CFR 2012 Title14 Vol1 Part1 PDF

SUBCHAPTER A—DEFINITIONS
PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND used for the landing and takeoff of air-
ABBREVIATIONS craft, and includes its buildings and fa-
cilities, if any.
Sec. Airship means an engine-driven light-
1.1 General definitions. er-than-air aircraft that can be steered.
1.2 Abbreviations and symbols. Air traffic means aircraft operating in
1.3 Rules of construction. the air or on an airport surface, exclu-
sive of loading ramps and parking
AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701.
areas.
§ 1.1 General definitions. Air traffic clearance means an author-
ization by air traffic control, for the
As used in Subchapters A through K purpose of preventing collision between
of this chapter, unless the context re- known aircraft, for an aircraft to pro-
quires otherwise: ceed under specified traffic conditions
Administrator means the Federal within controlled airspace.
Aviation Administrator or any person Air traffic control means a service op-
to whom he has delegated his authority erated by appropriate authority to pro-
in the matter concerned. mote the safe, orderly, and expeditious
Aerodynamic coefficients means non- flow of air traffic.
dimensional coefficients for aero- Air Traffic Service (ATS) route is a
dynamic forces and moments. specified route designated for chan-
Air carrier means a person who under- neling the flow of traffic as necessary
takes directly by lease, or other ar- for the provision of air traffic services.
rangement, to engage in air transpor- The term ‘‘ATS route’’ refers to a vari-
tation. ety of airways, including jet routes,
Air commerce means interstate, over- area navigation (RNAV) routes, and ar-
seas, or foreign air commerce or the rival and departure routes. An ATS
transportation of mail by aircraft or route is defined by route specifications,
any operation or navigation of aircraft which may include:
within the limits of any Federal airway (1) An ATS route designator;
or any operation or navigation of air- (2) The path to or from significant
craft which directly affects, or which points;
may endanger safety in, interstate, (3) Distance between significant
overseas, or foreign air commerce. points;
Aircraft means a device that is used (4) Reporting requirements; and
or intended to be used for flight in the (5) The lowest safe altitude deter-
air. mined by the appropriate authority.
Aircraft engine means an engine that Air transportation means interstate,
is used or intended to be used for pro- overseas, or foreign air transportation
pelling aircraft. It includes turbo- or the transportation of mail by air-
superchargers, appurtenances, and ac- craft.
cessories necessary for its functioning, Alert Area. An alert area is estab-
but does not include propellers. lished to inform pilots of a specific
Airframe means the fuselage, booms, area wherein a high volume of pilot
nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil sur- training or an unusual type of aero-
faces (including rotors but excluding nautical activity is conducted.
propellers and rotating airfoils of en- Alternate airport means an airport at
gines), and landing gear of an aircraft which an aircraft may land if a landing
and their accessories and controls. at the intended airport becomes inad-
Airplane means an engine-driven visable.
fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, Altitude engine means a reciprocating
that is supported in flight by the dy- aircraft engine having a rated takeoff
pmangrum on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with CFR
namic reaction of the air against its power that is producible from sea level
wings. to an established higher altitude.
Airport means an area of land or Amateur rocket means an unmanned
water that is used or intended to be rocket that:
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§ 1.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition)
(1) Is propelled by a motor or motors Canard means the forward wing of a

having a combined total impulse of canard configuration and may be a
889,600 Newton-seconds (200,000 pound- fixed, movable, or variable geometry
seconds) or less; and surface, with or without control sur-
(2) Cannot reach an altitude greater faces.
than 150 kilometers (93.2 statute miles) Canard configuration means a configu-
above the earth’s surface. ration in which the span of the forward
Appliance means any instrument, wing is substantially less than that of
mechanism, equipment, part, appa- the main wing.
ratus, appurtenance, or accessory, in- Category:
cluding communications equipment, (1) As used with respect to the cer-
that is used or intended to be used in tification, ratings, privileges, and limi-
operating or controlling an aircraft in tations of airmen, means a broad clas-
flight, is installed in or attached to the sification of aircraft. Examples in-
aircraft, and is not part of an airframe, clude: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and
engine, or propeller. lighter-than-air; and
Approved, unless used with reference (2) As used with respect to the cer-
to another person, means approved by tification of aircraft, means a grouping
the FAA or any person to whom the of aircraft based upon intended use or
FAA has delegated its authority in the operating limitations. Examples in-
matter concerned, or approved under clude: transport, normal, utility, acro-
the provisions of a bilateral agreement batic, limited, restricted, and provi-
between the United States and a for- sional.
eign country or jurisdiction. Category A, with respect to transport
Area navigation (RNAV) is a method category rotorcraft, means multien-
of navigation that permits aircraft op- gine rotorcraft designed with engine
erations on any desired flight path. and system isolation features specified
Area navigation (RNAV) route is an in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled take-
ATS route based on RNAV that can be off and landing operations under a crit-
used by suitably equipped aircraft. ical engine failure concept which
Armed Forces means the Army, Navy, assures adequate designated surface
Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast area and adequate performance capa-
Guard, including their regular and re- bility for continued safe flight in the
serve components and members serving event of engine failure.
without component status. Category B, with respect to transport
Autorotation means a rotorcraft flight category rotorcraft, means single-en-
condition in which the lifting rotor is gine or multiengine rotorcraft which
driven entirely by action of the air do not fully meet all Category A stand-
when the rotorcraft is in motion. ards. Category B rotorcraft have no
Auxiliary rotor means a rotor that guaranteed stay-up ability in the event
serves either to counteract the effect of of engine failure and unscheduled land-
the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft ing is assumed.
or to maneuver the rotorcraft about Category II operations, with respect to
one or more of its three principal axes. the operation of aircraft, means a
Balloon means a lighter-than-air air- straight-in ILS approach to the runway
craft that is not engine driven, and of an airport under a Category II ILS
that sustains flight through the use of instrument approach procedure issued
either gas buoyancy or an airborne by the Administrator or other appro-
heater. priate authority.
Brake horsepower means the power de- Category III operations, with respect
livered at the propeller shaft (main to the operation of aircraft, means an
drive or main output) of an aircraft en- ILS approach to, and landing on, the
gine. runway of an airport using a Category
Calibrated airspeed means the indi- III ILS instrument approach procedure
cated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected issued by the Administrator or other
for position and instrument error. Cali- appropriate authority.

