bF

1k
p =9.
80665N =980665d
yn ≡g
n·
(1k
g) ≈2
.2046l
bF

1l
bF ≈4.
4482
22N ≈44
482
2dy
n ≈0.
45359k
p ≡g
n·
(1l
b)
2 2
Ni
lai
gme rupa
kanper
cep
atangrav
it
asibu
mi y
angmempuny
aini
la
i10m/ d
eti
k ,32
,174ft/de
tik.Seba
ikn
ya
di
pahamiju
gab ah
wap e
rcepat
angrav
it
asibumi(
g)i
niber
bedadenga
ngcy a
ngme ru
pa k
anfact
orkonv
ersi
j
ik
ame nghi
tungen
ergyk
ine
ticmaupunener
gypot
ens
iald
ala
mSa tu
anEngin
eeri
ng.Ni
laigcse
besar32,
174
2
l
bm.f
t/lb
f.
s.

SUHU
Pe
rba
ndi
nga
nSk
alaSu
hu
Co
mme
nt Ke
lvi
n Ce
lsi
us F
ahr
enh
eit Ra
nki
ne
A
bso
lut
eze
ro 0.
00 −2
73.
15 −459.
67 0.
00
L
owestr
eco
rde
ds ur
fac
etempe
ratu
reo
nEa
rth
184 −89 −12
8 331
(
Vos
tok,
Ant
arc
tic
a-J u
ly2
1,1983)
F
ahr
enh
eit
'si
ce/
sal
tmi
xt
ure 2
55.
37 −17.
78 0.
00 459.
67
I
ceme
lts(
ats
tan
dar
dpr
ess
ure
) 2
73.
15 0.
00 32
.00 491.
67
T
ri
pl
epo
into
fwa
ter 2
73.
16 0.
01 32
.018 491.
688

15
A
ver
ageh
uma
nbo
dyt
emp
era
tur
e* 310 37 98 558
Hi
ghestre
cord
edsurf
acete
mp e
rat
ureo
nEar
th
331 58 136 596
(A
l'A
zizi
yah
,Li
bya-Sept
ember13,
1922)
Wa
terb
oil
s(a
tst
and
ardp
res
sur
e) 373.
15 100.
00 2
11.
97 671.
64
T
ita
niu
mme
lts 1941 1668 3034 3494
T
hes
urf
aceo
fth
eSu
n 5800 5500 10000 10400

A
bsolutezero,thel
owe s
tp o
ssibl
etemperatu r
e,i
sde f
ine
da sb ei
ngpreci
sel
y0 Kand−273.15 
°C.,absolut
e
z
ero,i
st het empera
tureatwh i
chthep ar
ticleconsti
tuentsofma tt
erhavemi n
imalmoti
ona ndcanb eno
c
old
e r
.,.Fahrenhei
t:Thezeropoi
ntisdeterminedbyp l
acingthethermometeri
nb r
in
e:heusedami xtur
eo f
i
ce,wa ter,a nda mmo ni
um c hl
ori
de,a s alt
.T hel owe rdefi
ni
ngp oint
,0 °F,wa se stab
li
sheda s
t
he 
temp er
ature 
ofasolu
tio
no f
 br
in
e madefrome qu
al p
artsoficeandsalt
.Fahr
enhei
twasusedast heof
fic
ial
t
emp e
ratur
es ca
leo n
lyint he
 Uni
tedStates  
(i
ncl
udi
ngi ts
 unin
corpo
rat
edt er
ri
tor
ie
s),i
ts f
ree
lya sso
ciat
ed
s
tat
e s 
int he We ste
rn Paci
fi
c( Pala
u,t he  
Feder
ated Stateso fMi cr
onesi
a 
andt h
e Mars
hallIsl
ands),
t
he 
Baha mas,
 Bel
ize
,andthe 
CaymanIsl
ands
[3]

A
bsolutezeroisthetheor
eti
caltemper
aturea twhichentro
p ywouldrea
chitsmini
mu mval
ue.

Ra
nki
net
emper
atu
reco
nve
rsi
onf
ormu
lae
f
romRa
nkin
e t
oRa
nki
ne
5 9
Ce
lsi
us [
°C]
 = 
([
°R]
 − 
491.
67)
 × ⁄9 [
°R]
 = 
([
°C]
 + 
273.
15)
 × ⁄5

F
ahr
enh
eit [
°F]
 = 
[°
R] 
− 459.
67 [
°R]
 = 
[°
F] 
+ 459.
67
5 9
Ke
lvi
n [
K] 
= [
°R]
 × ⁄9 [
°R]
 = 
[K]
 × ⁄5

F
ort
emp
era
tuei
r n
ter
val
srat
herth
anspeci
fi
cte
mpe
rat
ure
s,
5 5
1°R=1° F= ⁄9°C= ⁄9K
Co
mpa
ri
son
samo
ngv
ari
oust
emp
era
tur
esc
ale
s

t
F=1.
8tC+32=9/
5tC+32 
 
  
  
 
 (1)

t
C=0.
56(
tF-32)=5/
9(t
F-32)
  
  
 
  
 (2)

