Class XII_Delhi_Physics_Set-1

17. Write three important factors which justify the need of modulating a message signal.
Show diagrammatically how an amplitude modulated wave is obtained when a
modulating signal is superimposed on a carrier wave.

Ans. Three important factors which justify the need of modulating a message signal:
(i) Size of antenna or aerial: For communication within the effective length of the
antennas, the transmitting frequencies should be high, so modulation is required.

(ii) Effective power which is radiated by antenna: Since the power radiated from a
linear antenna is inversely proportional to the square of the transmitting
wavelength. As high powers are needed for good transmission so, higher
frequency is required which can be achieved by modulation.

(iii) The interference of signals from different transmitters: To avoid the interference
of the signals there is need of high frequency which can be achieved by the
modulation.

18. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected across a battery of V volts. The charge
stored in it is 360 C. When potential across the capacitor is reduced by 120 V, the
charge stored in it becomes 120 C.

Calculate:

(i) The potential V and the unknown capacitance C.

(ii) What will be the charge stored in the capacitor, if the voltage applied had
increased by 120 V?

OR
Class XII_Delhi_Physics_Set-1

A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of cross-section 25 cm2 is placed in a

three dimensional coordinate system as shown in the figure. The electric field in the

region is given by E  50xˆi , where E is NC–1 and x is in metres. Find

(i) Net flux through the cylinder.

(ii) Charge enclosed by the cylinder.

Ans. (i) Initial voltage, V1 = V volts and charge stored, Q1 = 360 µC.
Q1 = CV1 ..(1)
Changed potential, V2 = V – 120
Q2 = 120 µC
Q2 = CV2 ..(2)
Q CV1 360 V
By dividing (2) from (1), we get 1     V  180 volts
Q2 CV2 120 V  120
Q1 360 106
C    2 106 F  2  F
V1 180

(ii) If the voltage applied had increased by 120 V, then V3 = 180 + 120 = 300 V
Hence, charge stored in the capacitor, Q3 = CV3 = 2×10-6×300 = 600 µC

OR

(i)


Given, E  50 x i and s  25 cm2  25 104 m2
As the electric field is only along the x-axis, so, flux will pass only through the
cross-section of cylinder.
Class XII_Delhi_Physics_Set-1

Magnitude of electric field at cross-section A, E A  50 1  50 N C1

Magnitude of electric field at cross-section B, E B  50  2  100 N C1
The corresponding electric fluxes are:
 
 A  E. s  50  25 104  cos180o  0.125 N m 2 C1
 
B  E. s  100  25 104  cos 0o  0.25 N m 2 C1
So, the net flux through the cylinder,  = A  B  0.125  0.25  0.125 N m 2 C1

(ii) Using Gauss’s law:

  q q
 E.d s    0.125  8.85 1012  q  8.85  0.125 1012  1.11012 C
o

19. (a) In a typical nuclear reaction, e.g.

1 H  1 H  32 He  n  3.27 MeV ,
2 2

although number of nucleons is conserved, yet energy is released. How? Explain.

(b) Show that nuclear density in a given nucleus is independent of mass number A.

Ans. (a) In a nuclear reaction, the sum of the masses of the target nucleus ( 12 H ) and the
bombarding particle ( 12 H ) may be greater or less than the sum of the masses of
the product nucleus ( 13 He ) and the outgoing particle ( 10 n ). So from the law of
conservation of mass-energy some energy (3.27 MeV) is evolved or involved in a
nuclear reaction. This energy is called Q-value of the nuclear reaction.

mass of nucleus
(b) Density of the nucleus =
volume of nucleus
Mass of the nucleus = A amu = A ×1.66 × 10-27 kg
4 4 4
Volume of the nucleus = R 3  (R 0 A1/3 )3  R 03A
3 3 3
27 27
A 1.66 10 1.66 10
Thus, density =  which shows that the density is
4 4
( R 0 )A
3
( R 0 )
3

3 3
independent of mass number A.
Using R0 = 1.1 × 10-15 m and density = 2.97 1017 kg m3

20. (a) Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light?
Give reasons.
(b) Write the basic features of photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on which
Einstein’s photoelectric equation is based.

