THE PAPER OF INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIICS

“THE RULES OF LANGUAGE”

Dr. Rosita Ambarwati, S.S., M.Pd.

Group 2 :

1. Annisa Mas Udah Kumala D. (1802109029)

2. Erisya Kusuma Wardhani (1802109032)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF PGRI MADIUN

2019

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 PREFACE

We thank to God for the Almighty because of His abundance of taufiq and
guidance, we can compile a paper entitled "THE RULES OF LANGUAGE" without any
significant obstacles. This paper is structured in order to complete the task of the 3rd
semester Introduction of Language course in the English Education Program.

In compiling this paper, we would like to thank all those who have helped in the
preparation of this paper. We would like to say this thanks to:

1. Ms. Rosita Ambarwati as the supervisor.

2. Parents, who have given support and enthusiasm to complete this paper.

3. And all the friends who have helped to provide references and input.

We realize that in the preparation of this paper there are still many shortcomings.
Therefore, we expect constructive criticism and suggestions from readers for the
improvement of this paper. Finally, we hope that this paper can be especially useful for us
and generally for readers.

Madiun, September 19th, 2019

Writer

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ................................................................................................ 2
Table of Content .................................................................................... 3
Chapter I Preliminary ........................................................................ 4
A. Background .................................................................................... 4
B. Formulation of Problem ............................................................ 4
C. Purpose .................................................................................... 4

Chapter II Discussion ........................................................................ 5

A. The Rules of Language ............................................................ 5

B. Constitutive Rules and Regulatory Rules ................................. . 7

Chapter III Conclusion and Suggestion ................................................ 8

A. Conclusion .................................................................................... 8
B. Suggestion .................................................................................... 8

Bibliography .................................................................................... 9

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 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
A. Background
In each areas, have so many way about how to communicate. On of them is
using the language. In everyday, we always use language to communicate. When we
talking with others, we use language so that the message it conveyed. In other hand,
we can also know that language is a symbolic to convey a message. Every human
knows at least onne language to communicate, with spoken or signed.
Language is the ability to produce and comprehend both spoken and written
like in the case of sign language, signed, words. Understanding how language works
means reaching across many branches of psychology – everything from basic
neurological functioning to high-level cognitive processing. Language shapes our
social interactions and brings order to our lives. Complex language is one of the
defining factors that makes us human.
When we use language, there also has a rule about how to used to. Some of
these rules about language will be disscuse in this material concept.

B. Formulation of Problem
What are the rules of language in linguistic?

C. Purpose
To know about rules when we use language to talking with each other.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. The Rules of Language
Linguistics is the science of language, including the sounds, words, and grammar
rules. Words in languages are finite, but sentences are not. It is this creative aspect of
human language that sets it apart from animal languages, which are essentially
responses to stimuli. For a simple difition is, Language is the ability to produce and
comrehend spoken and written words, Lingusitics is the study of language.
In linguistics, the rules of English are the principles that govern syntax, word
formation, pronunciation, and other features of the English language. In prescriptive
grammar, the rules of english are statements regarding “correct” or coventional forms of
words and sentences in english.
The rules of a language, also called grammar, are learned as one acquires a
language. These rules include phonology, the sound system, morphology, the structure
of words, syntax, the combination of words into sentences, semantics, the ways in which
sounds and meaning are related, and the lexicon, or mental dictionary of words.
1. Grammar is a set of rules for generating logical communication. Because all
language obeys a set of combinatory rules, we can communicate an infinite number
of concepts. While every language has a different set of rules, all language do obey
rules. These rules are know as grammar. Speakers of a language have internalizes
the rules and exceptions for that language’s grammar. There are rules for every level
of language-word formation (for example, native speakers of English have
internalized the general rule that-ed is the ending for past-tense verbs, so even when
they encounter a brand-new verb, they automatically know how to put it into past
tense); phrase formation (for example, knowing that when you use the verb “buy,” it
needs a subject and an object; “she buys” is wrong, but “she buys a gift” is okay)
and sentence formation.
2. Phonology, on the other hand, is essentially the description of the systems and
patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is, in effect, based on theory of what
every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound pattern of that
language. The study regards the speech sounds as having functions to differentiati
meanings.

