n?

wHJ/H( f Jfsj k;) Gkr gfj bk go uk d { i k

ftFt dk fJfsjk; (1500-1815)
g km B z L 3 gq ' L n? ; H n? w H towk

T[ d :' f re eq K sh L ekoD ns/ gq G kt

T[d:'fre eqKsh s'I gfjbK fijVh fJzrb?Iv ftu nmQkothI ;dh d/ d{i/ nZX/ ns/ T[BQhthI ;dh
d/ w[ZYb/ djkfenK ftu nkJh, brGr :{og d/ ;ko/ jh wjZstg{oD d/FK ftu T[d:'rK dk ftek;
fszB nkofEe f;;Nw nXhB j'fJnk noEks frbv f;;Nw (Guild System), (fJe' feZs/ d/ b'eK
dh pokdoh) L pdbD gqDkbh (Putting out System) ns/ e/Idoh toeFkg iK c?eNoh
f;;Nw, coK;, iowBh ns/ nk;NohnK jzroh ;oekoK B/ tgko ;' u Dh (Mercantilistic
system) s'I T[sFkjs gqkgs eoe/ nkgD/ d/FK ftu y[d T[d:'rK d/ nkozG ns/ ;zukbB dhnK
BhshnK B{z ngDkJ/ T[d:'rK B{z fte;s eoB dh e'fFF ehsh. fJ; B{z u"EK ns/ tZyok nkofEe
f;;Nw fejk ik ;edk j?.
frbv f;;Nw (Guild System)
wZX ekbhB :[Zr ftu e[M fgzv fiBQK B{z pzdorkjK, dfonktK sZN iK pkdFkjK dh fojkfJFh iK
e?Eobov d/ j'D dk bkG gqkgs ;h. t;D bJh tX/o/ b'eK B{z nkeofFs eod/ jB. T[E/ sikos ns/ fFbg
B{z tX/o/ ;[oZfyns jkf;b ;h. Gkt/I fJBQK B{z Ffjo dk BK d/ fdZsk frnk go F[o{ ftu fJj fgzv jh ;B
i' j"bh-j"bh nkpkdh d/ tXD Bkb FfjoK dk o{g XkoD eo rJ/.
gfjb/ gfjb tgkoh b'eK B{z nkgD/ nkg ;zrfms ehsk j? pknd ftu tgkoh frbv nytkJ/. T[jBK
B/ ekog'o/N pkvhnK (Corporate bodies) pDkT[D dk w[Zy T[d/F sokis B{z ftfB:ws eoBk ns/
skBkFkjK s'I o[fgnk b? e/ nkgD/ skBkFkjh jZe B{z S[vkT[Dk ;h. FfjoK B/ nkgDk gqpzX nkgD/ jZE ftu b?
fbnk. nkgD/ w/no (Mayor) ns/ e"f;bK ;Ekfgs eo bJhnK.
tZy-tZy feZfsnK tkb/ fFbg frbv (Draft Guild) tgkoe frbvK Bkb'I pknd ftu nkJ/ F[o{
ftu fBg[zB fFbgeko ns/ toeo d't/I jh fJBQK d/ w?Ipo ;B, j"bh-j"bh d'tK ftubk gkVk tXdk frnk ns/
d{finK B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z 'ioBhw?B frbv' (Journeymen Guild) d/ s"o s/ ;zrfms ehsk T[BQK dh
tZvh fFekfJs fJj ;h fe T[BQK B{z fJe ;[szso fBg[zB fFbgeko ;Ekfgs j'D dh nkfrnk BjhI ;h ns/ TBQK
ftu' pj[s ;kok ihtB ioBhw?B jh ofjzd/ ;B.
frbv dk T[d/F tXhnK e[nkbNh dhnK t;sK dh fsnkoh eoBk BjhI ;h ;r'I t;sK dhnK tk}p
ehwsK th bkr{ eoBk ;h. fJ; bJh tk}p ehwsK d/ nkdoF B/ frbvB s/ Bk e/tb fFbgekoK d/ jh
;r'I ygsekoK d/ th fjZsk dh ;[oZfynk s/ th gkpzdh bk fdZsh. fFbgekoK B{z fBezw/ ezw eoe/ iK
p/JhwkBh tkb/ sohfenK eoe/ w;kbh ;}ktK fdZshnK iKdhnK ;B. T[BQK fdBK ftu nkofEe,
;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ihtB fJe d{i/ ftu x[b frnk ;h.
frbv gq;go ;jkfJsk ;GktK s/ ezw eodk ;h ns/ T[; B/ p}[or ns/ fpwko fFbgekoK d/ fJbki
bJh th gqpzX ehsk. T[BQK B/ f;ybkJh d/ fwnko th fBoXkos ehs/. fJe fBg[zB fFbgeko d/ s"o s/ Bk
doi eotkT[D s'I gfjbK fe;/ ftnesh B{z nkw eoe/ 7 ;kb sZe f;fynkoEh d/ s"o s/ ioBhw?B d/ s"o
s/ th ezw eoBk g?Idk ;h.
fFbg frbv nkg ;j{bsK fit/I ozr eNkJh ns/ ozrkJh ns/ t{bB N?e;NkJhb T[d:'r
19
n?wHJ/H (fJfsjk;) Gkr gfjbk 20 gouk d{ik
dhnK th ;j{bsK gqdkB eodk ;h. frbv B/ t;sK d/ wkoe ukb{ ehs/ fiBQK s'I t;sK d/ pDB
dk ;wK gsk bZrdk ;h ns/ T[BQK d/ fwnko dh th rozNh fdzd/ ;B. ;?chbv (England) d/
eNoK ns/ ;zfbB;B (Solingen) iowBh d/ No/vwkoe ;ko/ :{og ftu gqf;ZX jB. frbv nXhB
d;sekoh nkofEesk tX/o/ T[sgkdB ns/ ygseko d/ f;ZX/ ;zgoeK s/ nkXkos ;h. T[;koh ;GktK
B/ froik xo T[x Z ,/ ;EkBK ns/ j;gskbK dhnK fJwkosK pDkT[D dk ezw nkgD/ jZE fbnk.
frbv f;;Nw ;'bQthI ns/ ;skothI ;dhnK ftu nkgDh f;yo B{z S{j frnk. c/o nX'rsh
dk bzpk ;wK F[o{ j'fJnk, frbv pzd ;z;EktK dh soQK j' rJ/ ns/ fJBQK ftu nkg;h fyu'skD tXdh
rJh T[BQK B/ gkpzdhnK bk fdZshnK. ;skoQth ns/ nmkoQth ;dh ftu fJzrb?Iv, coK;, n;Nq/bhnk
ns/ iowBh ftu T[BQK d/ jZe ns/ eosZt fB:wpZX pDk fdZs/ rJ/. ;w/I-;w/I okiK B/ frbvK d/
wkwfbnK B{z ftfB:ws eoB, T[iosK ns/ ehwsK nkfd B{z okFNoh gZXo s/ fBFfus eoB ftu
dyb-nzdk}h ehsh.
