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Core 4 Maintain and Repair Computer Systems and Networks Information Sheet
Core 4 Maintain and Repair Computer Systems and Networks Information Sheet
Core 4 Maintain and Repair Computer Systems and Networks Information Sheet
1. Tools
Tools for: cutting, shaping, drilling, threading, tapping, finishing, dismantling, and assembling.
Tool set includes but not limited to.
pincers with parallel, flat, and typically serrated surfaces, used chiefly for gripping small objects or
bending wire.
1. Crimping Pliers
These pliers have the fulcrum at the far end and are used similarly to a nutcracker. Wires are fed
into the jack of the jaw first, then the connector. Squeezing the handles will break through the plastic
coating and cause the two sections to deform (or crimp) in such a way that they stick together and
allow data to pass through.
Crimping pliers are used heavily in networking and telecommunications. RJ45 crimping pliers are
commonly used in the computer industry while wire terminal crimpers are mainly for automotive use.
2. Diagonal Pliers
Also known as:diagonal cutting pliers, flush cut pliers, side cutting pliers, wire cutters
The jaws of these pliers have an angled edge designed to cut through thick wire. They are quite
strong and can also be used to cut nails. They are useful in carpentry as well as electrical work.
Also known as: hose pliers, spring clamp pliers, radiator hose pliers
These pliers are designed to compress hose and spring clamps, making the connection tighter. As a
result, they come in a wide range of designs. The most common models have a peg-shaped tooth
on each jaw, which is used to pinch the clamp. Some models may also be used directly on the hose.
Also known as: retaining ring pliers, circlip pliers, C clip pliers, lock ring pliers
These pliers have short, round jaws to aid in closing snap rings. These rings are open-ended loops
that fit into grooves of a dowel or other round object. Once closed, the ring can rotate freely, but is
unable to slide sideways. They are commonly used for the gears on mountain bikes and similar
vehicles.
The jaws of this tool consist of two dowels, one larger than the other. Used primarily in jewelry
making, wire is wrapped around the jaws to form clasps, ear wires, and a number of other shaped
loop components.
9. Battery Pliers
Used primarily in the automotive industry for maintaining the bolts on car batteries and jumper
cables, these pliers have short, angled jaws. The lower jaw is slightly smaller, and both jaws are
thick to make them more durable.
This variation of needle nose pliers has a set of jaws that are bent at an angle at the midpoint (most
commonly 45 or 90 degrees). This allows them to grip surfaces without getting in the way when
multiple pliers are needed or the angle is too difficult to reach with normal needle nose pliers. As a
result, they are useful in jewelry making, electrical work, and other occupations which deal with
shaping wire.
Another useful automotive tool, these pliers are actually a multi-tool designed specifically for
handling the springs found in drum brakes. One jaw tip is rounded for removing springs, while the
other is curved to put springs back in. Sometimes, one of the handles also has a ratchet to remove
the shoe hold-down pin.
12. Canvas Pliers
Featuring stubby triangular jaws, chain nose pliers are one of the many tools used in wire shaping
and jewelry making. The jaw design allows for bending, crimping, and shaping wire. When working
with beads, the tip aids in closing or opening bead tips and jump rings.
These multipurpose tools have three separate sections in the jaws. From the tip, the first part is a
serrated gripping surface. A round serrated section behind this makes gripping tubes and other thick
round objects easier. Finally, the section closest to the fulcrum contains a cutting surface. Often
mistaken for linesman pliers, the latter lacks a rounded center section in the jaws.
15. Eyelet Pliers
An important component in tailoring, cobbling, and other clothing industries, eyelets allow laces and
drawstrings to be added to clothes. These eyelets have a ring and elongated hub which must be
crimped down.
This curious-looking multi-tool resembles a hammer with two handles when looked at from above.
Notches in the fulcrum allow you to cut wires of different gauges, while the side of the left jaw has a
hammer surface for driving in staples. The claw of the right jaw can be used for removing staples,
and the jaws themselves contain a gripping surface and a rounded grip hole.
Similar in form and function to eyelet pliers, grommet pliers are used to create holes in tarp and
other materials, as well as affixing grommets. Grommets are more heavy-duty than eyelets, making
this tool perfect for crafts involving sturdy materials such as tent-making.
Due to the multi-tool function and strength of the jaws, this too can be used to bend, twist, and curt
metal that might be too tough for other pliers. In some cases, the insulated handles are capable of
protecting the user from electrical shocks, although most models are not rated against shock.
