A.E. Hegazyet al.

evaluated the efficiency of different organic solvents such as, methanol,

ethanol,dichloromethane, acetone, hexane and ethyl acetate for extraction of ( flavonoids and
polyphenoliccompounds (TFC and TPC respectively) from the orange peel. Also, studied the effect
of these solvents on the yieldpercentage, chelating activity, antioxidant/radical scavenging capacity
and reducing power ability of theproduced extracts.They concluded that, the solvent playa vital role
in the extraction of the plant constituents. Specially, methanol and ethanol are high polar among the
solvents used.

AbhishekMathuret al.(2011)investigated theantioxidant activities of the peel and pulp of some

of the citrus fruits.In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by various procedures and it has
been determined that aqueous and ethanolic fraction of peels and pulps of citrus fruits possessed
maximum antioxidant activity in reference to standard antioxidant. Total polyphenolic content
was found to be maximum in ethanolic extract of peels and chloroform extract of pulps, thus
these have remarkable antioxidant property.

Anuet. al investigated the antioxidant activity of some common fruits such as

Lemon (Citrus lemon), Orange (Citrus sinensis) and Pomegranate
(Punicagranatum). The fruits extracts were applied at three different
concentrations in the Fecl2-AA induced rat liver homogenate in vitro. Each of the
aqueous fruit extracts at different concentration showed different antioxidant
property. Lemon fruit extract at 100µ g/ml concentration showed the highest
antioxidant property by showed the significant MDA inhibition percentage as
71.16**. Orange fruit extract at 100µ g/ml concentration shows the lowest
antioxidant property by showing the non-significant MDA inhibition percentage as
52.52. Theantioxidant property not only depends on the fruit extracts but also
depend on the concentration of its application.

C. REKHA et al, compared the ascorbic acid and total phenolic content to
antioxidant activity of fresh juices of fourripe and unripe citrus fruits namely
Citruslimon, C. reticulata, C. sinensisand C. aurantium.Ascorbic acid content and
total phenolic content of fresh fruit juices were determined by volumetricand
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method respectively. Antioxidant activity of fruit juices
was determined by two in vitroassays namely DPPH free radical scavengingassay
and Ferric reducing assay. The unripe fruit juices havedisplayed stronger
antioxidant activity when compared to ripe fruit juices. The study showed that
theantioxidant activity of fruit juices was directly related to the content of
ascorbic acid and total phenolics except in case of C. aurantium. The lower
antioxidant activity of ripe fruit juices could be due to the possible reduction in
the ascorbic acid and total phenolic content during ripening.

Jae-Hee Park et al. (2014) investigated the antioxidant activity of orange (Citrus
auranthium) flesh (OF) and peel (OP) extracted with acetone, ethanol, and
methanol. Antioxidant potential was examined by measuring total phenolic
content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity
(RSA), total radical-trapping anti-oxidant potential (TRAP), oxygen radical
absorbance capacity(ORAC), and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). The comet
assay was used to determine the protective effects of OF and OP against H2O2-
induced DNA damage. TPC was highest in the acetone extracts of OF and OP.
DPPH RSA was also higher in the acetone extracts than in the ethanol extracts.
The DPPH RSA was highest in the acetone extracts of OF. The TRAP and ORAC
values of the all extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner. All of the
samples protected against H2O2-induced DNA damage in human leukocytes, as
measured bythe comet assay, but the acetone extracts of OP had the strongest
effect. These results suggest that acetone is the best solvent for the extraction of
antioxidant compounds from OF and OP. Furthermore, the high antioxidant
activity ofOP, which is a by-product of orange processing, suggested that it can be
used in nutraceutical and functional foods.

JagdeepSingh et al. (2011) studied the antioxidant, lipid peroxidation &

lipoxygenase inhibitory action of Citrus karna peel extracts. Extraction was
performed with different solvents of increasing polarity and yield was calculated.
The extracts were analyzed for the presence of phenols, flavonoids, vitaminC, and
carotenoids and the quantification of hesperidin and naringin was carried out by
HPLC-DAD method. The results indicated the presence of phenols, flavonoids,
vitamin C, carotenoids, hesperidin and naringin with maximum yield of (3.91%
w/w). Citrus karna peel extracts were also found to have potential antioxidant
and lipid peroxidation &lipoxygenase inhibitory action.

Blessy B Mathew et al. (2011)studiedthe explicit perception about the Citrus

limonumportion (pulp or peel), as to which one has more number of
phytochemicals. The aqueous extracts of the pulprevealed the presence of
carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, fixed oils, reducing sugars, proteins, cardiac
glycosides, steroids, phytosterols, phenols and flavonoids, whereas the ethanolic
pulp extracts showed only the presence of fixed oils, reducing sugars, cardiac
glycosides, steroids, phytosterols, flavonoids and amino acids. On the other hand,
the aqueous peel extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids,
tannins, fixed oils, proteins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, phenols and flavonoids
and amino acids, whereas the ethanolic peel extracts revealed that they
contained carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, fixed oils, cardiac glycosides,
steroids, phytosterols, phenols and flavonoids.

LinnKalpeshPanaraet al. (2012)reviewed the literature regardingmany

pharmacological studies that have been conducted to investigate the properties
of Citrus medica L. in an attempt to authenticate its use as a multi-purpose
medicinal agent.Specifically, the literature was reviewed for articles pertaining to
chemical properties and therapeutic benefits. This review is in a narrative format
and consists of all publications relevant to Citrus medica Linn. that were identified
by the authors through a google scholar search and books from library of
Dravyaguna department of IPGT &RA, regarding Indian medicinal plants. Result
showed that Citrus medica Linn. possesses analgesic, hypoglycaemic,
anticholinesterase, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic,
insulin Secretagogue, anthelmintic, antimicrobial antiulcer and estrogenic
properties. The mechanisms of action for these properties are not fully
understood. Preliminary studies have found various constituents of Citrus medica
exhibiting a variety of therapeutic effects. These results are very encouraging and
indicate this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and
reveal other potential therapeutic effects.
Rekha C., Poornima G., Manasa M, Abhipsa V, Pavithra Devi J, Vijay Kumar H T &
Prashith Kekuda T R, ‘Ascorbic Acid, Total Phenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of
Fresh Juices of Four Ripe and Unripe Citrus Fruits’, International Journal of
Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives , 3(6) (2012) 1292-1297.

Hegazy A E & Ibrahium M I, Antioxidant Activities of Orange Peel Extracts, World

Applied Sciences Journal, 18 ( 2012) 684-688.

Kalpesh Panara, Krutika Joshi and Nishteswar K, A Review on Phytochemical and

Pharmacological Properties of Citrus medica Linn International Journal of
Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives ; 3(6):1292-1297 (2012)

Jagdeep Singh, Shailja Sood & Arunachalam Muthuraman “In-vitro evaluation of

bioactive compounds, anti-oxidant,lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase inhibitory
potential of Citrus karnaL. peel extract” Association of Food Scientists & Technologists
(2011).

Blessy B Mathew, Suresh K Jatawa & Archana Tiwari “Phytochemical Analysis Of

Citrus Limonum Pulp And Peel” 2011

Jae-Hee Park, Minhee Lee, and Eunju Park “Antioxidant Activity of OrangeFlesh and
Peel Extracted with Various Solvents” Korea Prev Nutr Food Sci ;19(4):291-298 (2014)