Strength of Materials

Handout No.5
Torsion of circular
cross-section
Asst. Prof. Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen
Technical College- Baghdad
Dies and Tools Eng. Dept.
E-mail:haniazizameen@yahoo.com
www.mediafire.com/haniazizameen
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-1 Introduction
Torsion is produced by a couple which consists of two forces equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction and lies in a plane perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the shaft as shown in fig (5-1)

Fig(5-1)

Torque may by found in many applications like

(1)In power station (all rotating shafts )
(2)

According to the action of twisting , shearing force will appear in each

cross section of the shaft. The force are represented by stresses called
torsion stress (shearing stress ) . The shearing stress is indicated on small
element (complementary shear stress) as shown in Fig (5-2)

Fig(5-2)
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-2 Derivation of Torsion Formulae for

Circular Cross-Section

In torsion derivation many assumptions are used :

1- Circular section remains circular after the torque application
.
2- The material must be homogenous .
3- The plane cross-section remains as it is after the torque
application
4-
law G )

shear stress
G ............ (5-1)
shear strain
where G .....Modulus of rigidity
Let us taken a bar subjected to torque, shown in Fig.(5-3)

Fig(5-3)
From Fig(5-3) , it can be deduced that :

Arc ( AA )=R OAA ............. (5-2)

Arc ( AA )=L BAA ............. (5-3)

From eqs (5-1), (5-2)&(5-3) , yields

R
G ........................ (5-4)
L
For a certain value of torque , = constant , L & G are constants ,
Hence , eq(5-4) , will be
KR ................................ (5-5)
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

G
where K=
L
From eq (5-5)the distribution of shear stress through the cross
section of the beam .

- a- -b-
Fig(5-4)
Mo1 o2 0
R
T 1 2 r dr r 0 ...... (5-6)
0
From similar triangles(Fig(5-4b)) , we have
1
.................... (5-7)
r R
From eq(5-6)&eq(5-7) , we have
R
r
T 2 r rdr 0
0
R
R
2
T r 3 dr 0
R 0
4
2 R
T 0 ...................(5-8)
R 4
T.R
T
Form eq(5-8)and eq(5-4) ,gives
T.L
G J
where J is the polar moment of inertia
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

D4
J= (for solid circular shaft)
32
J= D4 d4 for hollow circular shaft
32

5-3 Representation of Torque on Shaft

There are many symbols to represent torque on the shaft as shown in

Fig(5-5)

The start of the arrow

+ The end of the arrow

Fig(5-5)
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-4 Torque Diagram

To study the shaft which is subjected to the load shown in the Fig(5-6)

Fig(5-6)
We must draw the torque diagram . Firstly identified the direction of
the input torque i.e. ( ) as a clockwise direction and then the output
torque ( ) as a counter clockwise direction as shown in Fig(5-6 b) .
Secondly we draw a diagram with the specific scale as shown in
Fig(5-6 c) .

5-5 Power Transmission by Shafts

Rotating shaft are widely used for transmitting power . Power is

defined as the work done per unit time. Work
done by a torque acting on rotating shaft
(Fig(5-7)) is equal to
W=T.
W T.
P T.
t t
where..... angular velocity
t
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

In shaft has N r.p.m

2 N N
60 30
N
hence, P T *
30
30 P watt
Thus , T N.m
N r.p.m
30 P kW
T N.m * 1000
N rpm
P kW
T N.m. 9550 .. (5-9)
N rpm

The unit commonly used for the power is horsepower hp ,which is

equivalent to
1hp = 745.7 Watt
P hp
T N.m 7120 . . (5-10)
N rpm

5-6 Calculation of Shaft Diameter

The shaft diameter can be found either from max .shear stress or from
max . angle of twist.

(a) maximum shear stress condition .

