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Introduction To Linguistics Syntax: Class 7
Introduction To Linguistics Syntax: Class 7
Syntax
Class 7
Dylan Glynn
www.dsglynn.univ-paris8.fr
dglynn@univ-paris8.fr
Where is grammar?
or
When you speak, do you start with the form or do you start with the meaning?
Two models of language
Structuralism - Generativism
Formal (rule-based) Linguistics
Post-Structuralism - Functionalism
Functional (usage-based) Linguistics
you begin with activity (energeia) and end up with product (ergon)
Just like the sign is a whole, made of two parts – signifié and signifiant
Language is a whole, made of two parts – langue and parole
Chomsky agreed with de Saussure in that the structure is the basis of the production
the competence is in the mind, the performance is the use of that competence
but
Chomsky insisted that competence was
fundamentally innate !!!
Questions
Can you learn something without being told you’re wrong?
Is immitation enough to learn by?
Universal Grammar and the “Poverty of Stimulus”
Formalists argue that a child does not have enough input to learn a langauge perfectly
They point out that a yoing child can produce perfect sentences that he or she has
never heard before?
In some ways they echoed Humboldt and said that usage comes first
but they also said that Langue does not exist!
Lexis
Although this kind of “tree,” with its “branches,” shown on th
down rather than up, it functions rather well as a diagram
grammatical information found in the other analysis on the le
How to parse syntax –
explicitly that there are different levels in the analysis. That
Trees and Brackets
analysis at which a constituent such as NP is represented and a d
NP NP
Art N Art N
[The] [girl]
The girl
Figure 8.1
100 The Study of Language
A full clause.... S
NP VP
Art N V NP
Art N
S
Pro V det N
FIGURE 5.1
But The verb phrase in Quirk
I called my mother et al. (1985).
NP VP NP
According to the tree diagram in Figure 5.1, the two noun phrases and
the verb phrase are separate constituents in the sentence (labeled as S): the
final noun phrase, for V
Pro instance, is not
det embedded Nin the verb phrase.
Others, however, have claimed that post-verbal noun phrases such as my FIGURE 5.1
mother are not separate constituents in the sentence but embedded in the The verb phrase in Quirk
Iverb phrase, as diagrammed
called in Figure 5.2.
my mother et al. (1985).
According to the treeS diagram in Figure 5.1, the two noun phrases and
the verb phrase are separate constituents in the sentence (labeled as S): the
final noun phrase, for instance, is not embedded in the verb phrase.
Others, however, have claimed that post-verbal noun phrases such as my
NP VP
mother are not separate constituents in the sentence but embedded in the
verb phrase, as diagrammed in Figure 5.2.
N V NP
S
I called det N FIGURE 5.2
Alternative view of the
verb phrase (Aarts and
my mother Haegeman 2006).
NP VP
Aarts and Haegeman (2006: 130) argue for this analysis on the grounds
that called my mother is a single unit rather than separate constituents in
NP
Figure 8.3
It is important to remember that, although there are three constituen
curly brackets, only one of them can be selected on any occasion.
According tocommon
The list of this rule,symbols
“a noun phrase
and rewritesisassummarized
abbreviations an article follow
here.
Syntactic Rules
The first rule in the following set of simple (and necessarily inc
S sentence
structure NP noun
rules states thatphrase PN proper
“a sentence noun
rewrites as a noun phrase and
noun ruleVP
TheNsecond verbthat
states phrase
“a nounAdv adverb
phrase rewrites as either an article
V verb plus a Adj
adjective adjective
noun, or a pronoun, or apreposition
Prep proper noun.” The other rule
Art article
pattern. Pro pronoun PP prepositional phrase
* ungrammatical sentence
S → NP VP
→ consists of / rewrites as
NP → {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}
() optional constituent
VP → V NP (PP) (Adv)
{} one and only one of these constituents must be selected
PP → Prep NP
xical rules
Art N NP Art N
Figure 8.3
Generating Language with formal rules
S → NP VP
NP → {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}
VP → V NP (PP) (Adv)
PP → Prep NP
Art N NP Art N
Figure 8.3
Exercise
This is ambiguous...
NP VP
Art N V NP PP
Art N P NP
Art N
NP VP
Art N V NP
Art N PP
P NP
Art N
The boy saw the man with the telescope
Meaning: The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.
Functional Linguistics and Syntax
instead of NP VP NP
they have Agent Predicate Patient
etc
Form and Function
Work in groups, for BUYING and SELLING, what are the constructions that would
explain the syntax