brated airspeed is equal to true air- Category IIIa operations, an ILS ap-
speed in standard atmosphere at sea proach and landing with no decision
level. height (DH), or a DH below 100 feet (30
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1
meters), and controlling runway visual the extended centerline of the runway,
range not less than 700 feet (200 me- at an elevation no higher than the ele-
ters). vation of the end of the runway, clear
Category IIIb operations, an ILS ap- of all fixed obstacles, and under the
proach and landing with no DH, or with control of the airport authorities.
a DH below 50 feet (15 meters), and con- Climbout speed, with respect to rotor-
trolling runway visual range less than craft, means a referenced airspeed
700 feet (200 meters), but not less than which results in a flight path clear of
150 feet (50 meters). the height-velocity envelope during
Category IIIc operations, an ILS ap- initial climbout.
proach and landing with no DH and no Commercial operator means a person
runway visual range limitation. who, for compensation or hire, engages
Ceiling means the height above the in the carriage by aircraft in air com-
earth’s surface of the lowest layer of merce of persons or property, other
clouds or obscuring phenomena that is than as an air carrier or foreign air
reported as ‘‘broken’’, ‘‘overcast’’, or carrier or under the authority of Part
‘‘obscuration’’, and not classified as 375 of this title. Where it is doubtful
‘‘thin’’ or ‘‘partial’’. that an operation is for ‘‘compensation
Civil aircraft means aircraft other or hire’’, the test applied is whether
than public aircraft. the carriage by air is merely incidental
Class: to the person’s other business or is, in
(1) As used with respect to the cer- itself, a major enterprise for profit.
tification, ratings, privileges, and limi- Configuration, Maintenance, and Pro-
tations of airmen, means a classifica- cedures (CMP) document means a docu-
tion of aircraft within a category hav- ment approved by the FAA that con-
ing similar operating characteristics. tains minimum configuration, oper-
Examples include: single engine; multi- ating, and maintenance requirements,
engine; land; water; gyroplane; heli- hardware life-limits, and Master Min-
copter; airship; and free balloon; and imum Equipment List (MMEL) con-
(2) As used with respect to the cer- straints necessary for an airplane-en-
tification of aircraft, means a broad gine combination to meet ETOPS type
grouping of aircraft having similar design approval requirements.
characteristics of propulsion, flight, or Consensus standard means, for the
landing. Examples include: airplane; purpose of certificating light-sport air-
rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane; craft, an industry-developed consensus
and seaplane. standard that applies to aircraft de-
sign, production, and airworthiness. It
Clearway means:
includes, but is not limited to, stand-
(1) For turbine engine powered air-
ards for aircraft design and perform-
planes certificated after August 29,
ance, required equipment, manufac-
1959, an area beyond the runway, not
turer quality assurance systems, pro-
less than 500 feet wide, centrally lo-
duction acceptance test procedures, op-
cated about the extended centerline of
erating instructions, maintenance and
the runway, and under the control of
inspection procedures, identification
the airport authorities. The clearway
and recording of major repairs and
is expressed in terms of a clearway
major alterations, and continued air-
plane, extending from the end of the worthiness.
runway with an upward slope not ex- Controlled airspace means an airspace
ceeding 1.25 percent, above which no of defined dimensions within which air
object nor any terrain protrudes. How- traffic control service is provided to
ever, threshold lights may protrude IFR flights and to VFR flights in ac-
above the plane if their height above cordance with the airspace classifica-
the end of the runway is 26 inches or tion.
less and if they are located to each side
of the runway. NOTE: Controlled airspace is a generic term
(2) For turbine engine powered air- that covers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class
D, and Class E airspace.
planes certificated after September 30,

1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area Controlled Firing Area. A controlled
beyond the takeoff runway extending firing area is established to contain ac-
no less than 300 feet on either side of tivities, which if not conducted in a
§ 1.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition)
controlled environment, would be haz- Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS)