9550P
from eq(5-9) , T N.m
N
T.r 16T.
max = w
J D3
16T
D 3
w
16 * 9550 P
D 3
N. w
P
D 36.53 m . (5-11)
N. w
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

b) Angle of twist condition

T.L D4
max , rad ,J
G.J 32
32TL
max ,
G D4
32T.L
D 4
G max

,
180
32TL T.L
D 4.924 ,
4
G G. max
180
9550P
We have from eq(5-9) T
N
32 * 180 * 9550P.L
D 4
2
. .G.N
P.L
D 49.094 m (5-12)
GN

5 7 Composite Shafts

( a ) Series connection
If two or more shafts of different materials diameters are connected
together and each of them carries the same torque then the shafts are said

to be connected in series, see Fig.(5-8)

Fig(5-8)
In such case the composite shaft is treated by considering each
component separately, applying the torsion theory to each in turn

G1 J 1 1 G2J 2 2
T
L1 L2
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

i.e. T T1 T2 & 1 2

(b) Parallel Connection

If two or more materials are rigidly fixed together such that the applied
torque is shared between them, the composite shaft so formed is said to
be connected in parallel (see Fig.(5-9)).

Fig(5-9)
i.e. T TA TB , A B
In this case the angle of twist of each part is equal to each other and
TA .L1 TB .L 2
& T=TA+TB
G.J1 G.J 2

5-8 Plane Bolt Coupling

A common connection for two shafts is the flange bolt coupling.
Each flange is connected to the end of the shaft and both flanges
connected to each other by means of bolts.
The transmitted torque occurs, in the bolts and will create a
shearing force in each bolt. This connection can be clarified as shown in
Fig.(5-10)
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(5-0)

M0 0
F.R.n = T .................... (5-13)
where n .. is the number of bolt

Another equation can be obtained from the definition of stress

F
A
FRn =T
ARn =T (5-14)
In many cases, more than one bolt circles are used as shown in
Fig(5-11) .

Fig(5-11)
M0 0
T n F1R1 n F r = 0
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

From triangular geometry

F1 F
R1 R
1
&
R1 R
A1
Or F1 R1 ................ (5-15)
R
Eqs (5-15) & (5-10) gives :

T FRn R12 A1 n , putting F A and if A1 A2 A

R
2
R1 .. (5-16)
T An R
R

5 9 Springs
The springs are used in many applications like
a- to absorb the energy
b- to return the part of machine to its original position in the
case of reciprocating motion.
There are several types of springs, according to the type of loading ,
springs are classified as :-
1 Tension spring
2 Compression spring
3 Torsion spring
According to the nature of spring , the springs are classified as
1 Helical spring
2 Heal spring
Helical spring also can be classified :-
a- Closed coil helical spring.
b- Open coil helical spring.
5.9.1 Close Coiled Helical Springs
For close coiled springs as in Fig(5-12)
... helix angle is small and it may be neglected
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

i.e. each turn may be considered to lie in a horizontal plane if the central
axis of the spring is vertical.

Fig(5-12)
Every cross section will be subjected to a torque F R tending to twist
the section, so
T.r F.r.R
max
J r4
2
2FR
max .. (5-17)
r3
5.9.2 Deflection of Spring
Practically the deflection of spring is measured along longitudinal axis to
determine the spring deflection, considering spring subject to either
tensile or compression as shown in Fig(5-13) , for one cross section.

T.L
GJ
F.R. R 2FR 2
r4 Gr 4
G
2
2FR 3
R (for small )
G r4
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(5-13)
Total deflection
4FR 3
2n n
G r4
where n ... is the number of coils

5 10 Stress Concentrations in Torsion

If the diameter of the shaft changes suddenly as in Fig(5-14) ,
a high stress concentration is developed at the transition point of the
shaft. For circular cross section.
T.r
max Kt
J
where Kt is the stress concentration factor .