Ans. (a) Wave nature of radiation cannot explain the following:

(i) The instantaneous ejection of photoelectrons.
Class XII_Delhi_Physics_Set-1

(ii) The existence of threshold frequency for a metal surface.

(iii) The fact that kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is independent of the
intensity of light and depends upon its frequency.

Thus, the photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of
light.

(b) Photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on which Einstein’s photoelectric

equation is based on particle nature of light. Its basic features are:
(i) In interaction with matter, radiation behaves as if it is made up of particles
called photons.
(ii) Each photon has energy E (=hν) and momentum p (=hν/c), and speed c,
the speed of light.
(iii) All photons of light of a particular frequency ν, or wavelength λ, have the
same energy E (=hν=hc/λ) and momentum p (=hν/c=h/λ), whatever the
intensity of radiation may be.
(iv) By increasing the intensity of light of given wavelength, there is only an
increase in the number of photons per second crossing a given area, with
each photon having the same energy. Thus, photon energy is independent
of intensity of radiation.
(v) Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by electric and
magnetic fields.
(vi) In a photon-particle collision (such as photon-electron collision), the total
energy and total momentum are conserved. However, number of photons
may not be conserved.

21. A metallic rod of length ‘l’ is rotated with a frequency v with one end hinged at the centre
and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius r, about an axis
passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant uniform
magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. Using Lorentz force, explain
how emf is induced between the centre and the metallic ring and hence obtained the
expression for it.

Ans. Suppose the length of the rod is greater than the radius of the circle and rod rotates
anticlockwise and suppose the direction of electrons in the rod at any instant be along +y-
direction.
Suppose the direction of the magnetic field is along +z-direction.
Then, using Lorentz law, we get the following:
  

F  e v  B 


 F  e v j  Bk 

 F  evBi
Thus, the direction of force on the electrons is along –x axis.
Class XII_Delhi_Physics_Set-1

Thus, the electrons will move towards the center i.e., the fixed end of the rod. This
movement of electrons will result in current and hence it will produce emf in the rod
between the fixed end and the point touching the ring.
Let θ be the angle between the rod and radius of the circle at any time t.
1
Then, area swept by the rod inside the circle  r 2
2
d 1  1 d 1 2 1
Induced emf  B   r 2   r 2 B  r B  r 2 B  2   2 r 2 B
dt  2  2 dt 2 2

NOTE: There will be an induced emf between the two ends of the rods also.

22. Output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration is shown in the figure.

Determine:
(i) dynamic output resistance
(ii) dc current gain and
(iii) ac current gain at an operating point VCE = 10 V, when IB = 30 A.

Ans. (i) Dynamic output resistance is given as:

 V  12  8 4
Ro   CE     20 k
 I C  I constant  3.6  3.4  10
3
0.2 103
b

I C 3.5 mA 3.5 103 350

(ii) d.c current gain, d .c      116.67
I B 30  A 30 106 3

I C (4.7-3.5) mA 1.2 103

(iii) a.c current gain,  a.c     120
I B (40  30)  A 10 106
Class XII_Delhi_Physics_Set-1

23. Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for the total energy of the electron in the
stationary states of the hydrogen atom. Hence draw the energy level diagram showing
how the line spectra corresponding to Balmer series occur due to transition between
energy levels.