ardous to nonparticipating aircraft. means an electronic means to provide a
Crewmember means a person assigned display of the forward external scene
to perform duty in an aircraft during topography (the natural or manmade
flight time. features of a place or region especially
Critical altitude means the maximum in a way to show their relative posi-
altitude at which, in standard atmos- tions and elevation) through the use of
phere, it is possible to maintain, at a imaging sensors, such as a forward
specified rotational speed, a specified looking infrared, millimeter wave
power or a specified manifold pressure. radiometry, millimeter wave radar,
Unless otherwise stated, the critical al- low light level image intensifying.
titude is the maximum altitude at Equivalent airspeed means the cali-
which it is possible to maintain, at the brated airspeed of an aircraft corrected
maximum continuous rotational speed, for adiabatic compressible flow for the
one of the following: particular altitude. Equivalent air-
(1) The maximum continuous power, speed is equal to calibrated airspeed in
in the case of engines for which this standard atmosphere at sea level.
power rating is the same at sea level ETOPS Significant System means an
and at the rated altitude. airplane system, including the propul-
(2) The maximum continuous rated sion system, the failure or malfunc-
manifold pressure, in the case of en- tioning of which could adversely affect
gines, the maximum continuous power the safety of an ETOPS flight, or the
of which is governed by a constant continued safe flight and landing of an
manifold pressure. airplane during an ETOPS diversion.
Critical engine means the engine Each ETOPS significant system is ei-
whose failure would most adversely af- ther an ETOPS group 1 significant sys-
fect the performance or handling quali- tem or an ETOPS group 2 significant
ties of an aircraft. system.
Decision altitude (DA) is a specified al- (1) An ETOPS group 1 Significant
titude in an instrument approach pro- System—
cedure at which the pilot must decide (i) Has fail-safe characteristics di-
whether to initiate an immediate rectly linked to the degree of redun-
missed approach if the pilot does not dancy provided by the number of en-
see the required visual reference, or to gines on the airplane.
continue the approach. Decision alti- (ii) Is a system, the failure or mal-
tude is expressed in feet above mean function of which could result in an
sea level. IFSD, loss of thrust control, or other
Decision height (DH) is a specified power loss.
height above the ground in an instru- (iii) Contributes significantly to the
ment approach procedure at which the safety of an ETOPS diversion by pro-
pilot must decide whether to initiate viding additional redundancy for any
an immediate missed approach if the system power source lost as a result of
pilot does not see the required visual an inoperative engine.
reference, or to continue the approach. (iv) Is essential for prolonged oper-
Decision height is expressed in feet ation of an airplane at engine inoper-
above ground level. ative altitudes.
Early ETOPS means ETOPS type de- (2) An ETOPS group 2 significant sys-
sign approval obtained without gaining tem is an ETOPS significant system
non-ETOPS service experience on the that is not an ETOPS group 1 signifi-
candidate airplane-engine combination cant system.
certified for ETOPS. Extended Operations (ETOPS) means
Enhanced flight visibility (EFV) means an airplane flight operation, other than
the average forward horizontal dis- an all-cargo operation in an airplane
tance, from the cockpit of an aircraft with more than two engines, during
in flight, at which prominent topo- which a portion of the flight is con-
graphical objects may be clearly dis- ducted beyond a time threshold identi-
tinguished and identified by day or fied in part 121 or part 135 of this chap-
night by a pilot using an enhanced ter that is determined using an ap-
flight vision system. proved one-engine-inoperative cruise
speed under standard atmospheric con- and other conditions likely to occur
ditions in still air. when there is a fire at the place con-
Extended over-water operation means— cerned.
(1) With respect to aircraft other Flame resistant means not susceptible
than helicopters, an operation over to combustion to the point of propa-
water at a horizontal distance of more gating a flame, beyond safe limits,
than 50 nautical miles from the nearest after the ignition source is removed.
shoreline; and Flammable, with respect to a fluid or
(2) With respect to helicopters, an op- gas, means susceptible to igniting read-
eration over water at a horizontal dis- ily or to exploding.
tance of more than 50 nautical miles Flap extended speed means the highest
from the nearest shoreline and more speed permissible with wing flaps in a
than 50 nautical miles from an off-
prescribed extended position.
shore heliport structure.
Flash resistant means not susceptible
External load means a load that is
carried, or extends, outside of the air- to burning violently when ignited.
craft fuselage. Flightcrew member means a pilot,
External-load attaching means means flight engineer, or flight navigator as-
the structural components used to at- signed to duty in an aircraft during
tach an external load to an aircraft, in- flight time.
cluding external-load containers, the Flight level means a level of constant
backup structure at the attachment atmospheric pressure related to a ref-
points, and any quick-release device erence datum of 29.92 inches of mer-
used to jettison the external load. cury. Each is stated in three digits
Final approach fix (FAF) defines the that represent hundreds of feet. For ex-
beginning of the final approach seg- ample, flight level 250 represents a bar-
ment and the point where final seg- ometric altimeter indication of 25,000
ment descent may begin. feet; flight level 255, an indication of
Final takeoff speed means the speed of 25,500 feet.
the airplane that exists at the end of Flight plan means specified informa-
the takeoff path in the en route con- tion, relating to the intended flight of
figuration with one engine inoperative. an aircraft, that is filed orally or in
Fireproof— writing with air traffic control.
(1) With respect to materials and Flight simulation training device
parts used to confine fire in a des- (FSTD) means a flight simulator or a
ignated fire zone, means the capacity flight training device.
to withstand at least as well as steel in Flight time means:
dimensions appropriate for the purpose
(1) Pilot time that commences when
for which they are used, the heat pro-
an aircraft moves under its own power
duced when there is a severe fire of ex-
for the purpose of flight and ends when
tended duration in that zone; and
the aircraft comes to rest after land-
(2) With respect to other materials
ing; or
and parts, means the capacity to with-
stand the heat associated with fire at (2) For a glider without self-launch
least as well as steel in dimensions ap- capability, pilot time that commences
propriate for the purpose for which when the glider is towed for the pur-
they are used. pose of flight and ends when the glider
Fire resistant— comes to rest after landing.
(1) With respect to sheet or struc- Flight training device (FTD) means a
tural members means the capacity to replica of aircraft instruments, equip-
withstand the heat associated with fire ment, panels, and controls in an open
at least as well as aluminum alloy in flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft
dimensions appropriate for the purpose cockpit replica. It includes the equip-
for which they are used; and ment and computer programs nec-
(2) With respect to fluid-carrying essary to represent aircraft (or set of
lines, fluid system parts, wiring, air aircraft) operations in ground and
ducts, fittings, and powerplant con- flight conditions having the full range
trols, means the capacity to perform of capabilities of the systems installed
the intended functions under the heat in the device as described in part 60 of
§ 1.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition)
this chapter and the qualification per- fication performance standards (QPS)
formance standard (QPS) for a specific for a specific FFS qualification level.
FTD qualification level. Glider means a heavier-than-air air-
Flight visibility means the average for- craft, that is supported in flight by the
ward horizontal distance, from the dynamic reaction of the air against its
cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at lifting surfaces and whose free flight
which prominent unlighted objects does not depend principally on an en-
may be seen and identified by day and gine.
prominent lighted objects may be seen Ground visibility means prevailing
and identified by night. horizontal visibility near the earth’s
Foreign air carrier means any person surface as reported by the United
other than a citizen of the United States National Weather Service or an
States, who undertakes directly, by accredited observer.
lease or other arrangement, to engage Go-around power or thrust setting
in air transportation. means the maximum allowable in-
Foreign air commerce means the car- flight power or thrust setting identi-
riage by aircraft of persons or property fied in the performance data.
for compensation or hire, or the car- Gyrodyne means a rotorcraft whose
riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper- rotors are normally engine-driven for
ation or navigation of aircraft in the takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for
forward flight through part of its speed
conduct or furtherance of a business or
range, and whose means of propulsion,
vocation, in commerce between a place
consisting usually of conventional pro-
in the United States and any place out-
pellers, is independent of the rotor sys-
side thereof; whether such commerce
tem.
moves wholly by aircraft or partly by
Gyroplane means a rotorcraft whose
aircraft and partly by other forms of
rotors are not engine-driven, except for
transportation.
initial starting, but are made to rotate
Foreign air transportation means the by action of the air when the rotorcraft
carriage by aircraft of persons or prop- is moving; and whose means of propul-
erty as a common carrier for com- sion, consisting usually of conven-
pensation or hire, or the carriage of tional propellers, is independent of the
mail by aircraft, in commerce between rotor system.
a place in the United States and any Helicopter means a rotorcraft that,
place outside of the United States, for its horizontal motion, depends prin-
whether that commerce moves wholly cipally on its engine-driven rotors.
by aircraft or partly by aircraft and Heliport means an area of land, water,
partly by other forms of transpor- or structure used or intended to be
tation. used for the landing and takeoff of heli-
Forward wing means a forward lifting copters.
surface of a canard configuration or Idle thrust means the jet thrust ob-
tandem-wing configuration airplane. tained with the engine power control
The surface may be a fixed, movable, or level set at the stop for the least thrust
variable geometry surface, with or position at which it can be placed.
without control surfaces. IFR conditions means weather condi-
Full flight simulator (FFS) means a tions below the minimum for flight
replica of a specific type; or make, under visual flight rules.
model, and series aircraft cockpit. It IFR over-the-top, with respect to the
includes the assemblage of equipment operation of aircraft, means the oper-
and computer programs necessary to ation of an aircraft over-the-top on an
represent aircraft operations in ground IFR flight plan when cleared by air
and flight conditions, a visual system traffic control to maintain ‘‘VFR con-
providing an out-of-the-cockpit view, a ditions’’ or ‘‘VFR conditions on top’’.
system that provides cues at least Indicated airspeed means the speed of
equivalent to those of a three-degree- an aircraft as shown on its pitot static
of-freedom motion system, and has the airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect
full range of capabilities of the systems standard atmosphere adiabatic com-
installed in the device as described in pressible flow at sea level uncorrected
part 60 of this chapter and the quali- for airspeed system errors.
10
In-flight shutdown (IFSD) means, for Interstate air transportation means the
ETOPS only, when an engine ceases to carriage by aircraft of persons or prop-
function (when the airplane is air- erty as a common carrier for com-
borne) and is shutdown, whether self pensation or hire, or the carriage of
induced, flightcrew initiated or caused mail by aircraft in commerce:
by an external influence. The FAA con- (1) Between a place in a State or the
siders IFSD for all causes: for example, District of Columbia and another place
flameout, internal failure, flightcrew in another State or the District of Co-
initiated shutdown, foreign object in- lumbia;
gestion, icing, inability to obtain or (2) Between places in the same State
control desired thrust or power, and through the airspace over any place
cycling of the start control, however outside that State; or
briefly, even if the engine operates nor- (3) Between places in the same pos-
mally for the remainder of the flight. session of the United States;
This definition excludes the airborne Whether that commerce moves wholly
cessation of the functioning of an en- by aircraft of partly by aircraft and
gine when immediately followed by an partly by other forms of transpor-
automatic engine relight and when an tation.
engine does not achieve desired thrust Intrastate air transportation means the
or power but is not shutdown. carriage of persons or property as a
Instrument means a device using an common carrier for compensation or
internal mechanism to show visually hire, by turbojet-powered aircraft capa-
or aurally the attitude, altitude, or op- ble of carrying thirty or more persons,
eration of an aircraft or aircraft part. wholly within the same State of the
It includes electronic devices for auto- United States.
matically controlling an aircraft in Kite means a framework, covered
flight. with paper, cloth, metal, or other ma-
Instrument approach procedure (IAP) is terial, intended to be flown at the end
a series of predetermined maneuvers by of a rope or cable, and having as its
reference to flight instruments with only support the force of the wind mov-
specified protection from obstacles and ing past its surfaces.
assurance of navigation signal recep- Landing gear extended speed means
tion capability. It begins from the ini- the maximum speed at which an air-
tial approach fix, or where applicable, craft can be safely flown with the land-
ing gear extended.
from the beginning of a defined arrival
Landing gear operating speed means
route to a point:
the maximum speed at which the land-
(1) From which a landing can be com- ing gear can be safely extended or re-
pleted; or tracted.
(2) If a landing is not completed, to a Large aircraft means aircraft of more
position at which holding or en route than 12,500 pounds, maximum certifi-
obstacle clearance criteria apply. cated takeoff weight.
Interstate air commerce means the car- Light-sport aircraft means an aircraft,
riage by aircraft of persons or property other than a helicopter or powered-lift
for compensation or hire, or the car- that, since its original certification,
riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper- has continued to meet the following:
ation or navigation of aircraft in the (1) A maximum takeoff weight of not
conduct or furtherance of a business or more than—
vocation, in commerce between a place (i) 1,320 pounds (600 kilograms) for
in any State of the United States, or aircraft not intended for operation on
the District of Columbia, and a place in water; or
any other State of the United States, (ii) 1,430 pounds (650 kilograms) for
or the District of Columbia; or between an aircraft intended for operation on
places in the same State of the United water.
States through the airspace over any (2) A maximum airspeed in level
place outside thereof; or between flight with maximum continuous power

