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2ND Quarter - Handout - Intro PDF
2ND Quarter - Handout - Intro PDF
2. BLOGS
from the words “web log” is an online journal or informational website displaying information in the reverse chronological
order, with latest posts appearing first.
a platform where a writer or even a group of writers share their views on an individual subject.
3. TEXT TULA
a poem produced and shared through the use of mobile phone's messaging application.
Usually in the form of “tanaga” (poem of 4 lines, 7 syllables) each with a rhyme scheme.
Now, text tula freely uses other dual rhyme schemes or freestyle rhyme scheme forms.
4. CHICK LIT
a genre of fiction that was popular in the late 1990s.
generally talks about women and their different struggles, specifically staged in modern times.
themes here are treated humorously and lightly.
Example: Tall Story by Candy Gourlay; All’s fair in blog and war by Chrissie Peria
5. SPECULATIVE FICTION
fiction genre that dwells on issues of alternative imagined scenarios. It uses the appeal of conspiracy themes, fantasy science
fiction and dystopian societies to create imaginative stories.
it encompasses all the stories that are removed from the reality that we are currently living in.
Example: Smaller and smaller circles by F.H. Batacan; The Secret origin of spin-man by Andrew Drilon
6. FLASH FICTION
is a fiction genre that presents one-sitting-long-of-reading texts.
goes by many names, including microfiction, microstories, short-shorts, short short stories, very short stories, sudden fiction,
postcard fiction and nanofiction.
the longest text in the genre of Flash Fiction is only said to be 1000-words.
Example: “I'm dead. I've missed you. Kiss ... ? by Neil Gaiman; 100 Kislap by Abdon M. Balde Jr.
7. GRAPHIC NOVELS
existed as an art form arguably from the time our species learned how to paint.
a longer work or collection of works presented in ‘comics’ style.
Example: The Mythology Class by Arnold Arre; Maktan 1521 by Tepai Pascual; Sixty Six by Russell Molina
8. OTHER FORMS
Enhanced eBooks
Spoken word poetry
ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
1. FORM
it talks about the general structure of the literary piece.
the first aspect of literature that attempts to connect with the readers.
from the title of the work to the way the words or sentences creates a visual impact, every part of its literature.
it is through form that the literature first communicates its message.
2. THEME
the unifying topic/subject/idea that holds all of its elements in piece.
the subject to which the literature revolves around.
literature is purposive; drawing together readers having the same reasons and goals; uniting people who share common life
experiences.
literature is created to share stories, ignite passion and let readers experience life.
3. CHARACTERIZATION
Characters - person, animal or thing in a story, play or other literary works. It can be a product of the writer's imagination, or
they could be the very compelling point-of-view that the writer thinks.
a good characterization is the one that is most relatable to the reader.
it is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character; developing them to tell the story.
often the most important aspect of the story.
4. STYLE
refers to the specific techniques and designs that a literary writer employs to prolong his or her grip of the reader's interest.
Among this styles include play on words and skill in story telling.
Commonly it includes point of view, symbolism, tone, imagery, diction, voice, syntax, and the method of narration
5. SETTING
it refers to where or when (time & place) a story takes place. It can change in different parts of the story.
it can also include the mood of the time period, situation or event.
it can also include the emotional state of the character.
6. PLOT
it is the plan or pattern of events in a story.
it is the map of the story which provide the literature's structure.
it has five basic points: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action,
resolution.
7. CONFLICT
the struggle between opposing characters or opposing forces.
it is the problem or struggle in a story.
the four general types are:
a. character vs. character
b. character vs nature
c. character vs society (e.g.prejudice/racism)
d. character vs self (conscience).
8. POINT OF VIEW
a way at looking at things.
the vantage point to which a story is told.
It can be:
a. First person (I) - the narrator is a character, often the main character of the story.
b. Third person objective - the narrator is an outsider, not a character; reporting what is happening (seen or heard) but not
their thoughts.
c. Third person limited - the narrator is an outsider, not a character; reports what is happening as well as the thoughts of one
specific character.
d. Omniscient - all-knowing narrator; sees and hears everything, even getting into the minds of multiple characters.
Improves critical thinking - you make inferences, analyze and synthesize a text.
Encourages close reading - you read text in depth, paying attention to details, including figurative language, symbolism and
diction.