Fig(5-14)
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-11 Longitudinal Shearing Stresses

If the shaft is subjected to external torque the shearing forces will

be induced through any transverse cross section as shown in Fig(5-15)

Fig(5-15)

Mo 0
(rdx ) rd ( rrd )dx 0

It follows from the conditions of static equilibrium that the

shearing stresses acting on longitudinal sections are of the same
distribution and intensity as the shearing stress acting on transverse
sections .
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-12 Examples
The following examples explain the differences ideas of the torsion
of circular cross section problems.
Example (5-1)
Fig.(5-16) shows a solid steel shaft 40 mm in diameter is subjected to the
torsional load , find the max. shear stress in the shaft

Fig(5-16)
Solution
T=F*d
T = 2* 0.5 = 1 kN.m
T.r 1 * 16
max 79.6 MPa
J * (0.04) 3
Example (5-2)
Fig(5-17) shows a 50 mm diameter solid steel line shaft is used for
power transmission purposes in a manufacturing plant. A motor inputs
100 hp to a pulley at A , which is transmitted by the shaft to pulleys at B
and C and D . The output horsepower from pulleys located at B,C, & D is
45 hp , 25 hp and 30 hp respectively .
(a) Plot the torque diagram of the shaft
(b) Find the max. shear stress in the shaft .

Fig(5-17)
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution

The torque exerted on each gear is determined

TA= 7120 * (100/300) = 2373.33 N.m

TB = 7120 * (45/300) = 1068 N.m
TC = 7120 * (25/300) = 593.33 N.m
TD = 7120 * (30/300) = 712 N.m

(b) Since the shaft is of uniform cross section the maximum shear
stress occurs in segment AC , thus ,

T.r 16T 16 * 1305.33

max 3
53.18MPa
J D (0.05) 3

Example (5-3)
Fig(5-18) shows the hydraulic turbine, generates P = 30000 kW of
electric power when rotating at N= 250 rpm .Find the maximum shear
stress in the tubular generator shaft with outside and inside diameter s
indicated as shown .

Fig(5-18)
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution
P 30000
T 9550 9550 114600N.m
N 250
J (0.55) 4 (0.3) 4
0.0297m 3
r 16 0.55
T.r 1146000
max 38.5MPa
J 0.0297
Example (5-4)
What must be the length of a 5 mm diameter aluminum wire so that it
can be twisted through one complete revolution without exceeding a
shearing stress of 42 MPa , take E= 27 GPa
Solution.
Torque transmitted by the wire
T * D3 42 * 106 * * (0.005) 3 1.031N.m
16 16
J * D4 (0.005) 4 6.136 * 10 11
m4
32 32
We know that ,
T G 1.031 27 * 109 * 2
11
L 10.096m
J L 6.136 *10 L

Example (5-5)
A solid steel shaft has to transmit 75 kW at 200 rpm ,taking allowable
shear stress as 70 MN/m2 . Find suitable diameter for the shaft, if the
maximum torque transmitted on each revolution exceeds the mean by
30% .
Solution
Tmax.=1.3Tmean
2 NT 2 * 200 * T
P 75 T Tmean 3581Nm
60 * 1000 60 * 1000
Tmax.= 1.3 * 3581 =4655.3 Nm
Also,
D4 d4
Tmax .
16 D
4655.3 = 70 * 106/(16*D3)
D3= ( 4655.3*16) /(70*106* ) = 338.7 *10 6
D = 0.069 m
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(5-6)
A solid circular shaft transmits 75 kW power at N= 200 rpm . Find the
shaft diameter, if the twist in the shaft is not to exceed 1° in 2 meters
length of shaft and shear stress is limited to 50 MPa. Take G= 100 GN/m2

Solution

2 NT 2 * 200 * T 75 * 60 * 1000
P 75 T 3581N.m
60 * 1000 60 * 1000 2 * 200

First case : considering allowable shear stress ( 50 MPa) ,

*
T 3581 50 * 106 * /(16 * D3 )
16 * D3

D= 0.0714 m = 71. 4 mm

Second case : considering angle of twist ( 1°) ,

T G 3581 100 * 109 * 1 * / 180

TP L /(32 * D 4 ) 2

D = 0.0804 m = 80.4 mm

From the two cases we find that suitable diameter for the shaft is 80.4
mm or say 80 mm ( i.e. greater of the two value)