frbv T[d:'r bJh bkGdkfJe f;ZX j'D dh pikJ/ GftZy dh gqrsh ftu fJe o[ektN pD
rJ/. T[BQK B/ BthB ekYK dk fto'X ehsk. T[d:'fre gqrsh dk fJe tZvk ekoD fJj th ;h fe
T[E/ T[BQK B/ okFNoh gqrsh ftu o[ektN g?dk ehsh. fJzrb?Iv ftu T[d:'fre gqrsh dk fJe tZvk
ekoD fJj th ;h fe T[E/ fJj f;;Nw yasw j' u[Zek ;h. iowBh n;Nq/bhnk ns/ ;g/B ftu frbv
wFhBh T[d:'r Bkb-Bkb ubd/ oj/. T[BQK B/ pj[s ;kohnK BthnK ;wZf;nktK T[sgzB ehshnK fiBQK
ekoB wZX Fq/Dh B{z BthI T[d:'fre ftt;Ek bJh ftXkfBe ;jkfJsk b?Dh gJh.
pdbD gqDkbh iK tgkoh ;owkfJnkdko
(The putting out System or the merchant Capitalist):
ni/ frbv f;;Nw tZX c[Zb jh fojk ;h fe T[d:'r ftu fJe j'o nkofEe-f;;Nw j'd I ftu
nkfJnk. tgkoh ;owkJ/dko th w[ekpb/ bJh w?dkB ftu nkfJnk. T[j E'e eZuk wkb yohd e/ T[;
S'N/-S'N/ GkrK ftu fFbgekoK B{z t;sK fsnko eoB bJh fdzdk ;h. fFbgeko nkgD/ xoK ftu
nkgD/-nkgD/ n"}koK Bkb t;sK fsnko eod/ oj/ go Bk sK T[j eZu/ wkb d/ ns/ Bk jh fsnko
wkb d/ wkbe j[zd/ ;B. fsnko wkb ;owkJ/dko dk j[zdk ;h fijVk d/F nzdo iK d/F s'I pkjo
T[; B{z t/uD dk gqpzX eodk ;h.
;wK phsD s/ tgkoh ;owkJ/dko B/ fFbgeko B{z n"}ko iK sK nkg w[jZJhnk eoB/ nkozG
eo fdZs/ iK T[BQK B{z ;EkB w[jZJhnK ehs/ fiBQK d[nkok T[j n"}ko yohdD d/ :'r j' ;eD. T[;
B/ toeoK B{z wFtok s/ nrtkJh d/Dh nkozG eo fdZsh. fJj f;;Nw brGr 2000 Jh;th ftu
j'Id ftu nkfJnk. fJj f;;Nw fJNbh ftu eZgVk T[d:'r ftu nkozG j'fJnk. fJj f;;Nw o/Fwh
eZgV/ sZe jh ;hfws BjhI fojk. j"bh-j"bh fJj b'jk T[d:'r, g[;se gqekFB ns/ ekr} T[d:'r
ftu th gquZbs j' frnk.
;owkJ/dko tgkoh fJ; ;ko/ eko'pko dk e/Ido fpzd{ ;h. T[j ub ns/ nub g{iz h w[jZJhnK
eoe/ T[sgkdeK B{z joes ftu fbnkT[Idk ;h. T[dkjoD ti'I poskBth T{Bh T[d:'r ftu tgkoh
;owkJ/dko gFw yohd e/ T[; dh eskJh, T[BkJh, ozrkJh ns/ T[; dh fcfBfFzr nkfd bJh oew
ndk eodk ;h. T[j F[o{ s'I nzs sZe fsnko ehs/ ;ko/ eZgV/ dk nkg wkbe j[zdk ;h ns/ eZgV/
fsnko eoB ;pzXh tZy-tZy ekoiK bJh pj[s ;ko/ toeo bkT[Idk ;h.
frbv f;;Nw s'I tgkoh ;owfJnkdkoh sZe spdhbh j"bh-j"bh tkgoh. i/ eo cb' o?I;
(fJNbh) ftu gFw T[d:'r ftu tgkoh ;owkfJnkdkoh ;h sK bkJhBi (coK;) ftu o/Fw T[d:'r
n?wHJ/H (fJfsjk;) Gkr gfjbk 21 gouk d{ik
bJh ftt;Ekfwe ;B. :koeFkfJo (fJzrb?Iv) ftu gFw T[d:'r dk gqpzX th fJ;/ soQK ehsk iKdk
;h. fJ; dh tXhnk T[dkjoD iowBh dk c[ro (Fugger) gfotko ;h. ;G s'I gfjbK c[ro fijVk
fJe p[Beo ;h, brGr 1380 ftu nr;tor ftu nkpkd j'fJnk. T[; dk g'sk ie'pk c[ro
(Jokob Fugger) sKp/, uKdh ns/ j'o XksK dk E'e tgkoh ;h. fJ;/ soQK eJh oki/ ns/ okie[wko
th tgkoh ;owkfJdko ;B.
tgkoh gqDkbh dhnK eJh fGzBsktK ;B, ykDK ftu ;owkfJdko ykDK ftu y[dkJh eoB
tkfbnK B{z ;owkfJnK w[jZJhnK eodk ;h ns/ c/o fteoh ;so s/ fXnkB fdzdk T[d:'r B{z jo gZXo
s/ ;owkfJnk w[jZJhnK eoB fit/I fe :koeFkfJeo (fJzrb?Iv) ftu gFw (Wool) T[d:'r dh ;{os
ftu ehsk iKdk ;h. fJ; gqDkbh ftu ;owkfJnkdko ns/ fFbgeko d't/I gZXoK s/ so[NZ hnK ;B.
tgkoh B{z fJBQK rZbK tZb ftF/F fXnkB d/Dk g?Idk ;h fit/I fe toeo Fokp Bk ghD, ;[;s Bk j'
ikD iK T[j ezw ftu gZSV Bk ikD iK ezw SZv e/ ub/ ikDk toeo bJh fJj gqDkbh nkofEe
r[bkwh ;wki ;h.
T[es f;;Nw T[d'I sZe ekw:kp ;h id'I sZe toeo nkgD/ xoK ftu ezw eod/ ;B ns/ wkbe
ns/ toeoK ftu fBZih ;zgoe ;h. id'I ;zgoe mhe BK fojk sK fJj f;;Nw th ew}{'o j' frnk. go fJj
f;;Nw tZy-tZy ekoiK ftu w}d{oK dh tzv B{z ukb{ eoB bJh f}zw/tko ;h. go fJ; dk ;G s'I tZvk bkG
fJj ;h fe fJ; B/ toeoK B{z nkgD/ xoK ftu nkgD/ eohphnK Bkb ob e/ ezw eoB dk w"ek w[jZJhnK
ehsk. T[j id'I ukj[zdk nkokw eodk ;h. T[d:'r dk nB[Fk;B ns/ T[ios r[bkwh (Wage Slaving)
dk ;wK ni/ BjhI ;h nkfJnk.