Lesson I: Introduction to Literature : 21st Century Literature
Instructor: Ms. Paulette M. Manalaysay
Lesson I: Introduction to Literature
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
12 ABM B MTW/F – 3:45-4:45 PM Instructor: Ms. Paulette M. Manalaysay
Enable different perspective taking - you have the chance to see a text in different perspectives, understand different way of
life thus having a broader horizon.
Encourages empathy - you learn and begin to empathize with different causes, beliefs, and value systems.
You become more relevant - you will know the reasons why you need to know about a text and consequently determine what
is it for.
GENERALLY,
a. Literary criticism helps us to understand the relationship between authors, readers, and texts
b. The act of literary criticism ultimately enhances the enjoyment of our reading of the literary work
2. HISTORICAL CRITICISM
seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural and intellectual context that produced it -- a context
that necessarily includes the artist's biography and milieu.
key goal is to understand the effect of a literary work upon its original readers.
it is important to understand the author and his world in order to understand his intent and to make sense of his work.
In this view, the work is informed by the author's beliefs, prejudices, time, and history, and to fully understand the work, we
must understand the author and his age.
Example:
For the work Huck Finn, a critic might look into the prejudices of the author's time and the challenging attitudes of an 1800
America where in many ways accepted (or even promoted) racist attitudes.
3. BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM
begins with the simple but central insight that literature is written by actual people and that understanding an author's life can
help readers more thoroughly comprehend the work.
For example, critics who study the poetry or drama of Amiri Baraka may concentrate on his life growing up as an African
American or being involved in the Black Arts Movement in the United States. In Baraka’s play Dutchman, a racist female, Lula,
confronts the protagonist, Clay. She initially seduces him but then insults and kills him. From a biographical perspective, the
play may represent Baraka’s encounter with racism during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, since some
Americans opposed the individual rights and freedoms of black Americans. From this perspective, Clay allegorically represents
African Americans, and Lula depicts white, racist Americans who possess a history of manipulating, abusing, and enacting
violence against black Americans.
4. READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM
Reader-oriented criticism; WHAT DO YOU THINK?
takes as a fundamental tenet that “literature” exists not as an artifact upon a printed page but as a transaction between the
physical text and the mind of a reader.
is concerned with how the work is viewed by the audience. In this approach, the reader creates meaning, not the author or the
work.
attempts to describe what happens in the reader's mind while interpreting a text and reacts that reading, like writing, is a
creative process.
According to critics, literary texts has no meaning; meanings derive only from the act of individual readings.
Questions to Ask:
a. Who is the reader? Who is the implied reader?
b. Does the text overtly or subtly ask the reader to sympathize or empathize in any way?
c. What experiences, thoughts, or knowledge does the text raise?
d. What aspects or characters of the text do you identify or disidentify with, and how does this process of identification affect
your response to the text?
e. What is the difference between your general reaction to (e.g., like or dislike) and reader-oriented interpretation of the text?
5. DECONSTRUCTIONIST CRITICISM
“language is not the relief tool for communication” - Jacques Derrida
also known as post-structuralism
rejects the traditional assumption that language can accurately represent reality.
subject texts to careful, formal analysis; however, they reach an opposite conclusion: there is no meaning in language.
regard language as fundamentally unstable medium; because literature is made up of words, it possesses no fixed, single
meaning.
tend to emphasize not on what is being said but how language is used in a text.
Lesson I: Introduction to Literature : 21st Century Literature
Instructor: Ms. Paulette M. Manalaysay
Lesson I: Introduction to Literature
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
12 ABM B MTW/F – 3:45-4:45 PM Instructor: Ms. Paulette M. Manalaysay
try to show how the text “deconstructs”, “how it can be broken down”.
Other goals of this school of criticism:
a. challenging the notion of author's “ownership” of texts they create (and their ability to control the meaning of their texts)
b. focusing on how language is used to achieve power, as when they try to understand how a some interpretations of a
literary work come to be a regarded as “truth”
Example:
based on the belief that language is much more slippery and ambiguous
Old saying “Time flies like an arrow”
A. “Time flies like an arrow” = times passed quickly
Time = noun
flies = verb
like an arrow = adv. clause
B. Additional meanings “Time flies like an arrow” = Put out
your stop watch and time the speed of flies as you'd time an
arrow's flight.