places in the same territory or posses- (VH) of not more than 120 knots CAS
sion of the United States, or the Dis- under standard atmospheric conditions
trict of Columbia. at sea level.
11
§ 1.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition)
(3) A maximum never-exceed speed Mach number means the ratio of true
(VNE) of not more than 120 knots CAS airspeed to the speed of sound.
for a glider. Main rotor means the rotor that sup-
(4) A maximum stalling speed or min- plies the principal lift to a rotorcraft.
imum steady flight speed without the Maintenance means inspection, over-
use of lift-enhancing devices (VS1) of haul, repair, preservation, and the re-
not more than 45 knots CAS at the air- placement of parts, but excludes pre-
craft’s maximum certificated takeoff ventive maintenance.
weight and most critical center of Major alteration means an alteration
gravity. not listed in the aircraft, aircraft en-
(5) A maximum seating capacity of gine, or propeller specifications—
no more than two persons, including (1) That might appreciably affect
the pilot. weight, balance, structural strength,
(6) A single, reciprocating engine, if performance, powerplant operation,
powered. flight characteristics, or other quali-
(7) A fixed or ground-adjustable pro- ties affecting airworthiness; or
peller if a powered aircraft other than (2) That is not done according to ac-
a powered glider. cepted practices or cannot be done by
(8) A fixed or feathering propeller elementary operations.
system if a powered glider. Major repair means a repair:
(1) That, if improperly done, might
(9) A fixed-pitch, semi-rigid, tee-
appreciably affect weight, balance,
tering, two-blade rotor system, if a gy-
structural strength, performance, pow-
roplane.
erplant operation, flight characteris-
(10) A nonpressurized cabin, if
tics, or other qualities affecting air-
equipped with a cabin.
worthiness; or
(11) Fixed landing gear, except for an (2) That is not done according to ac-
aircraft intended for operation on cepted practices or cannot be done by
water or a glider. elementary operations.
(12) Fixed or retractable landing Manifold pressure means absolute
gear, or a hull, for an aircraft intended pressure as measured at the appro-
for operation on water. priate point in the induction system
(13) Fixed or retractable landing gear and usually expressed in inches of mer-
for a glider. cury.
Lighter-than-air aircraft means air- Maximum engine overtorque, as it ap-
craft that can rise and remain sus- plies to turbopropeller and turboshaft
pended by using contained gas weigh- engines incorporating free power tur-
ing less than the air that is displaced bines for all ratings except one engine
by the gas. inoperative (OEI) ratings of two min-
Load factor means the ratio of a spec- utes or less, means the maximum
ified load to the total weight of the air- torque of the free power turbine rotor
craft. The specified load is expressed in assembly, the inadvertent occurrence
terms of any of the following: aero- of which, for periods of up to 20 sec-
dynamic forces, inertia forces, or onds, will not require rejection of the
ground or water reactions. engine from service, or any mainte-
Long-range communication system nance action other than to correct the
(LRCS). A system that uses satellite cause.Maximum speed for stability char-
relay, data link, high frequency, or an- acteristics, VFC/MFC means a speed that
other approved communication system may not be less than a speed midway
which extends beyond line of sight. between maximum operating limit
Long-range navigation system (LRNS). speed (VMO/MMO) and demonstrated
An electronic navigation unit that is flight diving speed (VDF/MDF), except
approved for use under instrument that, for altitudes where the Mach
flight rules as a primary means of navi- number is the limiting factor, MFC need
gation, and has at least one source of not exceed the Mach number at which
navigational input, such as inertial effective speed warning occurs.

