MAGNETIC MATERIALS

 Origin of Magnetism
 Types of Magnetism
 Hard and Soft Magnets

Magnetic Materials – Fundamentals and Device Applications

Nicola Spaldin
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)
BASICS

1
p1 p2 1 p1 p2 p1
F  H p2 H 2
F 40 r 2
r
[ A / m]
40 r 2

0  4 x 10 7 Wb / A / m  Henry / m
Material in a Magnetic Field

 The response of a material to a Magnetic Field H is called Magnetic

Induction B
 The relationship between B and H is a property of the material
 In some materials and in free space B is a linear function of H but in
general it is much more complicated and sometimes it is not even
single valued

B  0 ( H  M ) B  [Weber / m2 ]  [Tesla ]

M
   Magnetic Susceptibility
H
m
M  M  Magnetizat ion  Magnetic Moment (m) per unit volum e
V
Type of Magnetism Susceptibility () Comment

All materials are

Diamagnetism  105
diamagnetic
Superconductor
1
(Perfect diamagnet)

Paramagnetism +103

Ferromagnetism + 102 – 105

ORIGIN OF MAGNETISM IN MATERIALS

A moving electric charge, macroscopically or “microscopically” is

responsible for Magnetism

Nuclear spin Weak effect

Unpaired electrons required

Origin of Magnetism Spin of electrons
for net Magnetic Moment

Orbital motion of electrons This effect is

Magnetic Moment resultant from the spin of a single unpaired electron

→ Bohr Magneton = 9.273 x 1024 A/m2
 In the solid the outer orbitals of the atoms interact to form Energy bands
→ the simple picture used for an atom has to be modified
 Teh
Superconducting Diamagnetic
A pole of unit strength is one which exerts a force of one d