21. Locking Pliers
Similar in appearance to tongs, the tips of its caws are tapered to allow it to dig under the head of
nails and pull them out. Some variations also have a claw on the back of the right jaw to provide
additional leverage.
These odd looking pliers have a C-shaped pair of toothed jaws, with one being much longer than the
other. They’re used in the automotive industry to remove oil filter casings.
24. Piston Ring Pliers
There are two major design of piston ring pliers, both of which are used to remove and replace
piston rings in engines. The first has simple curved tips on the jaws that can be used to spread a
piston ring for easy removal. The second has a much larger curved set of jaws with several braces
to support the ring and reduce the risk of warping.
The jaw tips of these pliers are wedge-shaped to allow them to get under the pin cap of plastic
anchors. By squeezing the pliers, the push pin will pop out, allowing for the safe removal of anchors.
This tool is used in automotive work, as well as other industries where push pin-style anchors are
used.
Used in creating stained glass crafts, these pliers make a clean break along scored lines in the
glass. The wide-tipped jaws can be adjusted to match the thickness of your glass and most have a
center line to ensure proper alignment when running along the score.
Used for plumbing and scuba diving equipment, soft jaw pliers can include variations of many
common types of pliers. The difference is that these pliers have padded jaws to prevent scratches
on chrome and other soft metals or exposed surfaces.
The narrow jaws of these pliers are tipped with either insulated tongs or a cylindrical holder. As the
name suggests, the tips grip spark plugs by the boot or plug wires, aiding in automotive repairs.
The jaws of welding pliers azre similar to those of combination pliers, with the same tip as the jaws
of needle nose pliers. This tool performs a number of functions, including spatter removal, gripping
wire, cutting, and even hammering. As the name implies, these pliers are used heavily in welding-
based trades.
This unusual tool has short jaws with a cutting edge by the fulcrum. Between the handles is a
cylindrical locking mechanism and threaded knob. By locking a piece of wire into the jaws and
pulling back on the knob, the entire tool spins, twisting the wire along with it. Most commonly used in
jewelry making, these pliers are also frequently used by electricians.
1.1. Pliers (assorted)
1. Flat HeadScrewdriver
It is one of the oldest types of screwdriver. It was invented in the 15th century in Europe and one of
the most common types of screwdrivers. As the name suggest it has a flat shape shaft tip with a
single slot which engages with the slotted screw head only. It can be manual driven or power driven,
but not often power driven because slotted head has ‘cam- out effect’. Now what does it mean? Well
‘cam-out effect’ is a process by which the screwdriver tends to slips off from the surface of the screw
head, when the torque applied on the surface of the screw exceeds a certain limit or sometimes due
to lack of centering, which usually causes the damage to the screw head or screwdriver tip.
They are of two types according to their application: keystone and cabinet. keystone screwdrivers
have somewhat wider shaft tip as compare to cabinet type which makes it more applicable for the
purpose like woodworking etc. while the cabinet one used for jewelry making, watch working etc.
2. Phillips Screwdriver
As today’s world is moving from a manual driven to power or motor driven, these were the first step
towards power driven screwdrivers to save time and do things more precisely and accurately. These
were invented in 19th century by Henry Phillips with an aim to introduce the power driven
screwdrivers in most of the industries. When you see these screwdrivers from the front, the tip looks
like a cross sign. These types of screwdrivers also shows cam- out effect but it does purposely when
the torque exceeds a limit while tightening up of screw which resist the damage of screwdriver profile
and screw and clearly extends the life of the tool.
3. Pozidriv Screwdriver
The pozidriv screwdriver, unlike Phillips screwdriver, has two cross sign which are offset at 45
degree angles. These are designed and widely used in Europe. This shape doesn’t completely
overcome the cam-out effect but provide better resistance to slipping and offer more stability than
Phillip profile, therefore used for the applications which require high torque for tightening of screw.
4. Square Screwdriver
The square screwdriver also known as Robertson screwdriver, named after a Canadian inventor.
The engagement of quite tapered square shape opening screw with the square protrusion, with no
angle involved, neglects the cam-out effect, thus improve centering. Slight Taper shape at the
front of the tool provides a good locking with the screw and thus makes it more comfortable for
use. These screwdrivers types were first used for industrial purpose by ford motor company,
because these drivers speed up the production, reduce damages, and highly reliable.