e/Idoh toeFkg (The Central Workshop)
T[d:'fre eqKsh s'I gfjbK th tZv/ g?wkB/ d/ T[d:'rK dh fpbe[b nDj'Id BjhI ;h i' fte'wp
(John Wicomb) fijV/ ;'bQthI ;dh dk ;G s'I tZvk eZgV/ dk fBowksk ;h, B/ nkgDh c?eNohnK ftu
200 toeo fB:[es ehs/ ;B, fJBQK ftu'I jo fJe d/ 205 g/Ii/ (Cardere) 200 eZND tkbhnK bVehnK
150 pZu/ ;koNo (Sorters) 50 g{Dh tZND tkb/, ozrkJh xo ftu 40 ozr d/D tkb/ ns/ fwb ftu
20 fBrokB ;B. nmkoQthI ;dh ftu coK; ftu th tZv/ g?wkB/ d/ fBowksktK dhnK T[dkjoDk fwbdhnK
jB. fbz} (Linz) ftu nk;NohnK dh t{b (Wool) c?eNoh ftu 25,300 s'I tZX toeo ezw eod/
;B, T[BQK ftu pj[s xo/b{ ekw/ ;B gqzs{ ekoykB/ ftu th fJe j}ko s'I xZN toeo BjhI ;h. yzv
T[d:'r, Fokp eFhd eoB tkb/ ekoykB/, fv;NbohnK, ;kpD c?eNohnK nkfd ftu th tZv/ g?wkB/ d/
:{fBN fwbd/ ;B. fJwkosh T[;koh eoB tkfbnK B/ coK; ns/ goFhnK ftu T[;koh dk ezw
eotkfJnk. ijk} rZvhnK, nkokw dk ;wkB th tZv/-tZv/ ndkfonK ftu fsnko j[zdk ;h.
wkbe eJh toeoK B{z c?eNohnK ns/ toeFkgK ftu nk e/ ezw eoB bJh w}p{o eod/ ;B feT[Ife
gfjb/ d'tI/ f;;NwK ftu ;w/I f;o wkb dh ;gbkJh :ehBh ;h. e/Idoh toeFkg ftu ezw d/ FfvT{b B{z uzrh
soQK bkr{ ehsk ik ;edk ;h. fJ; s'I fJbktk ra?o fdnkBsdko toeoK tb'I fsnko ehs/ wkb dh pikJ/
uzrk wkb BjhI ;h pdfbnk ik ;edk. eZu/ wkb d/ yaokp j'D B{z o'fenk ik ;edk ;h. T[sgkdB bJh
T[Zu/ fwnko fBFfus ehs/ ik ;ed/ ;B.
tZv/ g?wkB/ d/ T[d:'rK bJh tX/o/ ;owkJ/ dh b'V ;h. toeoK B{z ekch siop/ Bkb nkgD/ ekoiK
ftu e[Fb pDkT[Dk g?Idk ;h. T[j toeo fiBQK B{z nkgD/ xoK ftu ezw eoB dh nkds g? u[e Z h ;h T[j
nkw eoe/ fJBQK nkozGe ekoykfBnK ftu T[s;[e BjhI ;B id'I sZe fe T[j nsh b'V ekoB w}p{o BjhI
;B j' iKd/ iK T[BQK B{z T[sFkfjs T[iosK BjhI ;B fwbdhnK. n?go nfij/ ndko/ pj[s/ BjhI j[zd/,
T[d:'fre eqKsh d/ nkT[D sZe fJj jkbs ubdh ojh.
n?wHJ/H (fJfsjk;) Gkr gfjbk 22 gouk d{ik
oki tb' I T[ d :' r K dh j" ; bk nc}kJh (State Encouragement of Industries)
e'bpoN (Colbert) b{Jh u"XtK nXhB gqf;ZX ftZs wzsoh ;h. T[j tgkoe ftukoXkok i'
T[; ;w/I dh ;G s'I tX/o/ gqpb nkofEe ftukoXkok ;h, i' pj[s gqGkfts j'fJnk. T[; B/ nkgD/ bJh
fJj Nhuk fBFfus eo fbnk fe ;oeko nkgD/ ;ko/ t;hfbnK Bkb coK; bJh XB g?dk eo/rh.
T[; B/ ezw dh fpjsoh bJh }o{oh t;sK d/ pkjo'I nkT[D s/ Gkoh eo bk fdZsk sK i' d/F ftu
pDhnK t;sK dh ygs ftu o[ektN Bk nkt/. T[; B/ jo gqeko d/ fBowksktK dh j";bk nc}kJh
ehsh. T[; dh d/d/y-o/y ftu pj[s ;kohnK coK; ftu pDhnK t;sK irs gqf;ZX j' rJhnK.
T[; B/ ;oeko tb'I tD-T[gi dk gqpXz ehsk, x'fVnK bJh n;spb pDtkJ/ ns/ ;oekoh s"o s/
T[d:'fre ns/ tgkoe ndkfonK dh ;EkgBK B{z nwbh o{g fdZsk. T[; B/ ijk}K d/ fBowkD Bkb
th d/F B{z FeshFkbh pDkfJnk.
gqzs{ tgkoe ftukoXkok s'I gqGkfts j' e/ pDkJ/ ftfB:wK B/ nzs B{z Bt/I T[d:'fre T[d/FK
d/ okj ftu o'Vk nNekfJnk ns/ 'e'bpoNtkd'(Colbertism) dh rsh nkgD/ fBowksk d/ ihtB
Bkb th pj[s Xhwh g? rJh.
n;NohnK d/ ;wkoN i"f;c d{ik tb'I 1781 s'I wro'I nkgd/ ;woki ftu coK; dhnK bhjK
s/ ehsk ikD tkbk T[d:'fre ftek; fBokFkiBe jkbs ftu yasw j' frnk. oki d[nkok ubkJ/
ik oj/ T[d:'r ;cab Bk j' ;e/. fJj s}opk ;w/I s'I gfjbK ehsk frnk ;h fJ; bJh ;w/I dk
w[ekpbk Bk eo ;fenk ns/ n;cb j' frnk.
T[ d :' f re eq K sh (The Industry Revolution)
T[d:'fre eqKsh fJzrb?vI ftu brGr 1750 ftu nozG j'Jh coK; ns/ p?b}hnw ftu fJj
eqKsh 19thI ;dh d/ gfjb/ djkfenK ftu nkJh. iowBh ftu fJj eqKsh coK; s'I 40 ;kb wro'I
nkJh iowBh d/ J/eheoD (1871) s'I gfjbK fJj d/F s/}h Bkb nZr/ BjhI tZX ;fenk. go BthI
;dh d/ nkozG ftu fJj d/F coK; s'I nZr/ bzx frnk ns/ poskBhnK d/ w[ekpb/ s/ nk frnk.
:{og d/ pkeh d/F tX/o/ y/shpkVh gqXkB ej/ ik ;ed/ ;B i' T[d:'fre gZy'I gSV/ j'J/ ;B. fJE'I
sZe fe coK; ns/ p?bihnw dh th nZXh nkpkdh y/shpkVh d/ ezw ftu o[ZMh j?.