T
he 
Réaumurs c
ale (°
Ré ,
 
°Re,
 °r
),isa t
emperat
ure
 scal
eforwh i
chthe 
fr
eezi
ngand 
boil
ingpoint
s o
f 
wa te
r 
are
d
efi
nedas0a nd80d egr
eesresp
e c
tiv
ely
.Thescal
eisnamedf o
r 
RenéAntoi
neFerc
haultdeRé au
mu r
.co ntai
ned
d
il
ute
d al
cohol
 (
ethan
ol)in
stea
do fmercur
y. 
butth
isposedpr
oblems:h
isori
gi
nalth
ermo meter
swe r
ev erybulky
,
a
ndthelowb oi
li
ngpointofal
coholmadet h
emu nsu
ita
blef
o rma n
yappl
icat
ion
s.Ins
trume n
t-maker
sg e ner
all
y
c
hosedi
ff
e r
entl
iqui
ds.Fro
mt hel
a t
e18thcentur
ymercur
ywa susedal
mo s
twithou
texc ep
tion.I
tsmainmo d
ern
u
sesareinsomeItal
ianandSwissfactor
ie
sformeasuri
ngmilktemper
atur
eduri
ngchee s
ep r
oducti
on,[
8]
 
andin
t
heNethe
rla
ndsformeasuri
ngtemperat
urewhencooki
ngsug
ars y
rupfo
rdesser
tsandswe ets.

16
t
het
ri
pl
epo
into
fas
ubs
tan
cei
sth
ete
mpe
rat
urea
ndp
res
sur
eatwh
icht
het
hre
eph
ase
s(g
as,
li
qui
d,a
nds
oli
d)

o
fth
ats
ubs
tan
cec
oex
isti
nth
ermo
dyn
ami
ceq
uil
i
bri
um.
Thes
ing
lec
omb
ina
tio
nofp
res
sur
ean
dte
mpe
rat
urea
t

wh
ichl
i
qui
dwa
ter
,so
li
dic
e,a
ndwa
terv
apo
rca
nco
exi
sti
nas
tab
lee
qui
l
ibr
iu
moc
cur
sate
xac
tly2
73.
16K(
0.01

°
C;32
.02°
F)a
ndap
art
ial
vap
orp
res
sur
eof611.
657p
asc
als(
6.11657mb
ar;
0.00603659a
tm)

ac
ri
ti
calp
oin
t(o
rcr
it
ica
lst
ate
)ist
hee
ndp
oin
tofap
has
eeq
uil
i
bri
umc
urv
e.T
hemo
stp
romi
nen
tex
amp
lei
s

t
hel
i
qui
d-
vap
orc
ri
ti
calp
oin
t,t
hee
ndp
oin
toft
hep
res
sur
e-t
emp
era
tur
ecu
rvet
hatd
esi
gna
tesc
ond
iti
onsu
nde
r

wh
ichal
i
qui
dan
dit
sva
porc
anc
oex
ist
.Inwa
ter
,th
ecr
it
ica
lpo
into
ccu
rsa
tar
oun
d647K(
374°
C;705°
F)a
nd

2
2.064MPa(
3200PSI
Aor2
18a
tm)

17
T
EKA
NAN
T
eka
nanf
lu
idame
rup
aka
nbe
sar
anf
is
ikay
angs
ang
atp
ent
ingk
are
name
nya
ngk
ute
ner
gia
taub
iay
ada
lam
p
eng
ope
ras
ians
uat
usi
ste
mpe
rpi
paa
n.Se
pan
jan
gpe
rge
rak
anf
lu
idad
ala
mpi
paa
kans
ela
lume
nga
lami
p
eru
bah
ant
eka
nany
angb
esa
rny
asa
nga
tte
rga
ntu
ngk
epa
dab
erb
aga
iva
ri
abl
ese
per
tik
ece
pat
ana
li
r,r
ej
im
a
li
ra
n,p
anj
angl
i
nta
sand
ans
ist
emp
erp
ipa
an.
T
eka
nand
ide
fi
ni
ska
nse
bag
aig
ayap
ers
atu
anl
uasy
angs
eri
ngd
iny
ata
kand
ala
msa
tua m2a
nSI:N/ tau
2
Pa
sca
l.Be
ber
apas
atu
any
angs
eri
ngd
igu
nak
any
ait
u:p
si(
=po
und
spe
rsq
uar
ein
cha
taul
bs/
inc)d
anb
ar
(
kg/
fcm2)
.Pe
rhi
tun
gant
ent
angt
eka
nanf
lu
idal
ebi
hba
nya
kme
nga
rahk
epa
dap
erb
eda
ant
eka
nana
nta
rdu
a
t
it
ikd
iba
ndi
ngk
ant
eka
nanmu
tla
kdi
sat
uti
ti
k.

Pe
rsa
ma anteka
nandin
yatak
ansebaga
i:
p=F/A  
  
  
  
 di
ma n
a
2 2
p=press
u r
e[l
b/i
n (psi
)orl
b/f
t (p
sf)
,N/m2o
rkg
/ 2
ms (
Pa)
]
F=for
ce[N]
2 2 2
A=area[i
n orft,m]

Dal
ams atu
anEngl
is
hEngin
eeri
ngSyste
mp er
ludi
p e
rha
tik
ansecar
ak hu
sustent
angsatuangaya
.
Satu
andasarun
tukmassaada
lahpoun
dma ss(l
bm)dansat
uangayaadal
ahpou
nd l
(b)at
au p
ound
fo
rce(l
b)
f.Seb
agaica
tat
anji
kadit
uli
skanl
b,yan
gd i
maksudk
ana d
ala
hs at
uangay
ab uka
ns at
uan
massa.
Un t
ukmenega
skanbi
asany
adit
uli
ska
nlengkapseb
agail
bf
.

Da
lamp
emb
aha
sant
eka
nanp
erl
udi
pah
ami
sec
arab
aika
nta
rat
eka
nana
bso
lutd
ant
eka
nang
aug
e.