5. Torx Screwdriver
Torx screwdriver is becoming very common and often used by automotive technicians. Many times
they are called as star tips by technician. This driver has a star shape tip with 6 rounded lobes.
Because of the circular geometry of the lobes there is low radial force in a torx screwdriver, which
increases the life of the screw and the screwdriver bit. Unlike Phillips or pozidriv screwdrivers, much
higher torque can be transferred with the same amount of force with no chance of tool slipping, even
at high driving speed power tools, which makes its more reliable to use.
Torx types of screwdrivers comes in variety of sizes and uses a number system to determine the
size of the tip like T8, T10, T15, T25 etc.as the number goes up, size of the tool tip increases.
6. Hexagon Screwdriver
It has six straight lobes, like hexagon. These are used to fasten often bolts rather than screws. You
must have seen these bits in your ratchet box for tightening up or loosing hex bolts, nuts and screws.
No slipping or cam- out effect takes place while driving this hence most of the power driver tools can
be fitted with hex arrangement bits and thus makes the production fast and with less error.
In this article we have learnt about 6 most commonly used types of screwdrivers with their images. If
you find anything missing or incorrect than lets us remind through your valuable comments. If this
piece of information has added some knowledge to you than don’t forget to like and share it. Thanks
in advance.
1. Punch tool
A punch down tool, also called a krone tool, is a hand tool used to connect telecommunications
and network wires to a patch panel, punch down block, keystone module, or surface mount box.
2. Utility tweezer
415 Curved Point UtilityTweezer is precision engineered to withstand rigorous use without
sacrificing their accuracy. These tweezers are a popular choice for mechanics, hobbyists,
toolmakers, computer and electronics repair-people and other professionals. This utilitytweezer
features a curved point style and the tweezer length is 6-1/2 inches.
3. Adjustable wire stripper
The KineeAdjustable Automatic CableWireStripper is designed for rapid use to save you time and
effort. The stop on this item is adjustable so you can consistently strip to the length that you require.
It works on 10-24 AWG wire, and with stranded or non-stranded. The design of this wirestripper is
about as simple and easy to use as they get.
4. Duburring tool
Deburring tools are incredibly useful for rounding out rough edges on almost anything. You can
use a deburring tool to even out the edges of a PVC pipe or to get rid of rough spots on the edge of
a piece of wood. Using a deburring tool is pretty easy, but it helps to know about the process before
you get started.
5. Triangular stripper
Use a movement from the wrist or pulling with the left hand, let the blade
slide over the work piece while scraping it. A similar grip may be used with the triangular or bearing
scraper. Where it is not possible to use two hands in close support, you can use a scraper with a
negative cutting angle for the blade. That prevents digging in and chatter.
6. Pin vise
A pinvise, also called a pinvice, is a small type of hand drill used in hobbies such as model building
and jewelry making. The pinvise features an adjustable chuck which holds drill bits, wire or pins.
This chuck is the reason for the word "vise" in the name.
7. Adjustable pin vise
A pin vise, also called a pin vice, is a small type of hand drill
used in hobbies such as model building and jewelry making. The pin vise features an adjustable
chuck which holds drill bits, wire or pins. This chuck is the reason for the word "vise" in the name. A
pin vise consists of four main sections:
Ball-handled pin vises: These are pin vises with a swivel head that are designed to be held with the
handle of the pin vise in the palm of the hand, while you twist the chuck contents using your thumb
and index finger while drilling. These are useful for drilling larger holes in soft stock.
A drift punch, or drift pin, or lineup punch, is used as an aid in aligning bolt or rivet holes prior to
inserting a fastener. A drift punch is constructed as a tapered rod, with the hammer acting on the
large end of the taper. The tapered end of a drift punch is placed into the semi-aligned bolt holes of
two separate components, and then driven into the hole.
10. Adjustable file
An adjustable wrench, also called an adjustable spanner or an adjustable crescent is a tool, which
can be used to loosen or tighten a nut or bolt. It has a "jaw" (the part where the nut or bolt fits), which
is of adjustable.The adjustable wrench works by turning a screw, which is usually located at the
bottom of the head.
2. Soldering pencil
soldering pencil. [′säd·ə·riŋ ‚pen·səl] (engineering) A small soldering iron, about the size and
weight of a standard lead pencil, used for soldering or unsoldering joints on printed wiring boards.