'T[d:'fre eqKsh' Fpd dh tos'I ;G s'I gfjbK nkoB'bv NkfJBph (Arnold Toynbee)
B/ T[BQK T[d:'fre spdhbhnK B{z gqrNkT[D bJh 1814 ftu ehsh fiBQK B/ fJzrb?Iv B{z T[d:'fre
toeFkg pDk fdZsk. Gkt/I fJj spdhbhnK pj[s bzw/ ;w/I ftu j'JhnK go fJj spdhbhnK fJzBhnK
;koEe ;B fe fJBQK B{z eqKsh dk BK fdZsk ik ;edk j?. fJj rZb iowBh d/ ;zpXz ftu fpbe[b Z mhe
;h. fJj gfotosB fJzBh s/}h Bkb nkfJnk fe 1850 dk ;[;s iowBh (Sleepy Germany) ftFt
dk nsh T[d:'fre d/F pD frnk.
fJj ftt;Ek B{z fBFfus eoB tkb/ ekoi fiBQK eoe/ w[Zy :{ogh d/FK ftu T[d:'rheoB
j'fJnk nzFe s"o s/ nkofEe ns/ nzFe s/ f;nk;h ;B. 17thI ns/ 18thI ;dh ftu ;w[zdo gko
d/ tgko ftu pj[s tkXk j'fJnk, fJj tkXk wjkB spdhbhnK bJh w[Zy nkofEe ekoB pfDnk.
J/Fhnk, ncohek ns/ nwohek ftu BthnK wzvhnK d/ y[ZbQD s/ uh}K bJh BthI wzr eo fdZsh.
BthnK wzvhnK bJh b'VhIdhnK uh}K wFhBoh d[nkok T[sgkdB bJh tX/o/ T[fus ;B. fJj t;sK
;kXkoD ;B fit/I ;{sh eZgVk fijVk fe nk;kBh Bkb fsnko eotkfJnk ik ;edk ;h. fJBQK 18thI
;dh dhnK we?Bheb ekYK B/ pj[s T[sFkj gqdkB ehsk. ;{sh eZgV/ dh eskJh ns/ pDkJh Bkb
;z pz X s e[ M wjZ s tg{ o D ekYK i/ w } joroht} (James Hargreaves) dh eskJh wFhB
n?wHJ/H (fJfsjk;) Gkr gfjbk 23 gouk d{ik
(Spinning Jenny) fouov nkeokJhN (Richard Arkwright) dh tkNo co/w (Water
Frames) Bkwh wFhB eoKwNB (Samule Cromption) dh gkDh Bkb uZbD tkbh wFhB
'fwT{b' (Mule) ns/ ekoNokJhN (Cartwright) dh Gk\ Fesh Bkb uZbD tkbh yZvh (Power
Loom) ns/ i/w} tkN (Jame Watts) dk Gkc fJziD ;h.
wkoehN dk ft;Eko w[ZYbk ekoB ;h fJ; bJh fJ; B{z gqEw ;EkB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?,
ekYK d{ik ekoB ;B ;;shnK wFhBh t;sK T[d'I sZe p/ckfJdk jB, id'I sZe T[BQK bJh wkofeN Bk
j't/. ikgdk fJT[I j? fit/I we?Bheb ekYK fJe dw jh j'd I ftu nk iKdhnK jB. go tk;st ftu
T[j fJ; bJh j'Id ftu nkT[IdhnK jB feT[Ife T[BQK bJh wzr j[zdh j?. Jhikddko ;[Zs/f;X jh ;wki
dhnK pdb ojhnK b'VK B{z g{ok eoB bJh ekoi eodk ofjzdk j?.
Gkt ;w[zdo gko dh wkoehN dk ft;Eko :{og ftu T[d:'fre eqKsh dk nkofEe ekoB ;h.
go ftt;Ek B{z fBFfus eoB tkb/ ekoB f;nk;h ;B fiBQK ftu fJj gfotosB tkgfonk. jkbks
poskBhnK d/ jZe ftu ;B. T[j ekb'BhnB ;kwoki dh id'I ifjd ftu fti/sk f;ZX j'fJnk. T[[;
dh ib ;?Bk d/ gqGkt B/ T[; B{z ;g/B jkb?Iv ns/ coK; d/ w[ekpb/ fiZs fdtkJh. Gkos ftu
nzro/}h oki ;Ekfgs ;h fJ; eoe/ T[j fJE/ nkgD/ wkb t/u ;edk ;h. coK; Gkt/I fJzrb?Iv d/
w[ekpb/ FeshFkbh ns/ nwho d/F ;h go T[; B{z nkgDhnK ;ojZdK s'I nZr/ nkgDk wkb t/uD dk
bkG gqkgs BjhI ;h. iowBh dh jkbks j'o th yaokp ;h. T[j d/F S'N/-S'N/ okiK ftu tzfvnk
j'fJnk ;h. }'bt/o/B (Zollverein) noEks 1834 sZe T[; dh nzdo{Bh wkoehN N[eV/ N[eV/ j'Jh
;h. 1871 ftu T[; dk ;kwoki ;Ekfgs j'D Bkb T[; dhnK nkofEe s/ f;nk;h n"eVK d{o
j' J hnK.
;w[zdo'I gko dh wzvh s'I fJbktk poskBhnK e'b T[d:'rK ftu bkT[D bJh g{zih ;h ftd/Fh
s'I S/sh jh bkG F[o{ j' frnk ns/ p?eK dhnK ;j{bsK B/ Bt/I T[d:'fre T[d/FK B{z ;Ekfgs j'D ftu
wdd fdZsh. d/F d/ nzdo tgko dh w[ezwb ;[szsosk th T[; bJh ;jkfJsk f;ZX j'Jh. fJj :{og
dk gfjbk d/F ;h fi; d/ ;kwzstkd dh p[okJh B{z d{o ehsk fi; B/ pkeh d/FK ftu T[ZBsh ftu
o'Vk nNekfJnk. nzso fttjko gqEk th bkj/tzd f;ZX j'Jh. fJBQK ekoBK d/ cb;o{g nkofEe jkbs
dhnK spdhbhnK B{z ngDkT[D d/ :'r j' frnk. j[ewokB tor ns/ T[d:'rK dh T[ZBsh d/ gZy
ftu ;h.
wFhBK dh tos'I T[d:'fre eqKsh dk gfjbk f;ZNk fJj fBefbnk fe fJ; d/ n"}koK dh EK
wFhBK B{z pdb fdZsk fJ; ftu nzso fJj ;h fe n"}koK B{z fJB;kB dh ;ohoe Fesh jo ezw
ftu fbnkT[Idh ;h id'I fe wFhB e[dosh Fesh noEks jtk, gkDh iK Gkc Fesh Bkb ubdh ;h
Gkc jtk ns/ gkDh d/ w[ekpb/ tX/o/ bkj/tzd ;h feT[Ife fJj w";w nkfd ekoiK s'I ;[szso ;h. fJj
fiE/ b'V j[zdh T[E/ jh g?dk ehsh ik ;edh ;h. tkN (Watt) d/ Gkc fJziD B{z T[d:'fre eqKsh
dk X[ok nkfynk ik ;edk j?.