Example (5-7)
A hollow shaft of diameter ratio 3/8 is required to transmit 600 kW at
110 rpm the maximum torque being 20% greater than the mean . The
shear stress is not to exceed 63 MPa and the twist in a length of 3m not
to exceed 1.4 degree , find the maximum external diameter satisfying
these conditions . Take G = 84 GPa , d = 0.375 D ; Tmax= 1.2 Tmean

Solution

2 NT 2 * 110 * T
P 600 T 52087N.m
60 * 1000 60 * 1000

T = Tmean = 52087 N.m

Tmax = 1.27 Tmean = 1.2*52087=62504 N.m
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

First case : When shear stress is not to exceed 63 MPa

T 2
J R D

2 4 4 2 D4 d4
T J. (D d ) or T
D 32 D 16 D

62504 = 63*106* ( /16)*(((D4 (0.375D)4)/D)

D3 = (62504* 16) / (63*106* *0.9802)=5.155*10 3

D = 0.1727 m or 172.7 mm .................... (i)

Second case : When angle of twist is not to exceed 1.4

T G G 4 4 84 * 109 * 1.4 *
T J* (D d )*
J L L 32 3 * 180

62504 = ( /32) * ( D4 (0.375D)4 ) * ((84*104*1.4* )/(3*180))

D = 0.1755 m ............... (ii)

From eq(i) and eq(ii) we take a great of the two value D= 175.5 mm

Example (5-8)
A circular bar made of cast iron is to resist an occasional torque of
2.2 kN.m acting in transverse plane. If the allowable stresses in
compression , tension and shear are 100 MPa , 35 MPa and 50 MPa
respectively, find :
i) Diameter of the bar
ii) Angle of twist under the applied torque permeter length of
bar
Take G = 40 GPa ; T= 2.2 kN.m
c 100MPa , 50 MPa , t 35 MPa
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution
i) Diameter of the bar
Since cast iron is weakest in tension , it will fail due to tensile principle
stress . Due to the tensile stress t , the maximum shear stress is also
equal to t
( max ) allowable ( t ) allowable
T max
J R
2.2 * 1000 35 * 106
i.e.
( / 32) * D 4 ( D / 2)
2.2 * 1000 * 16
D3
* 35 * 106
D = 0.0684 m
ii) Angle of twist ,
max G GR
max 1.46
R L L

Example(5-9)
A hollow circular shaft 20mm thick transmits 294 kW at 200 rpm .Find
the diameter of the shaft if shear strain due to torsion is not to exceed
8.6*10-4 . Take modulus of rigidity 80 GN/m2

Solution
DH dH = 2 t = 0.04m or d H DH - 0.04 m
2 NT 2 * 200 * T
P= 294 T 14037Nm
60 * 1000 60 * 1000
D
14037 * H
T TR 2 71489.8D H 6
or 4 4
* 10
R R J 4
DH d H 4 D H D H 0 .04
32
* G 8.6 *10 4 * 80 *109 *10 6 68.8MN / m2
71489.8D H
4 4
* 10 6 68.8 D H 0.108m 108mm
D H D H 0.04
d H 108 2 * 20 68mm
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(5-10)
A solid steel shaft is subjected to a torque of 45 kN.m . If the angle of
twist is 0.5° per meter length of the shaft and the shear is not to be
allowed to exceed 90MN/m2
Find :.
i) Suitable diameter for the shaft
ii) Final maximum shear and angle of twist and
iii) Maximum shear in the shaft.
Take G= 80GN/m2
Solution
0.5 0.5 *
rad 0.008727rad
180
i)Diameter of the shaft ,D :
T G TL 45 *103 * L 5
J 6.445 *10
J L G 80 *109 * 0.008727
5 1/ 4
4 5 6.445 * 10 * 32
D 6.445 * 10 D 0.16m
32
T
T J* T D3
J R R 16
1/ 3 1/ 3
16T 16 * 45 *103
D 0.1365m 136.5mm
* 90 * 106
Diameter of the shaft =160mm
ii) Final maximum shear stress and angle of twist.
Since the diameter is given by the angle of twist, the final angle of twist
is 0.5° per meter length, the maximum shear stress will be less than the
given value of 90 MPa ,the final maximum shear stress is given by,
T TR 0.16 / 2 * 0.008727
6.88 * 10 4 MPa
J R J 1

