Nervous System

Mammalia
Cranial Nerves
The nerves of the
brain
arise directly from
the brain
pass through
separate apertures
in the skull
 CN-I (Olfactory Nerve)
 Sensory  Innervation
 Function – Smell cribriform plate to
 Origin – Olfactory epithelium ethmoid
CN II (Optic Nerve)
 Sensory
 Function – Vision
 Origin – Retina of the
eye
 Opening to the skull
–optic canal
 CN III (Oculomotor Nerve)
 Motor
 Functions
- adducts eye (towards nose)
-moves eye upward
- elevates upper eyelid
- moves eye medially and upward
- control curvature of eye lens
- moves eye downward
 Origin – Anterior surface of the
midbrain
 Opening to the skull
–Superior orbital fissure
 CN IV (Trochlear Nerve)
Levator palpebrae muscle

Superior rectus muscle

 Motor  Innervation - Superior

oblique muscle
 Function – Assisting
Origin - midbrain
in turning eyeball  Opening to the skull
downward and –Superior orbital fissure
laterally
CN V (Trigeminal Nerve)
- is a type of mixed
nerve that
performs sensory
and motor
functions in the
brain

- divided in three
branches
 Ophthalmic Nerve
 Sensory  Origin – Pons
 Functions:  Opening to the skull
-Cornea –Superior orbital fissure
- Skin of forehead
- Scalp
- Eyelids and nose
- Mucuos membranes of
paranasal sinuses and
nasal cavity
 Maxillary Nerve
 Sensory
 Function  Origin – Pons
-Skin of the face over  Opening to the
maxilla skull
- Teeth of the upper jaw - Foramen
-Mucuos membranes of rotundum
the nose, the maxillary
sinus and palate
 Mandibular Nerve
 Motor
 Functions:
-Muscle of mastification
- Mylohyoid
- Anterior belly of digastric
-Tensor veli palatine
- Tensor tympani
 Origin – Pons
 Opening to the skull – Foramen ovale
 CN VI (Abducens Nerve)

Motor
 Opening to the skull- Superior orbital fissure
 Innervation- lateral rectus muscle
 Function- allows the eye to ‘abduct’
CN VII (Facial Nerve)
 Motor and sensory

Function:
-Facial expression
- supplying
information about
touch on the face and
senses of tongue in
mouth
 CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)

 Sensory
 2 Divisions
-Hearing ( innervates the cochlea)
- Balance (innervates the semicircular canals)
 CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)

Motor- innervates part of Sensory- fibers conduct

the tongue and pharynx; taste and general
provides motor fibers to sensory impulses from
the parotid salivary gland the tongue and pharynx
 CN X (Vagus Nerve)
Motor innervation to the
muscles of the :
pharynx
Larynx
heart
abdominal organs
tongue

In sensory part:
it contributes in
the tasting ability
 CN XI (Spinal accessory Nerve)

Spinal root ascend

through foramen
magnum

Accessory nerve
exits through
jugular foramen
- Motor
-Innervates the trapezius and
sternocleidomastoid
 CN XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)

Arise from the medulla

Passes through
hypoglossal canal

Motor innervation of the

tongue muscles
Neurons
• basic building block of the nervous system.
• carry "messages"

Neurolemma
- the cell membrane of nerve cells.
Neuron and its parts
Cell Body (perikarya)
• the factory of the neuron

Nissl substance
- other polysomes appear as clumps of
basophilic material.
Neurofilaments
- are intermediate filaments that are
abundant both in perikarya and
processes and in this cell
 NS
N
Dendrites
• structures branch out in treelike fashion
• an "antennae" of the neuron
• carries nerve impulses from adjacent neurons into
the cell body
Dendritic spine
- most synapses impinging on neurons occur
here.
Axon
• the main conducting unit of the neuron
Axon hillock
- it is where Axons originate from a pyramid-
shaped region of the cell body
Axolemma
- the cytoplasm of axon
Axoplasm
- the contents in axolemma
 Neurons classifications:
• Multipolar neurons
• Bipolar neurons
• Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons
• Anaxonic neurons
Multipolar neurons
• which have one axon and two or more dendrites

• spinal motor neurons, pyramidal neurons, Purkinje cells

Bipolar neurons
• with one dendrite and one axon
• retinal cells, olfactory epithelium cells
Unipolar or pseudounipolar
neurons
• have 2 axons rather than an axon and dendrite.
• One axon extends centrally toward the spinal cord, the
other axon extends toward the skin or muscle.
Anaxonic neurons
• many dendrites but no true axon

• donot produce action potentials, but regulate

electrical changes of adjacent neurons
Neurons subdivided functionally:

• Sensory neurons

• Motor neurons

• Interneurons
Sensory neurons
• Transmit impulses inwards from sense
organs to the Central Nervous System
(CNS)

Motor neurons
• Transmitting impulses from the Central
Nervous System to muscles & glands
elsewhere in the body.
Interneurons
• Located within the Central Nervous System
(CNS)

• send
information between sensory neurons and
motor neurons
Three Types of Neurons
Sensory neuron

Motor neuron
Nerve Fibers
• verythin, thread-like transmission lines that
carry signals between nerves and receptors in the
skin, muscles, and internal organs

• three
varieties called “classes” based on their
primary role.
Class A, B, and C
C:

A:
Accessory Structures
Meninges of the brain