Time = verb
flies = object
like an arrow = adv. clause
6. ARCHETYPAL/MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
archetype= “original form”; prototype
archetype = a symbol, character, situation or image that evokes a deep universal response (Carl Jung)
archetype = a symbol, usually an image, which recurs often enough in literature to be recognizable as an element of one's
literary experience as a whole (Northrop Frye)
archetype = universal symbols that appear in literature, myth, dreams, oral tradition, songs, etc.
emphasizes the recurrent universal patterns underlying most literary works
tend to view literary works in the broader context of works sharing a similar pattern.
a. Certain images recur in texts
b. Certain characters/character types recur in texts
c. Certain motifs and patterns recur in texts
Examples:
A. Characters such as: circles
“the hero” the serpent
"the earth mother" garden
"the soul mate" tree
"the trickster" desert
“the damsel in distress” C. Ideas such as:
B. Images such as: Light vs. Darkness
water Good vs. Evil
sun The Journey/Quest
certain colors or numbers
7. PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
psychology = science of human mind and human behavior
Deals with the work of literature as a fictional expression of the personality, state of mind, feelings, and desires of the author
The idea is to evaluate the psychology of the character or the author to find meaning in the text.
Critics look either at the psychological motivations of the characters or of the authors themselves.
Common Assumptions of Psychological Theory
a. The author’s psychological conflicts are revealed in his or her work
b. Readers can do an in-depth analysis of the characters as if they were real people
c. The reader’s psychological analysis of a piece of text might analyze the author’s psychological state or the readers own
psychological state of mind
How does it connect to literature?
a. Give a glimpse into the mind of
b. Author = investigation of the “creative process of the artist: what us the nature of the literary genius and how does it
relate to normal mental functions?
c. Characters = psycho study of particular artist; analysis of fictional characters using the language and methods of
psychology
d. Our own minds
BENEFITS? A reader can explore the psychology
a. of a writer as expressed in the work
b. of a fictional character
c. in the form of the work (symbols, etc.)
d. of a culture or a society
e. of the reader
8. NEW CRITICISM
an approach to literature made popular between the 1940s and the 1960s that evolved out of formalist criticism.
new critics suggest that detailed analysis of the language of literary text can uncover important layers of meaning in a work.
Critics consciously downplays the historical influences, authorial intentions, and social contexts that surround texts in order to
focus on explication -- extremely close textual analysis.
Commonly associated critics = John Crowe Ransom, I.A. Richards, Robert Penn Warren.
9. MARXIST CRITICISM
Based on the theories of Karl Marx (and so influenced by philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel), this school concerns
itself with class differences, economic and otherwise, as well as the implications and complications of the capitalist system
"Marxism attempts to reveal the ways in which our socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience" (Tyson
277).
Based on the economic and cultural theory of Karl Marx (founder of communism)
Communism: a stateless, classless society
Marx believed that groups of people that owned and controlled major industries could exploit the rest of the population by
forcing their own values and beliefs onto other social groups
focuses on a text’s economic concerns and the treatment of the working class.
Focus on power and money in the literature
a. Who has the power or money?
b. Who does not?
c. What happens as a result?
Typical questions:
a. Whom does it benefit if the work or effort is accepted/successful/believed, etc.?
b. What is the social class of the author?
c. Which class does the work claim to represent?
d. What values does it reinforce?
e. What values does it subvert?
f. What conflict can be seen between the values, the work champions and those it portrays?
g. What social classes do the characters represent?
h. How do characters from different classes interact or conflict?
REFERENCES: https://prezi.com/p/d5oohtb13qp5/lit/
https://www.slideshare.net/jahwella/what-is-21st-century-literature
https://www.uiltexas.org/files/academics/LitCrit-Sample-Lessons.pdf
https://teslaliterature.wordpress.com/2017/08/17/hyperpoetry/
https://www.slideshare.net/gatiaa2/literature-ii-elements-of-literature?qid=eefbd495-08b3-4607-8ace-cedcf3b40f93&v=&b=
&from_search=1
http://moore-english.com/introducing-literary-criticism/
https://salirickandres.altervista.org/approaches-literary-criticism/
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_literature/literary_theory_and_schools_of_criticism/index.ht
http://moore-english.com/choosing-texts-for-literary-criticism/
https://www.slideshare.net/imjhengasuncion/literary-criticism-39268248
https://writingcommons.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1242:section-2-biographical-criticism-psycholo
gical-criticism&catid=446:literary-criticism&Itemid=304
https://www.slideshare.net/oleelchan/deconstructive-criticsm
https://www.slideshare.net/comoedu/archetypal-criticism
https://www.slideshare.net/comoedu/psychological-criticism
21st Century Literature Books (Fastbooks/Cronic/Abiva Publishing)