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3. Morphology is the study of analyzing the expression system of a language which is
concerned with the identification of morphemes and the ways in which they are
distributed or combined into longer utterances or morphological contructions.
4. Syntax is defined as the study on arrangements of words into phrases, clauses, and
sentences or syntactical contruction. The smallest units of syntax are words. When
two or more words are arranged in a certain way, the result refers to syntactical
contruction. In other other word, it can be said that a syntactical contruction is a
construction in which its immediate constituents.
5. Lexion, every language has its rules, which act as a framework for meaningful
communication. But what do people fill that framework up with? The answer is, of
course, words. Every human language has a lexion-the sum total of all of the words
in that language. By using grammatical rules to combine words into logical
sentences, humans can convey an infinite number of concepts.
6. Semantics and Pragmatics
Semantics, most generally is about the meaning of sentences. Someone who studies
semantics is interested in words and what real-world object or concept those words
denote, or point to. Pragmatics is an even broader field that studies how the context
of a sentence contributes to meaning-for example, someone shouting”fire!” has a
very different meaning if they are in charge of a seven-gun salute than it does if they
are sitting in a crowded movie theater.
Pragmatics refers to the rules that govern the manner in which we use language.
According to ASHA, pragmatics involves three major communication skills:
Use language for different purpose such as : greeting (i.e. Hello), requesting (i.e.
My i have milk?), protesting (i.e. No, I don’t want to), informing (i.e. I like ice
cream), demanding (i.e. Give me milk),etc.
Changing language according to the needs of a listener or situation, such as
providing the listener with any relevant background information, speaking
differently to friends/peers than to those in authority, speaking differently to a child
than to an adult,etc.
Following rules for conversations nd storytelling, such as appropriatelly initiating a
conversation topic,staying on topic, taking turns within a conversation, appropriate
us of eye contact and facial expressions, using and understanding nonverbal
communication, physical proximity, etc.

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 Examples and Observations
a) The grammatical rules of English language are determined by the nature of the
language itself but the rules of use and appropriateness of the use are determined by
the speech community. (Joseph C. Mukalel, Approachhes To English Language
Teaching. Discovery Publishing House, 1998)
b) A moment’s refletion will reveal that if languages were not highly systematic and
ruled, we could never learn them and use them. Speakers learn the rules of their
languages as children and then apply them automatically for the rest of their lives.
No native speakers of English, for example, has to stop in the middle of a sentence
and think about how to pronounce the plurals of rate, race, or raid. Eventhough the
plurals of all three of these words are pronounced differently, we learned at a very
young age that the different forms are predictables an dhow to predict them.
Mistakes in usage occur in areas of language that lack systems or are esceptions to
the rules. Children who say ‘My foots are dirty’ aare demonstrating not that they do
not know the rules of English, but rather that they know the rules well; they just
have not mastered the exceptations. (C.M. Millward and Mary Hayes, A Biography
of the English Language, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2011)

B. Constitutive Rules and Regulatory Rules

Constitutive rules, which determine how something works such as the rules for
the game of chess. Regulatory rules, which control behavior such as the rules of
etiquette.
If you say, for example, Cat the dog chased you are not speaking English; the
sentence violates the constitutive rules of the language and is thus considered
ungrammatical.
Hearers might have understanding about is the dog chasing the cat or the cat
chasing the dog. However, if you say he did good on the exam, your sentece is
grammatical and would be understood by all, but many people would find your
sentences unacceptable; they would consider it ‘bad,’ ‘nonstandart,’ or ‘incorrect
English. This sentences violates the regulatory ruls of English but not its constitutive
rules. (Laurel J. Briton and Donna M. Briton, The Linguistic Structure of Modern
English. John Benjamin, 2010)

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Language is ability to produce and comprehend spoken and written words or
tool to communicate with many ways. When we use language to communicate, we must
notice that the language have the rules. There are some rules that we must notice are
grammar, are learned as one acquires a language, phonology, the sound system,
morphology, the structure of words, syntax, the combination of words into sentences,
semantics, the ways in which sounds and meaning are related, and the lexicon, or mental
dictionary of words.
B. Suggestion
When we makin this paper, we realize that are still have so many shortcomings
and errors caused by the limited knowledge that we have. Therefore, we ask for critism
and advice from the readers with opened.

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 BLIBIOGRAPHY

https://courses.lumenlearning.coom/boundless-psychology/chapter/introduction-to-
language/
https://ielanguages.com/what-is-linguistics.html
http://www.playingwithwords365.com/what-is-language
https://www.thoughtco.com/rules-of-english-1691922