Example(5-11)
Two shafts of the same material and same length are subjected to the
same torque. If the first shaft is of a solid circular section and the second
shaft is of a hollow circular section ,whose internal diameter is 2/3 of the
outside diameter and the maximum shear stress developed in each shaft is
the same , compare the weights of the two shafts.
Solution
Ds = diameter of the solid shaft
DH = external diameter of the hollow shaft
dH = internal diameter of the hollow shaft = 2/3 DH
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

The torque transmitted by the solid shaft

Ts . ..................( i)
16D3s
The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft
4
2
D 4H DH
D 4H d 4H 3 65 3
TH . . . * D H ...(ii)
16 DH 16 DH 16 81

Since both the torques are equal , equate eq(i) and eq(ii)
Ts = TH
65 3
. D 3s DH D 3H 1.246D 3s D H 1.08DS
16 16 81
weigh of the solid shaft Ws A s * Ls * s As
weigh of the hollow shaft WH A H * L H * H A H
where :-
. Weight density
Ls = LH
s= H
2
4 Ds Ds2 Ds2
1.543
4 D 2H d 2H D 2H 2 / 3 * DH 2 5
9
* 1.08D s 2

Example (5-12)
A solid cylindrical shaft is to transmit 30 kW at 100 rpm
i) If the shear stress is not to exceed 80 MPa , find its
diameter.
ii) What percentage saving in weight would be obtained if this
shaft is replaced by a hollow one whose internal diameter equals
o.6 of the external diameter, the length material and maximum
shear stress being the same ?

Solution
i) Diameter of solid shaft, Ds :
2 NT 2 * 100 * T
P 300 T 28648 Nm
60 * 1000 60 * 1000
T D3s ( Assuming T (Tmean) = Tmax )
16
28648 = 80*106 * Ds D 3s 0.122m or 122mm
16
ii) Percentage saving in weight
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

4
D 4H d 4H D 4H 1 0.6D H
. . D3s or D 3s
16 DH 16 DH
D 3H 1 0.1296 1.824 * 10 3

D H 0.128 m
d H 0.6DH d H 0.6 * 0.128 0.0768
WH AH LH H AH 4 D 2H d 2H 0.1282 0.07682
Ws A s Ls AS 2 0.1221
s 4 Ds
= 0.704
H
Percentage saving in weight = 1 * 100 1 0.704 * 100 29.6
s
Example (5-13)
A hollow steel shaft is made to replace a solid wrought iron shaft of the
same external diameter, being 35 percent stronger than the iron , find
what fraction of the outside diameter the internal diameter may be. Also,
neglecting the coupling, find the percentage saving in weight by the
substitution. Assuming that steel is 2 percent heavier than wrought iron.