A
bso
lut
ePr
ess
ure
T
heabs
olut
epressu
re-pa-ismeasur
edr
ela
tiv
etotea
h b
so l
utez
eropr
ess
ure-th
epr
ess
ureth
atwoul
d
o
ccu
ratabsol
uteva
cuum.A
llcal
cul
ati
oni
nvo
lvi
ngt
hegaslawsreq
uir
espr
essur
e(a
ndt
emper
atu
re)t
obe
i
nab
sol
uteuni
ts.

18
Ga
ugePr
ess
ure
Aga
ugeisoft
enuse
dt omeasu
rethepre
ssur
ed i
ff
ere
ncebe
tweenasyst
ema n
dth
esu
rro
und
ing
a
tmos
phe
re.
Thi
spr
ess
urei
sof
tencal
l
edth
egaug
ep r
ess
urean
dcanb
eexp
res
sedas

Pg=Ps-Pa
  
  
 
  
 
whe
re:
Pg=gaug
epr
ess
ure;Ps=s
yst
em/
abs
olu
tep
res
sur
e ;Pa=a
tmo
sph
eri
cpr
ess
ure

A
tmo
sph
eri
cPr
ess
ure
A
tmo
sph
eri
cpr
essur
eispr
essu
reinthesur
roun
din
ga i
rat-or"c
los
e"to-t
hes
urf
aceo
fth
eea
rth
.Th
e
a
tmo
sph
eri
cpr
ess
ureva
rywi
thtempe
ratu
reandal
ti
tud
ea b
ovese
alevel
.
Bar
ometr
icpre
ssur
e(al
sok n
ownasa t
mo sph
eri
cpressu
re)i
sthefo
rceex
erte
dbyth
ea t
mospher
e
atagi
venpoi
nt.I
tiskn
owna sth
e"we i
ghtofth
ea i
r"
.Abaro
me t
ermeas
uresbar
omet
ri
cpress
ure.
Measu
rementofba
rometr
icpr
essur
ecanb eexpr
essedi
nmill
ib
ars(
mb)ori
ninch
esormil
li
meter
s
ofmer
cury(
Hg)

St
and
ardAtmosp
heri
cPres
sure
St
and
ardAtmosph
eri
cPressu
re(at
m)isusedasar efere
ncefo
rg asdensi
ti
esan dvol
ume s.Th
eStandar
d
o o
At
mosphe
ri
cPressur
eisdef
ineda
ts e
a-l
eve
lat2 73K( 0C)andis1.01325b a
ro r101325Pa( abs
olut
e).
Th
etemper
atu
reof293oK(
20oC)i
sals
oused.I
nimper
ial
uni
tst
heSta
ndar
dAtmos
pher
icPre
ssur
eis14.
696ps
i.

19
 Pe
mba
caa
nTe
kan
and
iAl
atUk
ur

T
eka
nanGa
ugeA T
eka
nanA
bso
ulu
tB T
eka
nanV
acu
umC

Ko
ndi
siSa
atT
ida
kBe
rop
era
si

Ko
ndi
siSa
atBe
rop
era
si

2
3
1 T
erb
acav
aku
m0,5at
m-
Te
rba
ca2at
mg Te
rbac
a2a t
ma
0 0,
5atmg0,5a
tma
A
tau3atma
bsol
ut 2 At
au1 a
tmg
ab
sol
ut
T
iti
kpe
ngu
kur
ant
ers
ebu
tdi
gamb
ark
a
1nd
ala
mgr
afi
k

T
eka
nanb
aro
met
ri
c
C
T
eka
nan0mu
tla
k

Mano
me t
erga
ugeya
ngmenun
juk
kan
te
kananva
kumdantek
ana
ngauge

2
0
T
uga
s:
Car
ibebe
rapasi
stember
tek
anand al
amkehi
dupa
ns e
harihar
i(pad
at ek
ananatmo
steri
k,d
iatas
,
da
nd i
bawahtek
anana
tmosfer
ik/va
cuum)da
ngambark
and ig
raf
ik,
misal:
- Snackchi
ki
,Kompre
sor,Vacuu
mc l
eane
r,Bal
ong a
s,me n
yela
md ilaut
,ba
nmo tor
,sosi
s
ataubaksoke
ma sa
n,L PG,dipun
cakg u
nung,panta
ic a
ri
ta,ruan
gankuli
ah,pesa
wat
ter
bangdl
l
Ma
ter
iUj
i
an
Phot
oa l
atukurt
e k
ananyan
gs ed
angber
ope
ras
i,3j
eni
sya
ngmenu
nju
kkantek
ananabs
olut
,
te
kanangaug
e,dantek
ana
nv ac
uum.Ta
nyabe
rap
atek
ana
nte
rba
cad
ank o
nve
rsiun
tukb
erbag
ai
j
eni
ss a
tuant
ekan
an.
Pr
ess
ureUn
its
Si
nce1Pai sas mallpre
s s
ureunit,th
eu ni
thect
oPasc
al(hPa)iswide
lyuse
d,espec
ial
l
yin
mete
oro
logy
.Theu
nitkil
oPascal
(kPa)iscommonl
yusedd
esig
no ft
echn
ica
lapp
li
cati
onsl
i
keHVAC
sy
stems,p
ipi
ngsy
stemsa ndsi
mila.1k
r i
loPa
scal
=1000Pa sca
l

 1ba
r-100,
000Pa
 1mi
ll
ib
ar-100Pa
 1at
mosphe
re-101,
325Pa
 1mmHg-133Pa
 1i
nchHg-3,
386Pa

Ator
r(t
orr
)isn
amedafte
rTor
ri
cel
l
iandi
sth
epr
ess
urep
rod
uce
dbyac
olu
mno
fme
rcu
ry1mm
t
h
hi
gh-eq
ual
sto1/760 ofana
tmosph
ere
.