navigation system, global positioning Medical certificate means acceptable
system, Omega/very low frequency, or evidence of physical fitness on a form
Loran C. prescribed by the Administrator.
12
Military operations area. A military scribed, or an order issued under, 49

operations area (MOA) is airspace es- U.S.C. 40103(b)(3).
tablished outside Class A airspace to Navigable airspace means airspace at
separate or segregate certain nonhaz- and above the minimum flight alti-
ardous military activities from IFR tudes prescribed by or under this chap-
Traffic and to identify for VFR traffic ter, including airspace needed for safe
where theses activities are conducted. takeoff and landing.
VA means design maneuvering Night means the time between the
speed. end of evening civil twilight and the
VB means design speed for max- beginning of morning civil twilight, as
imum gust intensity. published in the American Air Alma-
VC means design cruising speed. nac, converted to local time.
VD means design diving speed. Nonprecision approach procedure
VDF/MDF means demonstrated flight means a standard instrument approach
diving speed. procedure in which no electronic glide
VEF means the speed at which the slope is provided.
critical engine is assumed to fail dur-
Operate, with respect to aircraft,
ing takeoff.
means use, cause to use or authorize to
VF means design flap speed.
use aircraft, for the purpose (except as
VFC/MFC means maximum speed for
provided in § 91.13 of this chapter) of air
stability characteristics.
navigation including the piloting of
VFE means maximum flap extended
aircraft, with or without the right of
speed.
legal control (as owner, lessee, or oth-
VH means maximum speed in level
erwise).
flight with maximum continuous
power. Operational control, with respect to a
VLE means maximum landing gear flight, means the exercise of authority
extended speed. over initiating, conducting or termi-
VLO means maximum landing gear nating a flight.
operating speed. Overseas air commerce means the car-
VLOF means lift-off speed. riage by aircraft of persons or property
VMC means minimum control speed for compensation or hire, or the car-
with the critical engine inoperative. riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper-
VMO/MMO means maximum operation or navigation of aircraft in the
ating limit speed. conduct or furtherance of a business or
VMU means minimum unstick speed. vocation, in commerce between a place
VNE means never-exceed speed. in any State of the United States, or
VNO means maximum structural the District of Columbia, and any place
cruising speed. in a territory or possession of the
VR means rotation speed. United States; or between a place in a
VS means the stalling speed or the territory or possession of the United
minimum steady flight speed at which States, and a place in any other terri-
the airplane is controllable. tory or possession of the United States.
Minimum descent altitude (MDA) is the Overseas air transportation means the
lowest altitude specified in an instru- carriage by aircraft of persons or prop-
ment approach procedure, expressed in erty as a common carrier for com-
feet above mean sea level, to which de- pensation or hire, or the carriage of
scent is authorized on final approach or mail by aircraft, in commerce:
during circle-to-land maneuvering (1) Between a place in a State or the
until the pilot sees the required visual District of Columbia and a place in a
references for the heliport or runway of possession of the United States; or
intended landing. (2) Between a place in a possession of
Minor alteration means an alteration the United States and a place in an-
other than a major alteration. other possession of the United States;
whether that commerce moves wholly
Minor repair means a repair other

than a major repair. by aircraft or partly by aircraft and
National defense airspace means air- partly by other forms of transpor-
space established by a regulation pre- tation.
13
§ 1.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition)
Over-the-top means above the layer of Prohibited area. A prohibited area is

clouds or other obscuring phenomena airspace designated under part 73 with-
forming the ceiling. in which no person may operate an air-
Parachute means a device used or in- craft without the permission of the
tended to be used to retard the fall of using agency.
a body or object through the air. Propeller means a device for propel-
Person means an individual, firm, ling an aircraft that has blades on an
partnership, corporation, company, as- engine-driven shaft and that, when ro-
sociation, joint-stock association, or tated, produces by its action on the air,
governmental entity. It includes a a thrust approximately perpendicular
trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar to its plane of rotation. It includes con-
representative of any of them. trol components normally supplied by
Pilotage means navigation by visual its manufacturer, but does not include
reference to landmarks. main and auxiliary rotors or rotating
Pilot in command means the person airfoils of engines.
who: Public aircraft means any of the fol-
(1) Has final authority and responsi- lowing aircraft when not being used for
bility for the operation and safety of a commercial purpose or to carry an
the flight; individual other than a crewmember or
(2) Has been designated as pilot in qualified non-crewmenber:
command before or during the flight; (1) An aircraft used only for the
and United States Government; an aircraft
(3) Holds the appropriate category, owned by the Government and operated
class, and type rating, if appropriate, by any person for purposes related to
for the conduct of the flight. crew training, equipment development,
Pitch setting means the propeller or demonstration; an aircraft owned
blade setting as determined by the and operated by the government of a
blade angle measured in a manner, and State, the District of Columbia, or a
at a radius, specified by the instruction territory or possession of the United
manual for the propeller. States or a political subdivision of one
Positive control means control of all of these governments; or an aircraft ex-
air traffic, within designated airspace, clusively leased for at least 90 contin-
by air traffic control. uous days by the government of a
Powered parachute means a powered State, the District of Columbia, or a
aircraft comprised of a flexible or semi- territory or possession of the United
rigid wing connected to a fuselage so States or a political subdivision of one
that the wing is not in position for of these governments.
flight until the aircraft is in motion. (i) For the sole purpose of deter-
The fuselage of a powered parachute mining public aircraft status, commer-
contains the aircraft engine, a seat for cial purposes means the transportation
each occupant and is attached to the of persons or property for compensa-
aircraft’s landing gear. tion or hire, but does not include the
Powered-lift means a heavier-than-air operation of an aircraft by the armed
aircraft capable of vertical takeoff, forces for reimbursement when that re-
vertical landing, and low speed flight imbursement is required by any Fed-
that depends principally on engine- eral statute, regulation, or directive, in
driven lift devices or engine thrust for effect on November 1, 1999, or by one
lift during these flight regimes and on government on behalf of another gov-
nonrotating airfoil(s) for lift during ernment under a cost reimbursement
horizontal flight. agreement if the government on whose
Precision approach procedure means a behalf the operation is conducted cer-
standard instrument approach proce- tifies to the Administrator of the Fed-
dure in which an electronic glide slope eral Aviation Administration that the
is provided, such as ILS and PAR. operation is necessary to respond to a
Preventive maintenance means simple significant and imminent threat to life
or minor preservation operations and or property (including natural re-