Solution
dH
Ratio of internal diameter to external diameter of hollow shaft,
DH
Since the torque transmitted will be equal Ts = TH
D 4 d 4H
. D 3s 1.35 . 16 H
16 DH
D 4H d 4H
D 3H 1.35 Ds DH
DH
D 4H d 4H
D 4H 1.35 * D 4H 1.35 D 4H d 4H
DH
1
dH 0.35 4 dH
1.35d 4H 0.35D 4H 0.714
DH 1.35 DH
Percentage saving in weight
Area of cross section of the steel shaft
d 2H
D 2H d 2H D 2H 1 2
D 2H 1 0.7142 D 2H * 0.49
4 4 DH 4 4
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Let be the weight of unit volume of wrought iron. Then 1.02 w is the
weight of unit volume steel.
Weight of unit length of iron shaft = D 4H * w
4
Weight of unit length of steel shaft = D 4H * 0.49 * 1.02w
4
4
Weight of steel shaft 4 D H * 0.49 * 1.02w
2
= 0.5
Weight of iron shaft D H * w
4
Hence saving in weight = 1 0.5 *100 50%

Example(5-14)
A solid shaft of mild steel 200mm in diameter is to be replaced by hollow
shaft of alloy steel for which the allowable shear stress is 22 percent
greater. If the power to be transmitted is to be increased by 20 percent
and the speeds of rotation increased by 6 percent , find the maximum
internal diameter of the hollow shaft. The external diameter of the hollow
shaft is to be 200mm.

Solution
We have : H 1.22 s , PH 1.2Ps , N H 1.06Ns
Maximum internal diameter of hollow shaft, dH :
2 NT 2 N s Ts 2 N H TH
P kW Ps kW & PH
60 * 1000 60 * 1000 60 * 1000
2 N H TH 2 N s Ts
But PH 1.2Ps 1.2 * 1.06 * N H * TH 1.2 N s Ts
60 * 1000 60 * 1000
TH = 1.132 Ts
T Ts s
0.2
...( i)
J R Js 2
TH H
and 0 .2
... ii
JH 2
Dividing eq(i) and eq(ii) we get
Ts * J H s
Ts * 32 D 4H d 4H s 0 .2 4
d 4H
0.8196
TH * J s H 1.32Ts * 32 D s4 1.22 s 1.132 0.2 4

4
d 4H 0.2 0.8196*1.132* 0.2 4 1.1554*10 4
dH 0.1037m 103.7mm
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (5-15)
Fig(5-19) shows the stepped steel shaft is subjected to a torque T at the
free end and a torque of 2T in the opposite direction at the junction of
two sizes . Find the total angle of twist at the free end, if the maximum
shear stress in the shaft is limited to 70 MN/m2 , assume the modulus of
rigidity to be 84 GN/m2 .

Fig(5-19)
Solution
The torque 2T at B is equivalent to two torques each of value T . Then
BC is subject to a torque T at C and an opposite torque T at B while AB
is also subjected to equal and opposite torque T at A and B
For the length BC ;
Torque T = T , L = 1.8 m , J = ( /32)*(0.05)4= 6.136*10 7 m4
1= angle of twist of C relative to B = (TL)/(GJ)
= ( T*1.8)/(84*105*6.136*10 7) . (i)
For the length AB
Torque , T = T , L = 1.2 , J = ( /32)*(0.1)4= 9.817 * 10 6
9 6
2 = (T*1.2)/(84*10 *9.817*10 ) . (ii)
where 2 angle of twist of B relative to A
1 and 2 are in opposite direction. Hence c is the total angle of
twist at C
c = 1 2
The maximum shear stress occurs in BC and its value is 70 MPa (given)
T/J = /R ,
T = J/R ,
T = (70*106*6.136*10 7)/0.025 = 1718.1 Nm
From eq(i) : 1 = (1718.1 * 1.8) / (84*109*6.136*10 7) = 0.06 rad
From eq(ii) : 2 = (1718.1 * 1.2) / (84*109*9.817*10 6) = 0.0025 rad
c = 1 2 = 3.29 °
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(5-16)
Fig.(5-20) shows a steel shaft LMNP . If equal opposite torques are
applied at the end of the shaft find the maximum permissible value of d 1
for the maximum shearing stress in LM is not to exceed that in NP . If
torque is 10 kN.m what is the total angles of twist ?
Take : G = 80 GN/m2