 1a
tm=760t
orr=14.
696p
si

Pou
ndspersq
uarei
nch(psi
)wascommoni
nU.K.
buthasn
owb e
enr
epl
ace
dinal
mostev
erycou
ntr
yexc
ept
i
ntheU.
S.bytheSIun
its
.Si
nceatmos
pher
icp
res
surei
s14.
696psi
-acol
umnofai
ronaare
aofone
sq
uarei
nchar
eafro
mt heEar
th'
ssur
fac
etoth
espace-wei
ght
s14.
696pou
nds
.

Th
eb a
r(bar
)isc ommo nintheindust
ry.Oneba ri
s100,000Pa,an df
ormos
tprac
tic
alpu
rpo
sesc
anbe
ap
prox
imate
dt oo neatmo s
p h
e r
eevenif.1Ba r=0.9869a tm
Beb
erapasa
tuant ekan
a nyangb i
asadigunaka
nu ntukmenyata
kano n
eAtmosp
here"
 7 6Ce nt
ime te
rs(760mm)o fMe r
c u
ry
 2 9.
921I nchesofMe r
cury
 1 0.
332Me ter
so fWater
 4 06.78InchesofWa ter
 3 3.
899Fe e tofWa t
er
 1 4.
696Po und-
ForceperSqu a
reInch
 2 116.2Pou nds-
ForceperSq u
areFo o
t
 1 .
033Ki l
ograms -
ForceperSq u
areCe nti
meter
 1 01.33Kilopascal
 1P a=I N/m2
2
 1a tm=1. 01325b ar=101. 3k Pa=14. 696p s
i(l
bf/
in )=760mmHg=10.33mH2O=760to
rr=
2
29.
92i n
Hg=1013mb ar=1.0332k gf/c
m =33. 90ftH2O

2
1
 Ma
ter
iTu
gas
1. Hi
tun
gte
kan
and
ala
mBa
rdi
ked
ala
manmi
nya
k10md
eng
ans
g0,
75
J
awa
b:
P = .
g.
h
m3. 2
= 750k
g/ 9,81m/
s .10m
2
= (
750.
9,81.
10)k
g/(
m.s )=Pa
= (
750.
9,81.
10)x1Ba
r/105Pa
= 0,
736Ba
r
Hi
tun
gte
kan
and
ala
mps
iun
tukme
mbu
kti
kanf
ung
sig
c(f
akt
ork
onv
ers
i)
Da
lams
atu
anEn
gin
eer
in
g:
- Ke
dal
ama
n(h
) = 32
,808f
t
- Sg = 0,
75
2
- g = 32
,174f
t/d
eti
k
2
- g
c = 32
,174l
bm.
f
t/l
bf
.s
m3 x1m3/ 3
- De
nsi
tas = 750k
g/ 35.
3ft x1l
bm/
0,453k
g
3
= 46,
9 l
bm/
ft
Se
hin
gga
:
P=.
g.
h:g
c
3 2 2
=46,
9 l
bm/
ft x32
,174f
t/d
eti
k x 32
,808f
t:32
,174l
bm.
ft
/l
bf
.s
2
= 1.
538,
7lb
f/f
t a
tau=10,
69p
si….
cekd
eng
ank
onv
ers
ila
ngs
ung
..

2
. Be
rap
ake
dal
ama
nmi
nya
ksg0,
75y
anga
kanme
ngh
asi
l
kant
eka
nan2
,75Ba
r?Be
rap
ake
dal
ama
nai
r
u
ntu
kpe
rta
nya
any
angs
ama
J
awa
b:
105Pa=105k 2
c
ata
tan
: 1Ba
r = g/(
m.s)
h = P/
.g
75105Pa m3. -2
= 2
, /(750k
g/ 9,81k
g.m.
det)
= 37,
4m
ha
ir = mi
n/a
ir xhmi
n
= 0,
75x37,
4 =2
8m

3.
Uba
hhe
adt
eka
nan15ma
irk
eme
termi
nya
kde
nga
nsgmi
nya
k0,
75.
Hmi
nya
k = ha
ir/s
.g
= 15/0,
75 =2
0m

V
olu
meMo
larGa
s
T
her
eisav
ari
etyo
fal
ter
nat
iv
ede
fi
ni
ti
onsf
ort
hes
tan
dar
dre
fer
enc
eco
ndi
ti
onso
fte
mpe
rat
urea
ndp
res
sur
e.

2
2
ST
P,NT
Pan
dot
herd
efi
ni
ti
onss
hou
ldt
her
efo
reb
eus
edwi
thc
are
.Iti
sal
way
simp
ort
antt
okn
owt
her
efe
ren
ce

t
emp
era
tur
ean
dre
fer
enc
epr
ess
uref
ort
hea
ctu
ald
efi
ni
ti
onu
sed
 Su
hud
anT
eka
nanSt
and
ar(
STP)
a
.Thecur
ren
tver
si
onofI
UPAC'
ssta
ndard(
Int
ern
ati
onalUn
ionofPu
reandAppl
i
edCh e
mis
try
)i sa
t
emp
erat
ureo
f0 °
C(273.
15 
K,32 
°F)an
da nabso
lutepr
ess
ureof100 
kPa(14.
504psi
,0.986
a
tm)