Ans. According to Bohr’s postulates, in a hydrogen atom, a single alectron revolves around a
nucleus of charge +e. For an electron moving with a uniform speed in a circular orbit os a
given radius, the centripetal force is provided by Columb force of attraction between the
electron and the nucleus. The gravitational attraction may be neglected as the mass of
electron and proton is very small.
So,
mv 2 ke2
 2
r r
ke2
or mv 2  ......................................(1)
r
where m = mass of electron
r = radius of electronic orbit
v = velocity of electron.
Again,
nh
mvr 
2
nh
or v 
2mr
From eq.(1), we get,
2
 nh  ke
2
m  
 2mr  r
n2 h2
r .........................................(2)
42 kme2
(i) Kinetic energy of electron,
1 ke 2
E K  mv 2 
2 2r
Using eq (2), we get
ke 2 42 kme 2
EK 
2 n2h2
22 k 2 me 4

n2h2
(ii) Potential energy
k e  e ke2
EP   
r r
Class XII_Delhi_Physics_Set-1

Using eq (2), we get

42 kme2
E P  ke 2 
n2 h2
42 k 2 me4

n2 h2
Hence, total energy of the electron in the nth orbit
4 2 k 2 me4 2 2 k 2 me4 2 2 k 2 me4 13.6
E  E p  EK   2 2
 2 2
 2 2
  2 eV
nh nh nh n
When the electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from higher energy level to the
lower energy level, the difference of energies of the two energy levels is emitted
as a radiation of particular wavelength. It is called a spectral line.
In H-atom, when an electron jumps from the orbit ni to orbit nf, the wavelength of
the emitted radiation is given by,
1  1 1 
 R 2  2 
 n 
 f ni 
Where,
R → Rydberg’s constant = 1.09678 ×107 m−1
For Balmer series, nf = 2 and ni = 3, 4, 5, …
1  1 1 
 R 2  2 
  2 ni 
Where, ni = 3, 4, 5, …
These spectral lines lie in the visible region.
Class XII_Delhi_Physics_Set-1

24. (a) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a
double slit experiment.

(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm are used, in turn to study the diffraction
taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 × 10–4 m. The distance between the slit
and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the positions of the first
maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases.

Ans. (a) If the width of each slit is comparable to the wavelength of light used, the
interference pattern thus obtained in the double-slit experiment is modified by
diffraction from each of the two slits.

(b) Given that: Wavelength of the light beam, λ1 = 590 nm = 5.9 ×10-7 m

Wavelength of another light beam, λ2 = 596 nm = 5.96 ×10-7 m

Distance of the slits from the screen = D = 1.5 m

Distance between the two slits = a = 2 ×10-4 m

31 x1
For the first secondary maxima, sin   
2a D

Or

∴ Spacing between the positions of first secondary maxima of two sodium lines
3D
x1  x2    2  1 
2a
= 6.75 × 10-5m

25. In a series LCR circuit connected to an ac source of variable frequency and voltage
 = vm sin t, draw a plot showing the variation of current (I) with angular frequency ()
for two different values of resistance R1 and R2 (R1 > R2). Write the condition under
which the phenomenon of resonance occurs. For which value of the resistance out of the
two curves, a sharper resonance is produced? Define Q-factor of the circuit and give its
significance.

Ans. Figure shows the variation of im with in a LCR series circuit for two values of
Resistance R1 and R2 (R1 > R2),
Class XII_Delhi_Physics_Set-1

The condition for resonance in the LCR circuit is,

1
0 
LC
We see that the current amplitude is maximum at the resonant frequency . Since im = vm
/ R at resonance, the current amplitude for case R2 is sharper to that for case R1.

Quality factor or simply the Q-factor of a resonant LCR circuit is defined as the ratio of
voltage drop across the capacitor (or inductor) to that of applied voltage.
1 L
It is given by Q 
R C
The Q factor determines the sharpness of the resonance curve and if the resonance is less
sharp, not only is the maximum current less, the circuit is close to the resonance for a
larger range  of frequencies and the tuning of the circuit will not be good. So, less
sharp the resonance, less is the selectivity of the circuit while higher is the Q, sharper is
the resonance curve and lesser will be the loss in energy of the circuit.