Fig(5-20)
Solution
D14 d14 0.14 d14
For the shaft LM : T 1* 1*
16 D1 16 0.1
T * 0.1 * 16 1.6 * T
1
(0.14 d14) (0.14 d14)

for the shaft NP : T 3 * D 33 3 * (0.0875) 3

16 16
16 * T
3
* (0.0875) 3
but 1 3
1.6 16T
4
(0.1 d14) * (0.0875) 3

4 5
d14 0.1 6.7 *10 3.3 *10 5
d1 = 0.0758 m
Total angle of twist
TL T L
GJ G J
= (T/G) *[ (L1/J1)+(L2/J2)+(L3/J3)]
10 * 103 0.36 0.45 0.72
9 4 4 4
80 * 10 ( / 32) * (0.1 0.0758 ) ( / 32) * 0.1 ( / 32) * 0.08754
= (1/(8*106)) [ 54740.4 + 45836.6 + 125112.4]* (180/ ) degree
= 1.616 ° or 1° 37
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(5-17)
Fig(5-21) shows a solid phosphor bronze shaft of 80 mm diameter is
coupled to a hollow steel shaft of 80 mm outside diameter . The torque
applied to the compound shaft develops a maximum shear stress of 40
MPa in the bronze shaft and a maximum shear stress of 72 MN/m2 in
steel shaft . the length of steel shaft is 1 m and of bronze shaft is 1.2 m .
Angle of twist for the steel shaft is not to exceed 1 ° , If Gsteel = 80
GN/m2 and Gbronze = 40 GN/m2
Find :
i) Internal diameter of the steel shaft
ii) Total angle of twist for whole of the shaft

Fig(5-21)
Solution
s b 1 1 * /180 0.01745 rad
i) Internal diameter of steel shaft , ds :

Torque transmitted by the phosphor bronze shaft

Tb D 3b . b * (0.08) 3 * 40 * 106 * (10 3 ) 4.02kNm

16 16
Torque transmitted , T = Tb = Ts = 4.02 kN m
Internal diameter of the steel shaft on the basis of shear stress

4
Ts D s4 d s *
s
16 Ds

3 0.084 (d s ) 4
4.02 * 10 * 72 * 106
16 0.08
or (0.08) (ds) = (4.02*103*16*0.08)/( *72*106) = 2.2748*10
4 4 5

or (ds)4 = (0.08)4 2.2748*10 5 = 1.826*10 5

ds = 0.06537 m
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Internal diameter of the steel shaft on the basis of angle of twist :

s = (Ts Ls)/(GsJs)
0.01745 = (4.02*103*1) / [80*109*( /32)* (0.084 (ds)4)]
(0.084 (ds)4) = ( 4.02*103*1*32) / (0.01745*80*109* )
(ds)4=1.166*10 5
ds=58.43 mm

ii) Total angle of twist

= s+ b
= [(TsLs)/(GsJs)] + [(TbLb)/(GbJb)]
= T [(Ls)/(GsJs)] + [(Lb)/(GbJb)] , since ( T = Ts = Tb )
1 1.2
4.02 * 103
80 * 109 * ( / 32){0.084 0.058434 } 40 * 109 * ( / 32) * 0.084

= 4.02*103[4.3449*10 6 + 7.46*10 6] = 0.0474 rad = 2.719°

Example(5-18)
A solid alloy shaft of 50 mm diameter is to be coupled in series with a
hollow steel shaft of the same external diameter . If the angle of twist per
unit length of the steel shaft is to be 70 percent of that of the alloy shaft,
find the internal diameter of the steel shaft .
Also find the speed at which the shaft should be driven to transmit 20 kW,
if the allowable shearing stresses in alloy and steel are 56 MP a and
80MPa respectively . Take Gsteel = Galloy*2.25

Solution

i) Internal diameter of the hollow steel shaft , ds :

angle of twist per unit length of a shaft is given by

T
L GJ

Ts / (GsJs) = 0.7 * [ Ta/(GaJa)]

