Pavement and Foundation

Design (Theory)

Assignment

SUBMITTED TO: Ma’am Aisha

SUBMITTED BY ROLL NO

Shahrukh Niaz BCEF16M017

Asad Qureshi BCEF16E020

Atif Minhas BCEF16E034

CIVIL ENGG,CET
UOS,SARGODHA
 Materials of Road Highway

There are two types of pavements based on design considerations i.e. flexible
pavement and rigid pavement. Difference between flexible and rigid
pavements is based on the manner in which the loads are distributed to the
subgrade.

Flexible Pavement

Flexible pavement is composed of a bituminous material surface course and

underlying base and subbase courses. The bituminous material is more often
asphalt whose viscous nature allows significant plastic deformation. Most
asphalt surfaces are built on a gravel base, although some 'full depth' asphalt
surfaces are built directly on the subgrade.

Materials:

 Binder course:
This layer provides the bulk of the asphalt concrete structure. It's chief purpose
is to distribute load to the base course The binder course generally consists of
aggregates having less asphalt and doesn't require quality as high as the
surface course, so replacing a part of the surface course by the binder course
results in more economical design.
  Base Material:

This is the layer directly below the surface course and generally consists of
aggregates (either stabilized or un-stabilized). Base material shall be
manufactured from hard, durable stone or recycled building materials free of
clay lumps, organic matter and other deleterious substances. The material may
be crusher run or screened and recombined.

 Subbase Materials :

This is the layer (or layers) under the base layer. A sub-base is not always
needed. Subbase materials shall be manufactured from hard durable stone,
recycled building material or suitable natural gravels. Stone shall be hard and
durable and the materials shall be free of clay lumps, organic matter and
objectionable quantities of deleterious substances

 Sub-Grade material:

A subgrade is made up of native soil that has been compacted to withstand

the loads above it. It is a layer required in many structures such as pavements
and slabs, although it needs to have certain characteristics. A subgrade might
need special drainage structures to let water if it is composed of impermeable
soil
 RIGID PAVEMENT

A rigid pavement is constructed from cement concrete or reinforced concrete

slabs. Grouted concrete roads are in the category of semi-rigid pavements.

The design of rigid pavement is based on providing a structural cement

concrete slab of sufficient strength to resists the loads from traffic. The rigid
pavement has rigidity and high modulus of elasticity to distribute the load over
a relatively wide area of soil.

Materials:

 Surface course:

The concrete slab is the top most layer of rigid pavement which is in direct
contact with the vehicular loads. This is also called as surface course. It is water
resistant and prevents the water infiltration into the base course. It consists of
the PCC slab, reinforced or continuously reinforced slabs .

 Base course materials:

This is the layer directly below the PCC layer and generally consists of
aggregate or stabilized sub-grade. Materials used:
 o Cement and Flyash
o Aggregates (Fine Aggregates, Course Aggregates)
o Admixtures
o Concrete

 Sub-base course:

It is the third layer from the top and is in contact with the subgrade soil and
base course. It is constructed by using low quality aggregates than the base
course but they should be better quality than subgrade. Appropriate materials
are aggregates and high quality structural fill.

 Subgrade course:

Subgrade soils may vary considerably. The stresses coming from the top layers
is received by different soils in different manners. Some soils may resist them
and some may not. It is depends upon the interrelationship of texture, density,
moisture content and strength of subgrade. So, proper examination should be
done on subgrade before construction.