the replacement of small standard sources) and that no service by a pri-
parts not involving complex assembly vate operator is reasonably available
operations. to meet the threat.
14
(ii) For the sole purpose of deter- use no longer than 30 seconds each in
mining public aircraft status, govern- any one flight, and followed by manda-
mental function means an activity un- tory inspection and prescribed mainte-
dertaken by a government, such as na- nance action.
tional defense, intelligence missions, Rated 2-minute OEI Power, with re-
firefighting, search and rescue, law en- spect to rotorcraft turbine engines,
forcement (including transport of pris- means the approved brake horsepower
oners, detainees, and illegal aliens), developed under static conditions at
aeronautical research, or biological or specified altitudes and temperatures
geological resource management. within the operating limitations estab-
(iii) For the sole purpose of deter- lished for the engine under part 33 of
mining public aircraft status, qualified this chapter, for continuation of one
non-crewmember means an individual, flight operation after the failure or
other than a member of the crew, shutdown of one engine in multiengine
aboard an aircraft operated by the rotorcraft, for up to three periods of
armed forces or an intelligence agency use no longer than 2 minutes each in
of the United States Government, or any one flight, and followed by manda-
whose presence is required to perform, tory inspection and prescribed mainte-
or is associated with the performance nance action.
of, a governmental function. Rated continuous OEI power, with re-
(2) An aircraft owned or operated by spect to rotorcraft turbine engines,
the armed forces or chartered to pro- means the approved brake horsepower
vide transportation to the armed forces developed under static conditions at
if— specified altitudes and temperatures
(i) The aircraft is operated in accord- within the operating limitations estab-
ance with title 10 of the United States lished for the engine under part 33 of
Code; this chapter, and limited in use to the
(ii) The aircraft is operated in the time required to complete the flight
performance of a governmental func- after the failure or shutdown of one en-
tion under title 14, 31, 32, or 50 of the gine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
United States Code and the aircraft is Rated maximum continuous augmented
not used for commercial purposes; or thrust, with respect to turbojet engine
(iii) The aircraft is chartered to pro- type certification, means the approved
vide transportation to the armed forces jet thrust that is developed statically
and the Secretary of Defense (or the or in flight, in standard atmosphere at
Secretary of the department in which a specified altitude, with fluid injec-
the Coast Guard is operating) des- tion or with the burning of fuel in a
ignates the operation of the aircraft as separate combustion chamber, within
being required in the national interest. the engine operating limitations estab-
(3) An aircraft owned or operated by lished under part 33 of this chapter,
the National Guard of a State, the Dis- and approved for unrestricted periods
trict of Columbia, or any territory or of use.
possession of the United States, and Rated maximum continuous power,
that meets the criteria of paragraph (2) with respect to reciprocating, turbo-
of this definition, qualifies as a public propeller, and turboshaft engines,
aircraft only to the extent that it is means the approved brake horsepower
operated under the direct control of that is developed statically or in flight,
the Department of Defense. in standard atmosphere at a specified
Rated 30-second OEI Power, with re- altitude, within the engine operating
spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, limitations established under part 33,
means the approved brake horsepower and approved for unrestricted periods
developed under static conditions at of use.
specified altitudes and temperatures Rated maximum continuous thrust,
within the operating limitations estab- with respect to turbojet engine type
lished for the engine under part 33 of certification, means the approved jet
this chapter, for continuation of one thrust that is developed statically or in

flight operation after the failure or flight, in standard atmosphere at a
shutdown of one engine in multiengine specified altitude, without fluid injec-
rotorcraft, for up to three periods of tion and without the burning of fuel in
15
§ 1.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition)
a separate combustion chamber, within failure or shutdown of one engine of a

the engine operating limitations estab- multiengine rotorcraft.
lished under part 33 of this chapter, Rating means a statement that, as a
and approved for unrestricted periods part of a certificate, sets forth special
of use. conditions, privileges, or limitations.
Rated takeoff augmented thrust, with Reference landing speed means the
respect to turbojet engine type certifi- speed of the airplane, in a specified
cation, means the approved jet thrust landing configuration, at the point
that is developed statically under where it descends through the 50 foot
standard sea level conditions, with height in the determination of the
fluid injection or with the burning of landing distance.
fuel in a separate combustion chamber, Reporting point means a geographical
within the engine operating limita- location in relation to which the posi-
tions established under part 33 of this tion of an aircraft is reported.
chapter, and limited in use to periods Restricted area. A restricted area is
of not over 5 minutes for takeoff oper- airspace designated under Part 73 with-
ation. in which the flight of aircraft, while
Rated takeoff power, with respect to not wholly prohibited, is subject to re-
reciprocating, turbopropeller, and tur- striction.
boshaft engine type certification, Rocket means an aircraft propelled by
means the approved brake horsepower ejected expanding gases generated in
that is developed statically under the engine from self-contained propel-
standard sea level conditions, within lants and not dependent on the intake
the engine operating limitations estab- of outside substances. It includes any
lished under part 33, and limited in use part which becomes separated during
to periods of not over 5 minutes for the operation.
takeoff operation. Rotorcraft means a heavier-than-air
aircraft that depends principally for its
Rated takeoff thrust, with respect to
support in flight on the lift generated
turbojet engine type certification,
by one or more rotors.
means the approved jet thrust that is
Rotorcraft-load combination means the
developed statically under standard sea combination of a rotorcraft and an ex-
level conditions, without fluid injec- ternal-load, including the external-load
tion and without the burning of fuel in attaching means. Rotorcraft-load com-
a separate combustion chamber, within binations are designated as Class A,
the engine operating limitations estab- Class B, Class C, and Class D, as fol-
lished under part 33 of this chapter, lows:
and limited in use to periods of not (1) Class A rotorcraft-load combination
over 5 minutes for takeoff operation. means one in which the external load
Rated 30-minute OEI power, with re- cannot move freely, cannot be jetti-
spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, soned, and does not extend below the
means the approved brake horsepower landing gear.
developed under static conditions at (2) Class B rotorcraft-load combination
specified altitudes and temperatures means one in which the external load is
within the operating limitations estab- jettisonable and is lifted free of land or
lished for the engine under part 33 of water during the rotorcraft operation.
this chapter, and limited in use to one (3) Class C rotorcraft-load combination
period of use no longer than 30 minutes means one in which the external load is
after the failure or shutdown of one en- jettisonable and remains in contact
gine of a multiengine rotorcraft. with land or water during the rotor-
Rated 21⁄2-minute OEI power, with re- craft operation.
spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, (4) Class D rotorcraft-load combination
means the approved brake horsepower means one in which the external-load
developed under static conditions at is other than a Class A, B, or C and has
specified altitudes and temperatures been specifically approved by the Ad-
within the operating limitations estab- ministrator for that operation.