3. Soldering gun
A soldering gun is a gun that's purpose is to attack unfinished circuit boards by coating certain
places in conductive metal, thereby completing the circuit board. This gun can erase bad soldering
jobs done by previous misuse.However, and gun like this in the wrong hands could wreak havoc. It
is amazing how in this country we don't have any regulation or restriction on the sale of soldering
guns
4. Soldering station
Regardless of the situation, a solderingstation comes in handy when you decide to take on such a
project for yourself. Soldering is a process by which two or more items (usually metals) are joined
together by intense and directed heat with a filler metal (or solder) used at the joint.
1.5. Wrenches
Here are the 5 different types of Wrench:
1. Open-end wrench
This one-piece wrench is made double-ended with differing size openings for opposite faces of bolts
or nuts. The U-shaped opening on each end provides grip for objects by flipping the wrench over to
use the opposite side. For quick and easy use, this wrench is flat and can fit over nuts and bolts in
small spaces for tightening or loosening. You may use an open-ended wrench for narrow project
areas where a larger or thicker wrench won’t fit.
2. Combination wrench
Another double-ended tool, the combination wrench is made up of an open-end on one side and a
box-end on the other. The box-end side consists of a closed ring with varying diameters on
the inside that depend on the size of wrench. The combination wrench is a multi-purpose tool with
the open-end for tightening and loosening in small spaces and the box-end for leverage and a firm
grip around nuts and bolts.
3. Allen wrench
This type of wrench may sound familiar to you if you’ve ever built any furniture that needed piecing
together. These wrenches have L or T-shaped handles with hexagonal shaped ends matching
openings to bolts or screws. Though they are small, they are typically used for pairing and holding
objects together.
4. Socket wrench
Used to turn a fastener, a socket wrench has a socket (hollow cylinder) attached to the end of the
handle that is fitted over nuts and bolts to tighten and loosen. Sockets are detachable enabling the
wrench to be used for various sizes of objects. Also referred to as a ratchet wrench, socket
wrenches have speed and efficiency on their side and can be used at many angles.
5. Adjustable wrench
If you don’t have the right size of wrench for a project or repair, an adjustable wrench can save the
day. Also known as a crescent wrench, this tool can adjust according to size allowing you to use it
on an assortment of bolts and nuts. While having an adjustable wrench can get the job done, it
should only be used when necessary. Due to their versatility, they can tend to slip and slide along
bolts when too much force is used.
The Fastback 3 utility knife has all the makings of an exceptional product. Initially, there’s one really
brilliant feature; blade storage. You’ve got the one blade used for cutting, then you can store an
extra 4 blades inside the knife. So, if you ever need to swap them out, it can do it without rummaging
through your tool kit or kitchen drawers until you find the replacements. It’s wildly convenient!
2. Husky 21113
The first thing you’ll notice about the Husky 2113 is that the handle is very grippy. It features a
textured pattern that really helps it stick in your hand and stay very still when you use it. As a result,
it might be the best utility knife to use in slippery conditions – like when it’s raining, or your hands are
sweaty. You always feel in control, and this makes the knife a lot safer to use as well.
The second thing you’ll notice is that the blade is folding. It folds back in on itself when you’re not
using it, so there’s never the fear of accidentally pushing down on a release butting that extends the
blade outwards.
When you’re searching for the best utility knife, you quickly realize that a lot of products offer similar
features. So, it’s helpful when you find one that just goes a little bit above and beyond what you
expect. The FC Folding Pocket Utility Knife is a fantastic example of this. Yes, it cuts just as well as
other utility knives, and it also boasts the same safety of other folding options. However, where this
product comes alive is in the extra things you get with it.
It’s by no means essential, but one great feature of this utility knife is the color scheme. It has a
vibrant handle, and you can choose between blue, black and red. The Sheffield Utility knife is also
folding, so you can tuck the sharp blade away when you don’t use it. One thing that stands out is
how lightweight it is. It weighs 4 ounces, so you barely feel it in your hands at all. And, when it’s in
your hand, the handle has an excellent grip to it and sits comfortably while you work.
5. Stanley 10-099
Finally, you’ve got the Stanley 10-099. Now, Stanley has been making knives for years, so you know
you’re getting something good here. It’s a retractable blade, which means the blade hides inside the
handle when you don’t use it. You push down on the button at the top and slide it up to reveal the
blade when you require it.
1.7. Hot air soldering station
Hot air soldering stations are great for professionals and hobbyists because they can be used for
preheating components before removing, or can be used to reflow SMT components such as DIP,
SOIC, CHIP, QFP, BLCC, and other IC's. ... Combines functions of a hot air gun, a soldering iron
and a smoke absorber.