Gkc dh Fesh dk Gkt/I pj[s gfjbK gsk brkfJnk frnk ;h gqzs{ fJ; B{z 17thI ;dh ftu
jh nwb ftu bkfJnk frnk. ykBK ftu'I gkDh pkjo eZYD bJh ;/toh ;Nhw fJziD ns/ pknd
ftu fBT{ekwB (New common) d[nkok fJziD dh tos'I ehsh iKdh j?. fBT{ekwB d/ fJziD ftu
pj[s ;kok pkbD ikfbnk iKdk ;h. i/w}tkN (James watt 1736, 1819) B/ fJ; fJziD d/
B[e;K B{z d{o eo fdZsk.
nkofEe wFhB fBowkDeko B/ ekfwnK B{z S/sh ezw eoB d/ :'r pDk fdZsk. tkN fJziD
n?wHJ/H (fJfsjk;) Gkr gfjbk 24 gouk d{ik
F[o{ ftu fJzBK B[e;kBdko ;h fe id'I fJ; d/ g[ofinK B{z i'fVnk frnk sK fJ; B/ ezw eoBk F[o{
eo fdZsk. n?go tkN d/ gkJhtkb w?fEU p'bNB (Mathew Boulton) dhnK nkofEe-e'fFFk B/
fJzihBhnoK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb fJ;/ d/ B[e;K B{z d{o eoe/ fJ; B{z T[d:'r pDkfJnk. wkvib/
(Maudsely) dh 1794 ftu ehsh ;bkJhv-o?;N dh ekY B/ pj[s ;kohnK n"eVK B{z ysw eoe/
fJzihBhno T[d:'r ftu eqKsh jh b? nKdh.
F[o{ dhnK wFhBK nkw eoe/ beVh dhnK pDhnK j[zdhnK ;B fiBQK ftu e[M Xks dh tos'I
ehsh iKdh ;h. id'I sZe ib dh Fesh dk ;kXB fojk, fJ; ftu e'Jh n"eV Bk nkJh. go id'I
Gkc ns/ ;zukbe wFhBoh dh tos'I j'D bZrh sK beVh dhnK pDhnK uh}K dh w[ozws s/ tX/o/ you
j'D bZrk. b'jk beVh d/ w[ekpb/ tX/o/ gkfJdko ;h, fJ; bJh T[; dh tos'I j'D bZrh gqzs{ 18thI
;dh ftu b'j/ dhnK uh}K pDkT[D ftu nkgDhnK n"eVK ;B. b'j/ B{z fgxbkT[D bJh beVh d/
pkbD dh ewhI j'D bZrh. fJ; B/ b'j/ d/ T[d:'r bJh pj[s pVh u[D"sh g?dk eo fdZsh. npokjw
voph (Abrahim Darby) B/ ib/ j'J/ e'b/ Bkb b'j/ B{z fgxbkT[D dk ;cab s}opk ehsk. 18thI
;dh d/ nZX s'I wro'I fJ; dh tos'I nkw j'D bZrh. B?b;B (Nelson) 1892 ftu row GZmh (Hot
blast) dh ekY B/ ib/ j'J/ e'b/ (Coke) dh EK eZY/ e'b/ dh tos'I B{z ;zGt pDk fdZsk. ;ekfN;
e'bk fijVk ykDk nkfd pDkT[D bJh ezw BjhI ;h nkT[Idk j[D T[; dh tos'I ;zGt j' rJh. fJ;
B/ b'j/ d/ T[d:'r dh BhIj oZy fdZsh.
XksK dh tos'I Xks T[d:'r dh gqrsh ikoh ojh. ;o j?Boh p/Fwko (Sir Henry
Bessamer) B/ b'j/ B{z ;kc eoe/ fJ;gks pDkT[D d/ ;;s/ Yzr dh ekY eZYh. fJj Xks jbe/
gD ;yskJh ns/ gkfJdkoh eoe/ b'j/ Bkb'I tXhnK ;h fJ; B/ T[; dh EK b? bJh. go p/Fwko dh
ftXh bJh ck;c'o; ofjs eZuk b'jk jh tofsnk ik ;edk j?. eZu/ b'j/ s'I ck;c'o; tZy eoB dk
sohek bZfGnk frnk. fJ; B/ iowBh B{z fJ;gks pDkT[D bJh b'o/B (Lorraine) d/ ck;c'o; tkb/
eZu/ b'j/ dh tos'I eoB d/ :'r pDkfJnk. j[D fJ;gks ;;s/ Yzr Bkb pDkfJnk ik ;edk ;h
fJ; bJh o/b pDkT[D ns/ c?eNohnK s/ xoK dh T[;koh eoB ;zpzXh pj[s ;kohnK T[d:'fre
ftXhnK ftu fJ; dh tos'I j'D bZrh.
b'jk T[d:'r d/ ftek; ns/ Gkt dh ;zukbe Fesh ti'I tos'I B/ T[d:'fre wzstK bJh e'b/
dh wzr pj[s tXk fdZsh. fJ; B/ e'b/ dhnK ykDK ftu pj[s spdhbhnK fbnKdhnK. gkDh eZYD
bJh Gkc fJziD, s?jK s'I e'bk u[ZeD bJh Gkc fJziD ns/ tZv/ jtk fJziD dh ykDk ftu tos'I j'D
bZrh. 19thI ;dh d/ wZX ftu jtk fBek; ftu ;[Xko j'fJnk. ;[XkoK, ;zuko/ ;kXBK ftu fpjsoh
ns/ e'b/ d/ uzr/ wzvheoD eoe/ e'b/ d/ T[sgkdB ftu tkXk j'fJnk.
e'b/ ns/ b'j/ B/ nkX[fBe T[d:'rheoD dh BhIj oZyh. coK; T[d:'rheoD ftu fJ;/ eoe/
fgS/ fojk feT[Ife T[E/ e'bk Bk e/tb xZN wksok ftu ;h ;r'I T[; dh e[nkbNh th uzrh BjhI ;h.
fJj e'bk ykDk nkfd pDkT[D bJh tXhnK BjhI ;h. fJ; eoe/ 1860 sZe beVh dh EK BjhI b?
;fenk. coK; ftu Xhw// T[d:'rheoD dk w[Zy ekoB e'b/ dh ewh jh ;h. fJ; d/ w[ekpb/
poskBhnK dh T[d:'rheoD dh gqG{;Zsk fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo eodh ;h fe T[E/ e'bk ns/ b'jk tZvh
wksok ftu B/V/ T[gbpX ;h. T[es do;kJhnK tZvhnK seBheh spdhbhnK dk T[d:'fre ;zrmBK
s/ n;o g?Dk bk}wh ;h. frbv f;;Nw brGr fBofizd j' u[Zek ;h. T[d:'fre eqKsh s/ toeFkg
T[sgkdB dh wZX ekbhB gqDkbh ysw eo fdZsh. wFhBoh dh tos'I eoe/ toeo nkgD/ wkbe iK
T[; d/ J?izN dh d/yGkb nXhB tZvh fJwkos ftu fJeZm/ j' rJ/. c?eNoh dk nB[Fk;B toeoK d/
n?wHJ/H (fJfsjk;) Gkr gfjbk 25 gouk d{ik
nkgD/ xoK B{z SZvD d/ fto[ZX s/ jkth j' frnk. wFhBoh dh nkwdB B/ jkbs nkgD/ fB:'ie d/
gZy ftu eo fdZs/. fwjBsh toeo B{z wFhBh tosK d/ w[ekpb/ s/ jkBh j'Jh.T[BQK B{z nkgDh
T[gihteK bJh c?eNohnK ftu ezw eoBk fgnk.
tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ T[sgkdB tZb M[ek nkX[fBe T[d:'rheoD dk gqw[Zy pD frnk. fJ; M[ek B/
tgko :{fBN s/ th gqGkt gkfJnk. ;KMhdkoh dh EK ;hws d/Ddkoh tkbh ezgBh B/ b? bJh. d't/
I o{gK eoe/ ns/ w[ekpb/ dh GktBK eoe/ tgkoe ;zrmBK d/ nkeko ftu j'o tkXk j'fJnk fJBQK
ftu'I e'Jh nZi eZbQ ;koh d[BhnK ftu c?b rJ/ ;B.