lished for the engine under part 33 of Route segment is a portion of a route
this chapter for periods of use no bounded on each end by a fix or naviga-
longer than 21⁄2 minutes each after the tion aid (NAVAID).
16
Sea level engine means a reciprocating Synthetic vision means a computer-

aircraft engine having a rated takeoff generated image of the external scene
power that is producible only at sea topography from the perspective of the
level. flight deck that is derived from air-
Second in command means a pilot who craft attitude, high-precision naviga-
is designated to be second in command tion solution, and database of terrain,
of an aircraft during flight time. obstacles and relevant cultural fea-
Show, unless the context otherwise tures.
requires, means to show to the satis- Synthetic vision system means an
faction of the Administrator. electronic means to display a synthetic
Small aircraft means aircraft of 12,500 vision image of the external scene to-
pounds or less, maximum certificated pography to the flight crew.
takeoff weight. Takeoff power:
Special VFR conditions mean meteoro- (1) With respect to reciprocating en-
logical conditions that are less than gines, means the brake horsepower
those required for basic VFR flight in that is developed under standard sea
controlled airspace and in which some level conditions, and under the max-
aircraft are permitted flight under vis- imum conditions of crankshaft rota-
ual flight rules. tional speed and engine manifold pres-
Special VFR operations means aircraft sure approved for the normal takeoff,
operating in accordance with clear-
and limited in continuous use to the
ances within controlled airspace in me-
period of time shown in the approved
teorological conditions less than the
engine specification; and
basic VFR weather minima. Such oper-
(2) With respect to turbine engines,
ations must be requested by the pilot
means the brake horsepower that is de-
and approved by ATC.
veloped under static conditions at a
Standard atmosphere means the at-
specified altitude and atmospheric
mosphere defined in U.S. Standard At-
temperature, and under the maximum
mosphere, 1962 (Geopotential altitude
conditions of rotor shaft rotational
tables).
speed and gas temperature approved for
Stopway means an area beyond the
the normal takeoff, and limited in con-
takeoff runway, no less wide than the
tinuous use to the period of time shown
runway and centered upon the ex-
in the approved engine specification.
tended centerline of the runway, able
to support the airplane during an Takeoff safety speed means a ref-
aborted takeoff, without causing struc- erenced airspeed obtained after lift-off
tural damage to the airplane, and des- at which the required one-engine-inop-
ignated by the airport authorities for erative climb performance can be
use in decelerating the airplane during achieved.
an aborted takeoff. Takeoff thrust, with respect to tur-
Suitable RNAV system is an RNAV sys- bine engines, means the jet thrust that
tem that meets the required perform- is developed under static conditions at
ance established for a type of oper- a specific altitude and atmospheric
ation, e.g. IFR; and is suitable for oper- temperature under the maximum con-
ation over the route to be flown in ditions of rotorshaft rotational speed
terms of any performance criteria (in- and gas temperature approved for the
cluding accuracy) established by the normal takeoff, and limited in contin-
air navigation service provider for cer- uous use to the period of time shown in
tain routes (e.g. oceanic, ATS routes, the approved engine specification.
and IAPs). An RNAV system’s suit- Tandem wing configuration means a
ability is dependent upon the avail- configuration having two wings of
ability of ground and/or satellite navi- similar span, mounted in tandem.
gation aids that are needed to meet TCAS I means a TCAS that utilizes
any route performance criteria that interrogations of, and replies from, air-
may be prescribed in route specifica- borne radar beacon transponders and
provides traffic advisories to the pilot.
tions to navigate the aircraft along the

route to be flown. Information on suit- TCAS II means a TCAS that utilizes
able RNAV systems is published in interrogations of, and replies from air-
FAA guidance material. borne radar beacon transponders and
17
§ 1.2 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition)
provides traffic advisories and resolu- from 3 nautical miles outward from the
tion advisories in the vertical plane. coast of the United States, that con-
TCAS III means a TCAS that utilizes tains activity that may be hazardous
interrogation of, and replies from, air- to nonparticipating aircraft. The pur-
borne radar beacon transponders and pose of such warning areas is to warn
provides traffic advisories and resolu- nonparticipating pilots of the potential
tion advisories in the vertical and hori- danger. A warning area may be located
zontal planes to the pilot. over domestic or international waters
Time in service, with respect to main- or both.
tenance time records, means the time Weight-shift-control aircraft means a
from the moment an aircraft leaves the powered aircraft with a framed piv-
surface of the earth until it touches it oting wing and a fuselage controllable
at the next point of landing. only in pitch and roll by the pilot’s
Traffic pattern means the traffic flow ability to change the aircraft’s center
that is prescribed for aircraft landing of gravity with respect to the wing.
at, taxiing on, or taking off from, an Flight control of the aircraft depends
airport. on the wing’s ability to flexibly deform
True airspeed means the airspeed of rather than the use of control surfaces.
an aircraft relative to undisturbed air. Winglet or tip fin means an out-of-
True airspeed is equal to equivalent plane surface extending from a lifting
airspeed multiplied by (r0/r)1⁄2. surface. The surface may or may not
Type: have control surfaces.
(1) As used with respect to the cer- [Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4588, May 15, 1962]
tification, ratings, privileges, and limi-
tations of airmen, means a specific EDITORIAL NOTE: For FEDERAL REGISTER ci-
tations affecting § 1.1, see the List of CFR
make and basic model of aircraft, in-
Sections Affected, which appears in the
cluding modifications thereto that do Finding Aids section of the printed volume
not change its handling or flight char- and at www.fdsys.gov.
acteristics. Examples include: DC–7,
1049, and F–27; and § 1.2 Abbreviations and symbols.
(2) As used with respect to the cer- In Subchapters A through K of this
tification of aircraft, means those air- chapter:
craft which are similar in design. Ex- AFM means airplane flight manual.
amples include: DC–7 and DC–7C; 1049G AGL means above ground level.
and 1049H; and F–27 and F–27F. ALS means approach light system.
(3) As used with respect to the cer- APU means auxiliary power unit.
tification of aircraft engines means ASR means airport surveillance
those engines which are similar in de- radar.
sign. For example, JT8D and JT8D–7 ATC means air traffic control.
are engines of the same type, and ATS means Air Traffic Service.
JT9D–3A and JT9D–7 are engines of the CAMP means continuous airworthi-
same type. ness maintenance program.
United States, in a geographical sense, CAS means calibrated airspeed.
means (1) the States, the District of CAT II means Category II.
Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the posses- CHDO means an FAA Flight Stand-
sions, including the territorial waters, ards certificate holding district office.
and (2) the airspace of those areas. CMP means configuration, mainte-
United States air carrier means a cit- nance, and procedures.
izen of the United States who under- CONSOL or CONSOLAN means a kind
takes directly by lease, or other ar- of low or medium frequency long range
rangement, to engage in air transpor- navigational aid.
tation. DH means decision height.
VFR over-the-top, with respect to the DME means distance measuring
operation of aircraft, means the oper- equipment compatible with TACAN.
ation of an aircraft over-the-top under EAS means equivalent airspeed.
VFR when it is not being operated on EFVS means enhanced flight vision
an IFR flight plan. system.
Warning area. A warning area is air- Equi-Time Point means a point on the
space of defined dimensions, extending route of flight where the flight time,
18
considering wind, to each of two se- NOPAC means North Pacific area of
lected airports is equal. operation.
ETOPS means extended operations. NOPT means no procedure turn re-
EWIS, as defined by § 25.1701 of this quired.
chapter, means electrical wiring inter- OEI means one engine inoperative.
connection system. OM means ILS outer marker.
FAA means Federal Aviation Admin- OPSPECS means operations specifica-
istration. tions.
FFS means full flight simulator. PACOTS means Pacific Organized
FM means fan marker. Track System.
FSTD means flight simulation train- PAR means precision approach radar.
ing device. PMA means parts manufacturer ap-
FTD means flight training device. proval.
GS means glide slope. PTRS means Performance Tracking
HIRL means high-intensity runway and Reporting System.
light system. RAIL means runway alignment indi-
IAS means indicated airspeed. cator light system.
ICAO means International Civil Avia- RBN means radio beacon.
tion Organization. RCLM means runway centerline
IFR means instrument flight rules. marking.
IFSD means in-flight shutdown. RCLS means runway centerline light
ILS means instrument landing sys- system.
tem. REIL means runway end identifica-
IM means ILS inner marker. tion lights.
INT means intersection. RFFS means rescue and firefighting
LDA means localizer-type directional services.
RNAV means area navigation.
aid.
RR means low or medium frequency
LFR means low-frequency radio
radio range station.
range.
RVR means runway visual range as
LMM means compass locator at mid-
measured in the touchdown zone area.
dle marker.
SALS means short approach light sys-
LOC means ILS localizer.
tem.
LOM means compass locator at outer SATCOM means satellite communica-
marker. tions.
M means mach number. SSALS means simplified short ap-
MAA means maximum authorized proach light system.
IFR altitude. SSALSR means simplified short ap-
MALS means medium intensity approach light system with runway align-
proach light system. ment indicator lights.
MALSR means medium intensity ap- TACAN means ultra-high frequency
proach light system with runway align- tactical air navigational aid.
ment indicator lights. TAS means true airspeed.
MCA means minimum crossing alti- TCAS means a traffic alert and colli-
tude. sion avoidance system.
MDA means minimum descent alti- TDZL means touchdown zone lights.
tude. TSO means technical standard order.
MEA means minimum en route IFR TVOR means very high frequency ter-
altitude. minal omnirange station.
MEL means minimum equipment VA means design maneuvering
list. speed.
MM means ILS middle marker. VB means design speed for max-
MOCA means minimum obstruction imum gust intensity.
clearance altitude. VC means design cruising speed.
MRA means minimum reception alti- VD means design diving speed.
tude. VDF/MDF means demonstrated flight
MSL means mean sea level. diving speed.