b.Wh i
leas tandardo f60  °Fa nd14.696 psiwa sus edi nthep ast
,t hec u
rrentu sag
e
(part
icul
arlyinNo rt
hA me r
icaa t
auo i
la ndg ass e
c to
r)i spredo
minan t
lyof60  °Fa n
d
14.73 psi
.
c.NT P-No rma lTempera t
urea ndPressur
e-i sdefi
neda sairat20oC(293.15K, 68oF)and1
atm( 101.325k N/m2 ,101.325k Pa,14.7psia,0psig,29.92inHg,407i nH2O,760t orr
).
Density1.
2 04k g/
m3( 0.075p oun
dsp ercubi
cf o
ot).NTPisc ommonlyuseda sas tandar
d
condit
ionf ortest
inga ndd o
cume nt
atio
no ffancapaci
ties:
 Volu
meGa s
I
tisequall
ya simp or
tanttoi n d
icatethea ppli
cabl
er ef
erencec ondi
ti
onso ftemp er
a t
urea n
d
p
ressu
rewh ens tatingthemo larvolumeo fag a
sa sitiswh ene xpr
essin
gag asv olumeo r
v
olu
me t
ri
cf l
owr a
t e.Stat
ingthemo l
arvolu
meo fagaswithoutindic
ati
ngthereferen
cec ondit
ion
s
o
ftempera
tureandp ressur
eh asn ome ani
nga nditcancausec o
nfusion.

T
hemolarg
asvol
umescanb
ecal
cul
ate
dwithanacc
u r
acyth
ati
sus
ual
l
ysu
ffi
ci
entb
yus
ingt
he
u
niv
ers
algasl
awfori
dea
lga
ses
.Theusua
lexp
res
sionis:

PV=n
RT …wh
ichc
anb
ere
arr
ang
edt
hus
:

wh
ere(
inSI
met
ri
cun
its
):

P=t
hea
bso
lut
epr
ess
ureo
fth
ega
s,i
nkPa(
kil
opa
sca
l)
n=a
mou
nto
fsu
bst
anc
e,i
nmo
l
V=t
hev
olu
meo
fth
ega
s,nm3
i
T=t
hea
bso
lut
ete
mpe
rat
ureo
fth
ega
s,i
nK
R=t
heu
niv
ers
alg
asl
awc
ons
tan
to 3145m3·
f8. Pa/
(mo
l·
K)

o
rwh
ere(
inc
ust
oma
ryUSAu
nit
s):

P=t
hea
bso
lut
epr
ess
ureo
fth
ega
s,i
nps
i
n=n
umb
ero
fmo
les
,inl
bmo
l
3
V=t
hev
olu
meo
fth
ega
s,i
nft/l
bmo
l
T=t
hea
bso
lut
ete
mpe
rat
ureo
fth
ega
sab
sol
ute
,in°
R
3
R=t
heu
niv
ers
alg
asl
awc
ons
tan
tof10.
7316f
t ·
psi
/(
lbmo
l·
°R)

T
hemo
larv
olu
meo
fan
yid
eal
gasma
ybec
alc
ula
teda
tva
ri
ouss
tan
dar
dre
fer
enc
eco
ndi
ti
onsa
s
2
3
s
hownb
elo
w:
3
 V
/n=8.
3145×273.
15/101.
325=22.
414 
m/ k
molat0 
°Can
d101.325 
kPa
3
 V
/n=10.
7316×519.
67/14.
696=379.
48 
ft/ l
bmo
lat60 
°Fand14.
696 
psi(
ora
bou
t0.
8366
3
f
t /g
rammo
le)

So
ald
ari
Gea
nko
pli
s1.
4B

Hi
tun
gni
lai
tet
apangas(
R)j
i
kat
eka
nand
iny
ata
kand
ala
mps
ia,
mol
dal
aml
bmo
l,d
anv
olu
mend
ala
mft
3,
su
hudal
amRanki
ne.

Ja
wa b
:
Pad
ak o
ndi
sist
andar
:P=14,
7ps
ia;
V=379,
48f
t3;
mol
eda
lam1l
bmo
l;T=(
460+60)o
R;d
ida
pat
o
R=10,73ft
3.p
sia
/(l
bmol
.R)

T−1 −1
V
alu
e fR
so Un
its(
V 
P  n )

K−1  −1
A 8.
314472 J
  mol
K−1  −1
B 1.
9858775 c
al  mol
PaK−1mo−1
C 8.
314472 Lk l
m3  K−1  −1
D 8.
314472 Pa  mol
m3  K−1  −1
E 8.
314472 c MPa
  mol
×10−5 m3  K−1  −1
F 8.
314472 bar
  mol
05746×10−5 m3  K−1  −1
G 8.
2 atm  mol
m3  K−1  −1
H 82
.05746 c atm  mol
×10−2 K−1  −1
I 8.
314472 L
  
bar
  mol
K−1  −1
J 0.
082
05746 L
 at
m  mol
K−1  −1
K 62
.36367 L
 mmHg
    
mol
K−1  −1
L 6.
132
440 f
t 
lb
f  g-
mol
R−1  −1
M 1,
545.
349 f
t 
lb
f 
° l
b-mo
l
3
R−1  −1
N 10.
73159 f
t  
psi
 
° l
b-mo
l
3
R−1  −1
O 0.
7302
413 f
t  
atm 
° l
b-mo
l
3
K−1  −1
P 998.
9701 f
t  
 mmHg
  l
b-mo
l
−1 −1
Q 1.
986 Bt
u l
b-
mol  
°R

2
4
2
5
T
uga
sAn
ali
si
sDi
men
si:

1.k
onv
ers
in i
l
aiRdar
iber
bag
ais
ist
ems a
tua
n(mis
aldar
iAkeB,
L,Md
anQ)
2.p
ene
ntuansat
uankon
stan
take
cepa
tanre
aks
iorde0,
1,
2
3. Pe
rsa
maa
nNu
sse
lt:

Di
man
a
2
h :k oef
isi
enperp
indahanpanas(BT
U/(
hr.
ft.
ΔF)
)
k :k ondu
ktif
it
astermal(BTU/(
hr.
ft
.ΔF)
)
3
ρ :d ensi
tas(l
bm/ft)
λ :p er
ubahanentha
lpi(
BT U/l
bm)
L : Panj
angtubeataupi
p a(f
t)
µ :v i
skosi
tas(lbm/(hr
.f
t))
ΔT :b edasuhu(ΔF)
Te
ntu
kansa
t u
andarikons
tanta0,934

 V ol
umeStandarGas
Juml
ahg a
st i
dakbis
ad i
nyat
akandal
ams at
uanvolu
mea taul
ajua l
irvol
umes a
ja,misal
nyavol
ume
3
gasLPGs ebes
ar2L ,a t
aua l
i
rangasa l
amd enganlaj
u2m / me n
it.Kar
enah alin
itida
kb i
sa
menggambar
kanbanyakny
ama ssagaste
rsebu
t.Karen
as e
lai
nvo l
ume ,massagasjugater
gant
ung
var
ia
beltek
anandans uh
u.GasHidr
ogendit
abungAd e
nganvol
ume2 00L,45oCd anteka
nan3b a
r
te
ntuny
ame mp un
yaima s
sayangberbed
ad en
g a
ng asHidr
ogend itabungBd e
nga nvol
umeyang
sama2 00L,2 5oCd antekan
an1,5b ar
.Kitajugaagakk e
su l
itanu n
tukme mbandi
ngkangas
Hi
droge
nd it
abungyangmanayangmempunyaimassapal
ingbanyak.

Ta
bungA Ta
bungB
Hi
dro
gen200L
,45oC,
3ba
r Hi
dro
gen2
00L
,25oC,
1,5b
ar

Ol
ehk a
ren
aitu,per
ludi
lak
u kanperh
itu
ngan/
konver
siunt
ukme n
yatakanvol
umeg a
sd a
lamkondis
i
suhudantek
ananya n
gs ama,danb i
asany
ad i
pi
li
hsuhudantekanans t
andarat
auNormal(STP)
.
Vol
umet e
rsebu
td i
k e
nalde n
g a
nv ol
umes tan
dar,danbia
sanyad i
tambahk
a nsi
mbolNNo r
mal
(d
alams at
uanInterna
sio
n al
)a tauSSt andar(dal
am Satu
anI mperi
um/Engi
neer
in
g).Dengan
demik
ianmasi
ng-masi
ngga sterse
butbis
ad i
band
ingk
an.Mis
alny
a,gasa l
amme mpuny
aivol
ume2

2
6
SCFa
tau5Nm3.

Stan
dardcubi
cf e
etp ermi
nut
e(SCFM)isthevol
umet
ri
cf l
owr
ateofag a
sc or
rec
tedto
"s
tandar
di
zed"cond
iti
onsoft
empe
rat
ure
,pre
ssur
ea n
drela
tiv
ehu
midi
ty
,th
usr e
pre
sent
inga
pr
ecis
ema s
sf l
owrat
e.

A
ctualc
ubi
cfootpermin
ute(ACFM)isthevolumeofg a
sf l
owin
ga ny
wher
einas y
ste
m,
i
nde
pend
entofit
stempe
ratu
reandpre
ssure
.Jik
ad al
ams i
ste
mp enga
li
rang
asber
adadal
am
k
ondi
sis
uhudant
eka
nansta
ndar
,makani
la
iACFMakansamadenga
nSCFM.

SCFa
ndA
CFf
ora
nyg
asa
rer
el
ate
dina
cco
rda
ncewi
tht
hec
omb
ine
dga
sla
w

De
fi
ni
ngs
tan
dar
dco
ndi
ti
onsb
yth
esu
bsc
ri
pt1a
nda
ctu
alc
ond
iti
onsb
yth
esu
bsc
ri
pt2
,th
en:

wheePi
r si
nabso
lut
epr
ess
ureu
nit
sadTi
n sina
bso
lut
ete
mpe
rat
ureu
nit
s(i
.
e.,
eit
herKe
lvi
nso
r
de
gree
sRan
kin
e).

MMSCF
D

Mil
l
ionstan
dardcub
icfeetperdayisau nitofmeasu
rementforl
iqu
idsa ndgasest h
atis
pr
edomi
nantl
yusedi
ntheUni
tedSta
tes
. I
tisfr
eque
ntl
yabbr
evi
ate
dMMSCF D,where"MM"me an
s
1,
000×1,
000.MMSCFDiscommo n
lyusedasame asu
reofnatu
ralga
s,li
quefi
edpetro
leumg a
s
(L
PG),c
ompresse
dnatu
ralg
as(CNG)andothe
rgasest
hatext
ract
ed,p
roc
es s
edo rtr
anspo
rtedi
n
3
hi
ghquan
tit
ies
.OneMMSCFDequal
s1180Sm / h
.