FfjoK dk ftek; (Growth of Towns) L
tZv/ g?wkB/ d/ T[sgkdB d/ M[ek B/ FfjoK d/ ftek; B{z iBw fdZsk. e'b/ ns/ b'j/ tkb/
;EkBK s/ pj[s ;ko/ b'e t; rJ/ BfjoK, ;VeK ns/ o/bK B/ fJBQK ;EkBK s/ y[oke, pkbD ns/ j'o
}o{oh b'VhdhnK t;sK gj[zukT[D ftu wdd ehsh. pj[s nkpkdh d/ fJe EK t;D B{z o'eD ;zpzXh
e'Jh ekB{zB BjhI ;B, fJ; bJh FfjoK Bkb ;pzfXs pj[s ;kohnK p[okJhnK tZZXD bZrhnK. tZX ojhI
nkpkdh B/ rzdrh ns/ phwkoh dhnK ;wZf;nktK g?dk eo fdZshnK.
npkdh ftu tkXk (Increase in Population) L
poskBhnK, iowBh ns/ p?bihnw dh nkpkdh 19thI ;dh ftu d[rDh ns/ fsr[Dh j' rJh.
coK; ftu nkpkdh xZN tXh. poskBhnK ns/ iowBh ftu Ffjoh, nkpkdh eqwtko 75% ns/ 60%
;h id'I fe coK; ftu 40% ns/ p?bihnw ftZu 43% ;h.
y/ s oK ftu T[ d :' r K dk ;fEo j' D k (Concentration of Industries in Regions)
L
ni'e/ T[d:'rheoD dk fJe j'o bZSD e[M y/soK ftu T[d:'rK dk ;fEo j'Dk j?. eZu/ wkb
s'I fJbktk e'bk ns/ b'jk T[d:'rK B{z nkeofFs eoB bJh u[zpe dh Fesh oZyd/ jB. e[Fb b/po th
fJBQK EktK s/ nk e/ tZX iKdh j?. fJBQK y/sok ftu ;zuko ns/ Y'nk-Y[nkJh p?e I ;/tktK, B/ ;jkfJsk
gqkgs eo bJh.
fJzrb?Iv ftu nfij/ T[d:'fre y/so wZX d/F d/ T[Zsoh Gkr ftu ;fEo jB. T[d:'fre eqKsh B/
XB ns/ nkpkdh d/ e/Idoh dZyD-g{op s'I T[Zso-gZSw ftu pdb fdZsk. p?biahnw ftu th fJj spdhbh nkJh.
coK; ftu nfijk e'Jh T[d:'fre y/so BjhI ;h.
T[d:'fre ftek; B/ ftd/Fh tgko s/ pVk n;o gkfJnk. T[d:'rK d/ ftek; B/ ftFt tgko
ftu ekch tkXk ehsk. poskBhnK fJ; dh ftF/F T[dkjoD j?. fJj 19thI ;dh d/ nkozG ftu
T[d:'rheoD tkbk fJe' fJe d/F ;h. fJ; xZN ftef;s d/FK B{z y[oke ns/ eZu/ wkb d/ pdb/ fsnko
wkb ;gbkJh eodk ;h feT[Ife wkb fsnko eoB tkb/ d/F eZuk wkb ;gbkJh eoB tkb/ d/FK d/
w[ekpb/ bkj/tzd ;fEsh ftu ;B. fJ; bJh T[j XBh pD rJ/. fJzrb?Iv s'I fsnko wkb pokwd ehsk
iKdk ;h ns/ y/shpkVh d/ nkXkos eZuk wkb pokwd ehsk iKdk ;h. coK; ftu coK; dh ;{os ftu
pokwd ns/ dokwd ehsk ikD tkbk wkb pokpo dk jh ;h.
:{og dh T[d:'fre eqKsh B/ XB d/ ;zs[bB s/ f;nk;h gqGkt s/ th n;o gkfJnk. poskBhnK d/
r"ot ftu tkXk j'fJnk. coK; fgS/ ofj frnk. coK; e'b }o{oh b'VhIdh t;s{ e'bk BjhI ;h. 20thI ;dh
d/ nkozG ftu iowB, B/ gqG{sk gqkgs eo bJh feT[fI e fJ; e'b e'bk ns/ b'jk j?.
1870 ftu T[d:'fre jkbs (Industrial Position in 1870) L- 1870 ftu poskBhnK d/
T[d:'rheoD d/ neko dk gsk bkT[D bJh fJj rZb toBD:'r j? fe 1760 ftu fJZE/ eZuh egkj
n?wHJ/H (fJfsjk;) Gkr gfjbk 26 gouk d{ik
dh ygs 8000 NB ;h i' 1870 ftu tZX e/ 6,000,000 NB ;h i' 1875 ftu tXk e/ 110,000,000
NB j' frnk.
fiE'I sZe N?e;NkJhb ro[gZ dk ;pzX j?, gFw d/ w[ekpb/ ;{sh T[d:'r B/ gqEw ;EkB gqkgs eo
fbnk. o/Fw T[d:'r xZN fojk ;h. poskBhnK eZu/ wkb d/ pdb/ d/ fJt} tZX s'I tZX ;{sh eZgVk G/i fojk
;h. gFw dh ;{os ftu wFhBheoD dh ocasko xZN ;h gqzs{ 1855 sZe poskBhnK nk;NohnK s'I
100 fwbhnB g'Iv gFw pokwd eo fojk ;h. g;aw dhnK pDhnK tpsK dh pokwd 35 g"v fwbhnB
;h. poskBhnK d/ pokwd ;zs[bB ftu fJe wZjstg{oB t;s{ pD frnk. sKp/ d/ T[sgkdB ftu
fJj brGr 1840 sZe ;ko/ ft;at ftu nZr/ ;h. b'jk ns/ fJ;gks T[d:'r ftu th ftuko nXhB
;w/I d/ d'okB poskBhnK B/ nk;kBh Bkb nkgDh gqG[sk ekfJw oZyh.
p?biahnw (Belgium) L- fJzrb?Iv d/ fgS'I T[d:'fre eqksh p?biahnw ftu nkJh. fJ; S'N/ fij/
d/;a B/ fJzrb?Iv s'I w;ahBk dh pokwd ehsh fi; d/ cb;o{g ekoykfBnK dk fBowkD ;a[o{ j'fJnk.