NDB (ADF) means nondirectional VEF means the speed at which the
beacon (automatic direction finder). critical engine is assumed to fail dur-
NM means nautical mile. ing takeoff.
19
§ 1.3 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition)
VF means design flap speed. V2 means takeoff safety speed.

VFC/MFC means maximum speed for V2min means minimum takeoff safe-
stability characteristics. ty speed.
VFE means maximum flap extended VFR means visual flight rules.
speed. VHF means very high frequency.
VFTO means final takeoff speed. VOR means very high frequency om-
VH means maximum speed in level nirange station.
flight with maximum continuous VORTAC means collocated VOR and
power. TACAN.
VLE means maximum landing gear [Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962]
extended speed.
VLO means maximum landing gear EDITORIAL NOTE: For FEDERAL REGISTER ci-
tations affecting § 1.2, see the List of CFR
operating speed.
Sections Affected, which appears in the
VLOF means lift-off speed. Finding Aids section of the printed volume
VMC means minimum control speed and at www.fdsys.gov.
with the critical engine inoperative.
VMO/MMO means maximum oper- § 1.3 Rules of construction.
ating limit speed. (a) In Subchapters A through K of
VMU means minimum unstick speed. this chapter, unless the context re-
VNE means never-exceed speed. quires otherwise:
VNO means maximum structural (1) Words importing the singular in-
cruising speed. clude the plural;
VR means rotation speed. (2) Words importing the plural in-
VREF means reference landing speed. clude the singular; and
VS means the stalling speed or the (3) Words importing the masculine
minimum steady flight speed at which gender include the feminine.
the airplane is controllable. (b) In Subchapters A through K of
VS0 means the stalling speed or the this chapter, the word:
minimum steady flight speed in the (1) Shall is used in an imperative
landing configuration. sense;
VS1 means the stalling speed or the (2) May is used in a permissive sense
minimum steady flight speed obtained to state authority or permission to do
in a specific configuration. the act prescribed, and the words ‘‘no
VSR means reference stall speed. person may * * *’’ or ‘‘a person may
VSRO means reference stall speed in not * * *’’ mean that no person is re-
the landing configuration. quired, authorized, or permitted to do
VSR1 means reference stall speed in the act prescribed; and
a specific configuration. (3) Includes means ‘‘includes but is
VSW means speed at which onset of not limited to’’.
natural or artificial stall warning oc-
curs. [Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962, as
VTOSS means takeoff safety speed for amended by Amdt. 1–10, 31 FR 5055, Mar. 29,
1966]
Category A rotorcraft.
VX means speed for best angle of
climb. PART 3—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
VY means speed for best rate of
climb. Sec.
V1 means the maximum speed in the 3.1 Applicability.
3.5 Statements about products, parts, appli-
takeoff at which the pilot must take
ances and materials.
the first action (e.g., apply brakes, re-
duce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701,
stop the airplane within the accelerate- and 44704.
stop distance. V1 also means the min- SOURCE: 70 FR 54832, Sept. 16, 2005, unless
imum speed in the takeoff, following a otherwise noted.
failure of the critical engine at VEF, at
§ 3.1 Applicability.
which the pilot can continue the take-

off and achieve the required height (a) This part applies to any person
above the takeoff surface within the who makes a record regarding:
takeoff distance. (1) A type-certificated product, or
20

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SUBCHAPTER A—DEFINITIONS

(1) Is propelled by a motor or motors Canard means the forward wing of a

for position and instrument error. Cali- appropriate authority.

planes certificated after September 30,

controlled environment, would be haz- Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS)

place outside thereof; or between flight with maximum continuous power

navigational input, such as inertial effective speed warning occurs.

Military operations area. A military scribed, or an order issued under, 49

Minor repair means a repair other

Over-the-top means above the layer of Prohibited area. A prohibited area is

or minor preservation operations and or property (including natural re-

this chapter, for continuation of one thrust that is developed statically or in

a separate combustion chamber, within failure or shutdown of one engine of a

within the operating limitations estab- ministrator for that operation.

Sea level engine means a reciprocating Synthetic vision means a computer-

tions to navigate the aircraft along the

MSL means mean sea level. diving speed.

VF means design flap speed. V2 means takeoff safety speed.

which the pilot can continue the take-

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