Co
ntohsoal
1. ContohgasHid
roge ndiatasd i
saj
ik
and al
amNM3d anSCF
2. Kondi
si2s u
mu rga sbumi
a. Su murg a
sb u miAkond i
si:
debi
tn ya
ta10m3/ d
et,T25oCd a
nP10Ba r
,di
jual
1j u
taUS$
3 o
b. Su murg a
sb u miBk o
n di
si:d
ebitnyat
a50m / d
et,T40 Cd anP5Bar
,di
jual
5j u
taUS$
3 o
c. Su murg a
sb u miCk o
n di
si:d
ebitnyat
a100m / de
t,T50 Cd anP3Bar
,di
jual10jut
aUS$
Pil
i
hma nayangleb i
hmu r
ah!
3. Gasalamd e
nganla j
ua l
i
rma ssatotal100kg/me
n i
tdengankomposis
imol
arCH4=40%, C2H6=2
0
o
%, CO2=15%, H2S=3%, H2O=2 2%.Su hu40 Cd a
ntekanan100Bara
.Hitu
ng:
a. L aj
ua l
i
rmo lar(kmol
/ha r
i)
b. A CFD
c. SCF D
d. F ra
ksimas sab e
b a
sa i
r

2
7
Ri
ngk
asa
n

Si
ste
m Sa
tua
n Ko
ndi
siA
ktu
al Ko
ndi
siSt
and
ar
3 3 3
Si V
olu
me L
,m s
tan
dar
is
asi NL,Nm ,SL,Sm
3 3
De
bit L
/de
tik
;m/
jam NL
/deti
k;Sm /
jam,
3
Nm /j
am
k
onv
ers
i
3 3
I
mper
ial
/ V
olu
me f
t (CF
),MCF
,MMCF s
tan
dar
is
asi Sf
t(SCF
),MSCF
,
En
gin
eer
ing MMSCF
3 3
De
bit f
t/h
ari
(CF
D),
MMCF
D Sf
t /h
ari
(SCF
D),
MMSCFD

En
erg
i
Ene
rgiadal
ahkemampu
anu n
tukme l
akuk
anu s
aha.Ben
tukene
rgiyan
gb an
yakdiba
haste
rkai
t
i
ndust
ripr
oses
,ant
aral
ai
n,ene
rgida
lam(U),
energ
iki
net
ikda
nenerg
ipote
nsia
l.Be
berap
asat
uan
en
ergiy
angbany
akdi
gun
akananta
rala
in:
J
oul
e
Di
fi
ni
si1J oul
e:the s
tand
ard 
uni
t 
of 
wor
k or
 e
nergy 
i
n t
heInter
nat
ion
alSy
ste
mo fUni
ts 
(SI
),
eq
ual
 to
 Th
e wor
k 
done 
by 
a fo
rce
 of
 one
 newton
 when
  I ts po
int
 of
 a
ppl
ic
atio
n
move
s t
hrou
gh 
a 
di
sta
nce 
ofone
 meter
 i
n 
the
 dir
ecti
on 
of 
the
 f
orce
.

I
nsl
i
ght
lymo
ref
und
ame
nta
lte
rms
,1 
j
oul
e= 1 
newt
on-
met
rea
nd,
int
ermso
fSI
bas
eun
its
:

1J
oul
e=0,
7376f
t.
lb
f:1f
t.
lb
f=1,
3558J
oul
e.

BT
U

ABTU(br
it
isht
her
ma lun
it)i
sdef
in
edasa
mo untofh
eatr
equ
ir
edtora
iseth
etemp
era
tur
eofon
e
1 
poun
d(0.
454kg)ofli
qui
dwate
rby1 
°F(
0.556 °
C)atac
onst
antp
ress
ureofo
nea
tmosp
her
e.

On
eBT
Uisa
ppr
oxi
mat
ely
:

2
8
  1.
054to1.060kJ(ki
l
ojoul
es)
 0.
293071W·h(watthou
rs)
 252to253 
cal
 0.
25kcal
 778to782 f
t·
lb
f(f
oot-
pounds
-fo
rce
)

I
nnat
ural
gas,byconv
enti
o n1 MMBtu(1mil
li
onBT U,
someti
meswri
tten"mmBTU"
)=1.054615 
GJ.
3
Co
nve
rsel
y,1gi
g a
jou
leiseq u
ival
entto26.
8 
mo fnat
ura
lgasatd
efi
nedtemper
atu
rea
ndp r
essur
e.So
,
3
1 
MMBtu=2 8.
263682 
mo fnatur
a l
gasatdef
inedtempe
rat
urea
ndpress
u r
e.

Ka
lor
i

De
fi
ni
ti
onso
fac
alo
ri
efa
lli
ntot
woc
las
ses
:
 T
hes
mal
lca
lor
ieo
rgr
amc
alo
ri
e(s
ymb
ol:c
al)a
ppr
oxi
mat
est
hee
ner
gyn
eed
edt
oin
cre
aset
he
t
emper
atur
eof1gramofwat
erby1 °
C.Th
isi
sabout4.
2jou
les.
 T
helar
gecal
ori
e,k
il
ogramcal
or
ieorfo
odcal
or
ie(s
ymbol
:Cal)ap
pro
ximat
esthee
n e
rgyneed
edt
o
i
ncr
eas
et h
et e
mperat
ureo
f1k il
ogr
amofwaterby1 
°C.Thisi
sexact
ly1000smallc
alo
ri
esor
a
bout4.
2kil
oj
oul
es.

Ene
rgiju
gaser
ingd
inya
tak
and a
lamsatua
nener
gip
ersat
uanmassaat
audi
ken
alseb
aga
ien
erg
i
sp
esif
ikmis
aln
yaene
rgyki
net
icspe
sif
ik
,ener
gyp
ote
nsi
alsp
esi
fi
k,e
nth
alp
isp
esi
fi
k.
2 2
Ni
lai
gme rupa
kanper
cep
atangrav
it
asibu
mi y
angmempuny
aini
la
i10m/d
e t
ik, 32,
174ft/de
tik.Seba
ikn
ya
di
pahamiju
gab ah
wap e
rcepat
angrav
it
asibumi(
g)i
niber
bedadeng
angcyangme ru
pakanfact
orkonv
ersi
j
ik
ame nghi
tungen
ergyk
ine
ticmaupunener
gypot
ens
ial
dala
mSa tu
anEn
g i
neerin
g.Ni
lai
g cse
besar32,
174
2
l
bm.f
t/lb
f.
s .