Non-contact voltage testers (also known as inductance testers) are probably the safest testers around,
and they're certainly the easiest to use. A non-contact tester allows you to check for voltage in wires or
devices without you having to touch any wires or parts. The device is like a mini wand with a small tip
on the end that senses voltage in such things as electrical wiring, outlets, circuit breakers, lamp cords,
light sockets, and switches. You can get a reading simply by sticking the tip of the tester into an outlet
slot or even touching the outside of a wire or electrical cable.
Neon voltage testers, or neon circuit testers, are as simple as they come. They have a small body with
a neon light inside and two short wire leads with a metal probe on each end. Neon voltage testers tell
you only whether a voltage is present or not; they don't tell you how much voltage is in a circuit. Unlike
the non-contact voltage tester, this took requires you to touch the circuit wires, screw terminals, or
outlet slots with the wire probes. This device does not use a battery, making it a very dependable tool.
Plug-in circuit analyzers are inexpensive, easy-to-use testers that can tell you a great deal about the
functions of an electrical circuit when you plug it into an outlet. These testers are designed to test
ordinary electrical outlets, but only grounded outlets that have three slots. Older two-slot outlets cannot
be tested with the testers because no ground wire is connected to these outlets. Two-slot outlets are
best tested with a neon circuit tester.
4. Continuity Tester
A continuity tester is a device that is powered by batteries and has a probe at one end and a cord with
either an alligator clip or another probe at the other end. If you touch the two together, you complete a
circuit and light is illuminated on the body of the tester, indicating a complete circuit. These testers are
great for checking to see if something like a single-pole switch is working properly.
5. Multimeter
Multimeters are the most versatile of the electrical testers and, as the name implies, they are capable
of many different testing functions. All professional electricians own one of these tools. Most
multimeters can provide precise readings of resistance, AC and DC voltage, continuity, capacitance,
and frequency. If you learn how to use all its functions, a multimeter can provide virtually all the
information offered by all other testers.
Solenoid voltage testers, also known in the trade by the nickname "wiggies," are also multi-function
testers, but they are somewhat simpler and easier to use than the battery-operated multimeters. Both
analog and digital models are available. Solenoid volt meters are capable of testing for both voltage
and polarity. Electricians use them frequently because they can test both AC voltage and DC voltage in
a range from 100 to 600 volts. Pros often prefer this tool over the multimeter for many applications,
since it is very rugged and has no batteries to monitor. It is not, however, quite as accurate as a
multimeter for providing a numerical measurement of how much voltage is present.
7. Digital Clamp Meter
A digital clamp meter is a tool normally used only by professional electricians. It combines the function
of a multimeter with a current sensor, and is slightly more expensive than a multimeter. There are
subtle differences in function between a multimeter and a clamp meter, but the most obvious one is
that this tool features clamping jaws that can grip wire conductors. This makes the tool somewhat safer
and easier to use in some applications, such as when working inside an open circuit breaker panel to
test individual circuits. The tool also features wire leads that allow the tool to be used in the same
manner as a standard multimeter.
1. Hand Crimpers
These handheld crimpers used for smaller wires. Some can also be used to cut and strip wire as
well.
2. Hydraulic Crimpers
Hydraulic crimpers can apply much more pressure than small handheld crimpers and are used for
thicker wires.Proper maintenance requires periodically changing the oil and oil filter so that the
hydraulics remain fluid and do not clog. You will also want to make sure there is no dust or air inside
the tool after replacing the oil.
3. Hammer Crimpers
Hammer crimpers are cheap, compact, and can crimp a wide range of wire sizes simply by adjusting
the height of the movable wedge. The larger the lug, the more strikes you will need to make with the
hammer.
1. Maintenance bench
A Maintenacebench is a table used by woodworkers to hold workpieces while they are worked by
other tools. There are many styles of woodworking benches, each reflecting the type of work to be
done or the craftsman's way of working.
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. ... As a
result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power
supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load
appliances that they power.
2.2. Testing devices include but not limited to:
2.2.1. Multi-meter
1. Multi-meter
2.2.2. Calibrators
1. Calibrators
1. Signal generator
1. Oscilloscope
1. Windows 7
- Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part
of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on July 22,
2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the
release of its predecessor, Windows Vista.