1834 JhH ftu p?bihnw B/ fJzrb?v d/ ;fj:'r Bkb o/bK dk fBowkD dk ezw ;a[o{ j'fJnk. 1884
JhH sZe o/bK d/ fBowkkD dk ezw g{ok j' frnk. fJ; fgS'I T[d:'fre ftek; ezw ikoh fojk ns/
1870 JhH sZe p?biahnw :{ogh wjKdhg dk fJe gqf;ZX d/F pD frnk.
coK; ftu T[ d :' r (1789 s' I gfjbK) (Industry in France Prior to 1789) L
cok; ftu frbv f;;Nw gqufZ bs fojk id"I fe 1789 ftu fJ; ~ yasw eo fdZsk frnk.
gqfNzr nkT{N f;;Nw 16thI ;dh ftu nkozG ehsk frnk ;h. ykDk ftu"I eZYD d/ ezw ~ eokT[D
tb'I ft;a/;a fonkfJsK fdZshnK rJhnK jB. eZu d/ ;wkB ~ eo s'I S'N fdZsh rJh ;h c?no;
(Glazed Pottery) ~ ft;a/;a s"o s/ T[s;akfjs ehsk iKdk ;h. e?bpoN B/ T[d:'r ~ eo s'I S'N
fdZsh ns/ ftnki ofjs eoia/ d/ e/ ftd/;ah ekfwnK ~ nkeof;as ehsk go fJBQK ;kohnK ;j{bsK
d/ Bshi/ BjhI fBeb ;e/.
T[d:'fre eqKsh s'I s[ozs gfjbK d/ ;w/I eJh tZv/ g?wkB/ d/ T[d:'fre T[d/;aK ~ ;zrfms ehsk
frnk. ykDK ftu'I e'bk eZYD bJh ezgBhnK nkozG ehshnK rJhnK. gozs{ coK;a ftu T[d:'rheoD tZb
M[ek poskBhnK d/ w[ekpb/ ekch xZN fojk.
(1789-1815) eqKsh d/ ;w/I dhnK tZvhnK e[ohshnK B/ nkofEe d;aK ftu nkw froktN fbnKdh.
B?g'bhnB d/ ;ak;B ekb ftu JhikdekoK dh pVh j';I bk ncaikJh ehsh rJh. T[; d/ f;b;te"vK ftu
w[nkfJB/ dh ;[szsosk s/ ia'o fdZsk frnk. nzro/iaK dhnK ekYK tgkohnK ns/ T[d:'fre ;wrboK okjh
coK; ftu nk rJhnk BthnK ekYK dh j";bk ncaikJh ehsh ns/ BthnK :"iBktK ~ ft;a/;a eoe/
eKNhB?INb f;;Nw s'I wro'I g{oh soQK bkr{ ehsk. fJBQK gqdkB ehs/ rJ/ T[; uezdo s'I yzv pDkT[D dk
sohek ukb{ ehsk. N?ekov (Tecqured) B/ o/;aw dh yZvh pDkT[D bJh fi; Bkb Bw{B/ pDkJ/ ik ;ed/
;B, fJBkw fdZsk frnk. egkj d/ w;ahBK Bkb uZbD tkb/ ekoykB/ bkJ/ rJ/. e?bh SgkJh ns/ ;'vk
toe; ekfJw ehs/ rJ/ .fwbNoh wzstK bJh b'jk T[d:'r Bkb ft;a/;a fXnkB fdZsk frnk.
1815 s'I 1848 sZe coK; ( France in 1815-1848) L tkNob{ dh bVkJh s'I wro'I p{op'I ns/
jZd sZe b{Jh fcbw B/ tZX w;{bK d[nkok T[d:'r ~ ftef;s eoB dh e'f;a;a ehsh. gozs{ tX/o/ w;{bK
B/ w[ekpb/ dh jkbs d/ ;wkXkB ~ bkr{ eoB ftu d/oh eo fdZsh.
b'j/ d/ T[d:'r nzFe s"o s/ poskBth nzro/}-seBhFBK ns/ nzro/}-e[Fb toeoK Bkb ;Ekfgs
ehs/ rJ/ ;B. n?go id'I sZe fgxbkJh bJh e'b/ dh tos'I ehsh iKdh ojh T[d'I sZe T[j pj[s YbkJh
Bk eo ;e/. gqsz { 1830 s'I wro'I jkbks ftu j"bh j'bh ;[Xko j' frnk. eZu/ b'j/ dk T[sgkdB 1820
n?wHJ/H (fJfsjk;) Gkr gfjbk 27 gouk d{ik
s'I 1830 sZe uko r[Dk tZX frnk ns/ coK; dk T[d:'r e/tb fJzrb?Iv s'I d{i/ doi/ s/ nk frnk.
1815 s'I wro'I eZgVk T[d:'r ftu ekch ftek; j'fJnk. e[nkbNh gZy'I fJ; B/ ekch gqf;ZXh
gqkgs ehsh. fJ; T[d:'r ftu ekch w[jkos nk rJh. e[M e/Ido w'Nk eZgVk, e[M tXhnk eZgVk
ns/ pkeh d/ fwbNoh dhnK todhnK fsnko eod/ ;B. nb;/; (Alsace) egkj T[d:'r dk w[Zy
e/Ido ;h. bkfJB; (Lyons) o/Fw T[d:'r dk e/Ido ;h ns/ fJ; B/ ftFt wkoehN ftu nkgDk
:'rdkB gkfJnk. fJj T[d:'r e/tb XBh b'eK bJh jh ;h. n?go i?ekv gkto b{w B/ fJ; dk
fte/IdoheoD eo fdZsk.
1851 s'I 1870 sZe coK; (France in 1851-1870) L B?gb ' hnB shi/ B/ nkgD/ :'r ;bkjekoK
d/ wFto/ Bkb T[sgkdB ns/ NoK;g'oF/ B d/ ftek; Bhsh bkr{ ehsh T[; B/ o/bt/ bkJhBK pDkJhnK n?r I b'
co?uI ;zXh B/ T[; d/ FkFBekb ftu pj[s ;ko/ eKNhB?NI b d/FK ftu y[b
Z kQ tgko eo fdZsk, g?fo; :{og dk ftZsh
e/d
I o pD frnk.
1850 s'I wro'I wFhBK B/ pj[s gqrsh ehsh Gkc Bkb fJziD fijV/ 1940 s'I 50 e/tb d[rD/ j'J/ ;B.
1850 s'I 1870 d"okB 400 r[Dk tX rJ/. eZu/ b'j/ dh fgxbkJh bJh bZeV d/ e'b/ dh EK gZEo d/ e'b/ B/
b? bJh coK; dhnK ykDk xo/b{ ygs dk 2$3 Gkr s'I tZX g{ok eodhnK ;B. b'jk ns/ fJ;gks T[d:'r
ftu tZvhnK spdhbhnK nkJhnK. coK; dk eZgVk e[nkbNh gZyI ' gfjb/ doi/ s/ jh fojk Gkt/I T[sgkdB gZyI '
fJj ;fEsh Bjh ;h. poskBhnK ftu eskJh dk ezw pDkJh Bkb'I s/}h Bkb tfXnk ns/ egkj ns/ o/Fw ftu
fJe ezw B/ gFw Bkb'I tX/o/ s/}h Bkb gqrsh ehsh. gqsz { egkj ns/ gFw dh ;gbkJh B/;wZf;nktK g?dk eo
fdZshnK, ftF/F eoe/ nwoheB f;tb :[r Z d/ d"okB egkj dh ;gbkJh ;zpXz h fJj rZb tkgoh . o/Fw d/
ehfVnK dh fpwkoh eoe/ o/Fw dh ;gbkJh ftu o[ektN nkJh.
iowBh ftu T[d:'r 1815 s'I gfjbK (Industry in Germany Prior to 1815) L iowBh
d/ d[yKs fJj ;h fe fJj brGr 200 S'N-/ S'N/ okiK ftu tzfvnk j'fJnk ;h. B?g'bhnB d/ :[ZXK
s'I wro'I fJ; d/ 38 oki pD rJ/. 1871 ftu fJj fwbe/ fJe okFNo dk o{g XkoB eo frnk.
oki ftu co?Ivfoe wjkB d/ nXhB fJ; B/ tgko Bhsh ngDk bJh. coK; ns/ ;ftN}ob?vI d/
nktk;h nkgD/ Bkb T[d:'fre e[Fbsk b? e/ nkJ/ T[BQK d/ e[M d;sekohnK F[o{ eo fdZshnK. FNhB
(Stine) ns/ jkovBpor d/ ;[XkoK B/ fNbf;N dh ;zXh (1807) s'I wro'I g[oksB gkoFhnK ftu'I
;kwzstkd B{z yasw eo fdsk. 1811 d/ T[d:'r e'v ftu tgkoe ;zs[sosk dh x'FDk eo fdZsh.