Co
nto
hme ng
h i
tun
gEKd anEPdal
am2s i
stemsatuanunt
ukmeli
hatfun
gsidar
igc
- A d
ab ol
ama ssa5k gj
atu
hd a
riket
ing
gian10md a
rit
anahkek e
tin
ggi
an2mdaritan
ah.
Hi
tungpenur
unanener
gip
otens
ial
danp e
nin
g k
atanene
rgi
k i
net
ikdenga
nmen
ggu
na n
kan2
si
ste
ms atua
n( SI
danEngi
nee
ri
ng)dal
ams atu
anJoul
edanft.
l
bf

T
ons
eta
rami
nya
k
Tonsetar
aminyaka t
aut onneo foilequi
val
en t
 (
toe)adal
ahs a
tuanener
gi
,me rup
aka nj
umlahener
giyang
di
lep
askandar
ip e
mb akarans et
ara1t onnemi ny
akme nt
ah.Satua
ninibi
asad i
gunakanuntukmenya
takan
ener
giyan
gd i
pr
o d
uksida ndikonsumsiolehsuataunegar
a.Seper
tidi
ket
ahui
, s
u mberataucada
nganener
gi
suat
unegaraadabeberapama cam, bat
ubara
, miny
ak,gas
, k
ayudanla
in-
lai
n.Conto
hT ahun1999,k
onsumsi
ener
giPer
anci
ss ebesar14.1j u
taT OEb aha
nb akarpadat(kay
udanb a
tubar
a),96.4jut
aT OEminya
kd an
33.
9jutaTOEof 
gas.Kon s
ums il
istr
iktahunansebesar8mil
yarKWHa t
ausetara650.000TOE.
Di
fi
nisi
:
• 1  t
oe setar
a41.868 GJa ta
u11.63 MWh .
• 1t oe=11. 63 me g
awa tt 
hours
• 1t oe=41. 87 gi
gajoul
es
• 1t oe=39, 683,205.411 BTU
• 1t oe=7. 11,7.33,or7.4 b
a r
rel
ofoilequi
val
ent 
(boe)
• 1t  bi
oethan
ol 
=0. 64t oe

2
9
1 
bar
rel
ofo
ile
qui
val
ent
 (
boe
)co
nta
insa
ppr
oxi
mat
ely0.
146t
oe(
i.
e.t
her
ear
eap
pro
xima
tel
y6.
841b
oei
nat
oe)
.

1t
 di
ese
l 
=1.
01t
oe

1m3 
di
ese
l=0.
98t
oe

1tp
etr
ol=1.
05t
oe

1m3 
pet
rol
=0.
86t
oe

1t
 bi
odi
ese
l 
=0.
86t
oe

1m3 
bi
odi
ese
l=0.
78t
oe

1t
 bi
oet
han
ol 
=0.
64t
oe

1m3 
bi
oet
han
ol=0.
51t
oe[
3]

[
4] [
5]
1MWh=0.
086t
oe   
(t
her
efo
re1t
oe=11630.
0kWh
) 

[
6]
a
tth
erma
lpo
werp
lan
t,1MWhg
ene
rat
edwi
th0.
22t
oef
uel
or0.
39MWhwi
th0.
086t
oe  
(39%t
her
mal
toe
lec
tri
cal
c
onv
ers
ione
ffi
ci
enc
y)

30
Da
yaa
tauPo
wer
Da
yaa
dal
ahe
ner
gip
ers
atu
anwa
ktu
.

Hors
epo
weri
sth
eimp
eri
al(
Bri
ti
sh)u
nito
fpo
wer
.Ah
ors
epo
weri
sth
eab
il
it
ytod
owo
rka
tth
e
ra
teof

 1hp(En
glis
hho
rsepo
wer
)=745.7W=0.746k
W=550f
t.
lb
/s=2545Bt
u/h=33000
f
t.
lb
/menit=1.
0139met
ri
cho
rsepo
wer

Co
nto
hsa
tua
npo
wer:
wat
t,HP

Sh
afto
rBr
akeHo
rse
powe
r

T
hebrakeho
rsepoweri
stheamountofre
alhor
sepo
we rg
o i
ngtothep
u mp,
notth
ehor
sepo
we r
u
sedbythemotor.I
nth
eme t
ricsyst
emk i
lo
watts(
kW)isu se
d.Duetohyd
rau
li
c,mec
hani
cala
nd
v
olu
me t
ri
closse
sinapumpo rtur
bi
netheactu
alhor
sepowerava
il
abl
eforwor
konorf
romthefl
ui
d
i
sles
sthanthetota
lhor
sepo
we rsupp
li
ed

Ka
pas
ita
sPa
nas
Hea
tcapaci
ty(
usual
l
yd e
note
db yacapi
taC,
l oft
enwit
hsubs
cri
pts)i
same as
ura
bleph
ysi
calq
uanti
ty
whi
chchar
acte
ri
zestheamountofh
eatreq
uir
edtocha
ngeabod
y'ste
mp e
rat
urebyagi
venamoun
t.I
nthe
I
nte
rna
tio
nalSyst
emofUnit
s,heatca
paci
tyisex
pre
ssedi
nuni
tsofjo
ule
sp e
rkel
vin
.

t
hes
pec
if
ich
eatc
apa
ciyc
t ,
theh
eatc
apa
cit
ype
run
itma
ss,
whi
chh
asSI
uni
ts

31