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

(Ja/Js) = 0.7* (Gs/Ga)

[( /32) 0.054] / ( /32)(0.054 (ds)4)] = 0.7 * 2.25

0.054 (ds)4= (0.054)/(0.7*2.25) = 3.968*10 6

(ds)4=0.054 3.968*10 6=2.282*10 6

ds = 0.03887 m

Speed , N :

G s Gs s
for steel shaft : .............(i)
R L Rs Ls
a Ga a
and for alloy shaft : ............(ii)
Ra La

Dividing eq(i) by eq(ii) , we get

s Gs R s L
* * s * a = 2.25*1*0.7 = 1.575
a Ga Ra Ls a

s 1.575 a

s 80 MN/m 2 , a 80 /1.575 50.78MPa

Torque : Ta a * ( /16) D3a = 50.78*( /16)*(0.05)3*106=1246 Nm

Power transmitted , P=(2 NT)/(60*1000)

20 = (2 N * 1246) / (60*1000)
N = (20*60*1000)/ (2* *1246) =153.3 rpm

Example(5-19)
Fig(5-22) shows a solid steel shaft 6 m long is securely fixed at each
end. A torque of 1250 N.m , is applied to the shaft at a section 2.4 m from
one end. find the fixing torques set up at the ends of the shaft . If the
diameter of the shaft is 40mm what are the maximum shear stresses in
the two portions? Find also the angle of twist for the section where the
torque is applied . Modulus of rigidity = 84 GPa
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(5-22)
Solution

Angle of twist
In this case 1= 2

(T1L1)/(GJ) = (T2L2)/(GJ) ............ (i)

T1+T2 = 1250 ........... (ii)

From eq(i) T2=(T1L1)/L2 = (T1*2.4)/3.6

T1 + (T1*2.4)/3.6 = 1250

T1 (1+0.667) = 1250

T1= 749.8 Nm
T2 = 1250 749.8 = 500.2 Nm
= 1= 2= (749.8*2.4)/ (84*109*( /32)(0.04)4)=0.0852 rad = 4.88 degree

Max. shear stress in the two portions ;

16T1
1 3
= ( 16*749.8)*10 6 / ( *0.043) = 59.66 MPa
D
16T2
2 3
= ( 16*500.2)*10 6 / ( *0.043) = 39.8 MPa
D
Example(5-20)
Fig(5-23) shows a hollow shaft is 1 m long and has external diameter
of 50 mm . It has 20 mm internal diameter for a part of length and 30mm
internal diameter for the rest of the length . If the maximum shear stress
is not to exceed 80 MPa , find the maximum power transmitted by it at a
speed of 300 rpm if the twists produced in the two portions of the shaft
are equal . Find the lengths of the two portions .
Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(5-23)
Solution
To find the maximum power transmitted , P
Torque for part ( 1 )

0.054 0.034 0.054 0.034

T1 80 * 106 * 1709Nm
16 5 16 0.05

Torque for part ( 2 )

6 0.054 0.024
T2 80 * 10 * 1913Nm
16 0.05
The safe torque which the shaft can transmit = 1709 Nm
thus, power transmitted

P = ( 2 N T ) / ( 60* 1000 ) = ( 2* * 300 * 1709) / (60*1000)

=53.7kW

Length of two portion , L1, L2

T/J = G / L , = TL / GJ

As per given condition is same for both parts

T1L1/G1J1 = T2 L2 / G2 J2
L1 J2 = L2J1
Since T and G are same for both the part
L1 * /32 [ (0.05)4 (0.02)4]=L2* /32 [ (0.05)4 (0.03)4]
L1*6.09*10 9 = L2*5.44*10 6
L1+L2 = 1
L2 = 1 L1
6.09*10 6*L1=5.44*10 6(1 L1)
L1 = 5.44 / 11.53 = 0.472 m
L2= 1 0.472 = 0.528 m