1815 ftu id'I fJBQK ;[XkoK d/ uzr/ Bshi/ fBebD bZr/, coK; B/ iowBh d/ e[ZM GkkrK s/ sp}k
eo fbnk. g{zihrs ftek; dhnK o[ektNK iowBh d/ pj[s ;ko/ GkrK ftu d{o j' rJhnK. nzro/
} fJfsjk; ftu ;w/I B{z fsnkoh dk ;wK ;wMd/ jB. id'I fe iowBh tkb/ fJ; B{z nkofEe gqubD
dk BK fdzd/ jB.
iowBh 1815 s' I 1840 sZ e (Germany in 1815-1840) L- iowBh ftu T[ d :' f re
ftek; ftu eJh ekoB (Factors) ;jkfJe f;ZX j'J/. e[dosh ;kXB ekch ;B fdnkBsdkoh Bkb
ezw eoB dh nkds fi; ftu c"ih f;ybkJh B/ j'o th f;ZXk nB[FkFB g?dk eo fdZsk ;h. nkN'
nkfrnkgkbD dk i}pk tXhnk :'rdkB gkT[D ftu ;jkfJe pD/ N?eBheb ns/ e?wheb ngbkJhv
;kfJz; ;zrfms ;z;EktK ftu w[jZJhnK ehshnK rJhnK. y'i ;j{bsk B{z th nDfvZm BjhI ehsk ik
;edk. gqzs{ J/e/ dh ewh, tgkoe gqzgoktK ns/ g{iz h dh xkN ns/ gqtk; (1840-30) d/ d"okB
435,000 ftnesh iowBh ftu'I rJ/, rzGho ewhnK ;B.
iowBh ni/ th tX/o/ eoe/ feqFh gqXkB d/F ;h. T[E/ g[oksB ekb s'I jh skpk, uKdh ns/ e'b/
n?wHJ/H (fJfsjk;) Gkr gfjbk 28 gouk d{ik
dhnK ykDk ;B. okJhB t?;Nc/bhnK ftu g[okDk T[d:'r th ;h. goFhnK ftu'I frbv ;zx ;Ekgs j'
u[e
Z / ;B, go d/F d/ pkeh GkrK ftu jh frbv o[uh ni/ ub ojh ;h fi; B/ T[d:'fre ftek; d/ okj
ftu o'Vk nNekfJnk.
gzqs{ i'bthohnB (Customs Union) 1834 ftZu fJe tZvh ;cbsk ;h. G{wh ns/ ;zuko
ftu toDB:'r ;[Xko j'fJnk. b'jk Y[nkJh d/ Bt/I sohe/ ;obsk Bkb bkr{ ehs/ rJ/. e?fw;NK
dh f;ybkJh ;z;ko d/ pkeh d/FK d/ w[ekpb/ T[Zsw, ;koh go;hnB ;oeko B/ nwbh f;ybkJh ;z;Ek
;Ekfgs ehsh T[; B/ nkX[fBe wFhBoh d/ fBowkD ns/ tos'I B{z b'e fgq: pDkT[D ns/ fJ; B{z
gqubs eoB bJh edw T[mkJ/ ns/ fJE'I sZE fe fJ; B/ fpqN/B ns/ j'o d/FK s'I wFhBoh yohd e/
gqkJht/N T[d:'r B{z w[jZJhnK ehsh.
j[D iowBh 1840-70 (Germany in 1840-70) L- 1848 dh eqKsh s'I wro'I nkofEe ;[XkoK
d/ T[d:'r d/ ftek; ftu wdd fdZsh. T[dkjoD ti'I ykDk B{z ;oekoh s"o s/ ubkT[D dk ezw pzd eo
fdZsk frnk. fJ; Bkb y'i eoB tkfbnK bJh jZe gqkgs eoB dhnK ;zGktBktK tX rJhnK.
o/bK, ;VeK, p?Iek ns/ tgko dh T[ZBsh d/ T[d:'fre ftek; ftu wjZstg{oD :'rdkB gkfJnk.
fpqN/B, p?b}hnw ns/ coK; s'I gqkgs j'Jh g{zih B/ e'bk ykDK d/ ftek; ftu ;jkfJsk fdZsh.
b'jk ns/ fJ;gks T[d:'r B/ th ekcah gqrsh ehsh. 1863 ftu eogs (Karputs) B/ gfjbh
;Nhb fwb ;Ekfgs ehsh, fJzrb?Iv s'I gfjbK fbnKd/ rJ/ c'ow?B ns/ toeoK s'I fpBK ezw ubkT[Dk
n;zGt ;h. 1865 ftu iowBh d[BhnK dk d{i/ Bzpo dk b'jk T[sgkde d/F pD frnk. fJ; B/
coK; B{z th fgS/ SZv fdZsk. wFhBK d/ T[sgkdB ftu ekch tkXk j'fJnk. c?eNoh toeo pj[s e[Fb
j' rJ/.
j[D iowBh shpo T[d:'rheoD bJh fsnko ;h. J/eheoB B/ j'o s/}h gqdkB eo fdZsh.
pkeh d/ :{ogh d/F y/shpkVh gqXkB jh oj/. T[BQK dh wFhBh gqrsh GftZy d/ god/ ftu b[gs ;h.
fJNbh (Italy) L- fJNbh ftu T[d:'fre J/esk Bk j'D eoe/ ekch ;w/I sZe T[d:'fre
ftek; Bk j' ;fenk 1870 JhH ftu J/eheoD j' ikD fgS'I fJNbh ftu wjZstg{oD T[d:'fre gfotosB
nkJ/.
o{; (Russia) T[d:'fre y/so ftu o{; 19 thI ;dh d/ nZX sZe gSfVnk fojk. 1860 JhH
fgZS' o{; ftu j"bh-j"bh nB/eK ekoykfBnK dh ;EkgBk j'Dh F[o{ j'Jh.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. L.C.A Knowels : The industrial and Commercial Revolution in Great
Britain during the 19th century, Part II,III.
2. Arthur Birnie : An Economic History of Europe, 1760-1932.
Chapter-1.
3. Friend Laender & Oser : Economic History of Europe, Chapter IV, V.
4. Hammond : Rise of Modern Industry.
5. Ogg and Sharp : Ecnomic Development of Modern Europe.
6. no'Vk, J/H ;hH L ftFt dk fJfsjk; (1500-1950)