PATHWAY Glycolysis TCA Cycle Gluconeogenesis

What is it for? Major Pathway for glucose metabolism that Provides Majority ATP for energy Production of Glucose from the ff intermediates:
converts glucose into 3 carbon compound to Gluconeogenesis from skeletons of AA 1) Intermediates of glycolysis and TCA
provide energy Building Blocks for AA and Heme (Succinyl 2) Glycerol from Triglycerols
CoA) 3) Lactate through Cori Cycle
4) Carbon Skeletons (alpha-ketoacids) of
glucogenic AA
Where ? Cytoplasm All cells with mitochondria Liver (90%) Kidney (10%)
in ALL Cells Mitochondrial Matrix During prolonged fasting, the kidney contribute as
Except: Succinate Dehydrogenase (Inner much as 40%
Membrane) Occurs both mitochondria and cytoplasm
Substrate Glucose Acetyl CoA Pyruvate
Product Pyruvate (aerobic) CO2, GTP, NADH, and FADH2 Glucose

Lactate
(Anaerobic)
Rate-Limiting Fructos-6-Phosphate Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate
to
Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate
Enzyme: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
Enzyme: Phosphofructokinaase-1 Enzyme:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Souce: Lippincott’s Illustrate Reviews Biochemistry 6th Edition

 PATHWAY Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Pentose Phosphate Pathway
What is it for? Synthesis of new glycogen molecules from Shortening of glycogen chains to produce Production of important intermediates
alpha-D-glucose molecules of a-D-glucose Produces NADPH->provides electrons for:
1) FA and steroid biosynthesis
2) Reduction of Glutathione
3) Cytochrome P450
4) WBC Respiratory Burst
5) Nucleotide Synthesis
Produces ribose-5-phosphate used for synthesis of
nucleotides
Metabolic use of 5-Carbon sugars
Where ? Occurs in the Liver and the Muscle Occurs in the Liver and the Muscle Cytoplasm
Occurs in Cytosol Occurs in the Cytosol Active in: Liver, Adipose Tissue, Adrenals, Thyroid
, Testes, RBC, Lactating Mammaries

Low in: Skeletal Muscle, Non-lactating Mammaries

Substrate UDP-Glucose Glycogen Glucose-6-P
ATP and UTP leaves about 4 glucose residues before a No consumption or Production of ATP
Glycogenin: a core, primer protein branch point-> a limit dextrin
Product Glycogen Glucose-1-P and free glucose Ribose-5-P
Liver: can release free glucose to circulation Fructose-6-P
Muscle: limited to glucose-6-P within muscle Glyceraldehyde-3-P
only NADPH
Free Glucose-> produced during the
debranching process
Rate-Limiting Elongation og glycogen Removal of glucose Glucose-6-P -> 6-phosphogluconate
(addition of alpha(1->4) bonds) (breaks alpha(1->4) bonds)

Enzyme: Glycogen Synthase Enzyme: Glycogen Phosphorylase Enzyme: Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase

Souce: Lippincott’s Illustrate Reviews Biochemistry 6th Edition