3. Materials
3.1. disks
1.Hard Drive
These are also called 'fixed disks' in ancient computerese because the storage media is mounted
within the computer and not intended to be removed.Hard drives consist of one or more metal
platters stacked together on a single spindle..
2.Floppy Drive
Named for the media disks that could be pulled out and that would 'flop' when carried. These
disks are designed to allow users to store data to a disk, remove it and carry the data
elsewhere. These typically come in one of two formats in the United States: 3.5" @1.44Mbytes
and 5.25" at 1.22 Mbytes. There are a few proprietary types as well, such as Zip drives, DAT
tapes etc.
3.2. Connectors
XLR Connectors:
XLR Connectors are the most commonly used professionally used connectors. They are primarily of
three types; XLR Male, XLR Female & TRS. Each connector has three contact points that carry
signals from the ground, positive and negative wires.
XLR Male: This is used to connect a variety of hardware inputs.
XLR Female: It is used to connect a microphone and a variety of hardware inputs.
TRS: It is used to connect both input and output devices.
3.3. Adaptors
1. Type A
This class II ungrounded plug with two flat parallel prongs is pretty much standard in most of North
and Central America. It is known as NEMA 1-15 and was invented in 1904 by Harvey Hubbell II. The
plug has two flat 1.5 mm thick blades, measuring 15.9 – 18.3 mm in length and spaced 12.7 mm
apart. Type A plugs are generally polarised and can only be inserted one way because the two
blades do not have the same width. The blade connected to neutral is 7.9 mm wide and the hot
blade is 6.3 mm wide. This plug is rated at 15 A.
2. Type B
Single conductor is a term which refers to the cable design used to connect the inspection
camera and accessories to the control system. The central core of single conductor cable is
constructed by wrapping copper strands around a single stranded insulated wire.
Multi-conductor cables are a unique variation of stranded wire, with each cable hosting at least two
(and often many more) distinct conductors inside of a common jacket. Depending on the
configuration, these cables can offer up to 60 distinct conductors, all bundled in one stranded wire
product, with both solid and stranded conductors wound together.
3.5. Appropriate software
1. Windows 7
- Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part
of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on July 22,
2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the
release of its predecessor, Windows Vista.
1. Hard drive
a high-capacity, self-contained storage device containing a read-write mechanism plus one or more
hard disks, inside a sealed unit. Also called hard disk drive.
2. CD-ROM
a compact disc used as a read-only optical memory device for a computer system.
1. Servers
In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other
programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client–server model, and a single
overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices.
5.2 Peripherals
1. Peripheral
A peripheral or peripheral device is "an ancillary device used to put information into and get information out
of the computer".
1. Deskstop computer
A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or
table due to its size and power requirements
1. Router
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform
the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is
in the form of data packets.
2. Modem
A modem is a hardware device that converts data into a format suitable for a transmission medium so that it
can be transmitted from computer to computer. A modem modulates one or more carrier wave signals to
encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information.
1. Twisted pair
Twisted pair cabling, with the ubiquitous "RJ-45" 8P8C modular connector, is a form of wiring in which
pairs of wires (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of
canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other wire pairs and from external sources. This
type of cable is used for home and corporate Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cabling is used in short patch
cables and in the longer runs in structured cabling.
2. Fiber optic
An optical fiber cable consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective material.
Optical fiber deployment is more expensive than copper but offers higher bandwidth and can cover longer
distances.[2] There are two major types of optical fiber cables: shorter-range multi-mode fiber and long-
range single-mode fiber.
6.1. Goggles/glasses
1. Face Shields
Face shields are intended to protect the entire face or portions of it from impact hazards such as flying
fragments, objects, large chips, and particles. When worn alone, face shields do not protect employees from
impact hazards. Use face shields in combination with safety spectacles or goggles, even in the absence of
dust or potential splashes, for additional protection beyond that offered by spectacles or goggles alone.
2. Safety Goggles
Safety goggles are intended to shield the wearer's eyes from impact hazards such as flying fragments,
objects, large chips, and particles. Goggles fit the face immediately surrounding the eyes and form a
protective seal around the eyes. This prevents objects from entering under or around the goggles.Safety
goggles may incorporate prescription lenses mounted behind protective lenses for individuals requiring vision
correction. Take time to consider specific lens, frame, and ventilation options when selecting safety goggles.
6.2. Mask
1. N-95 respirators
Working with live animals or infectious materials in BSL-2 level labs with known airborne transmissible
disease (e.g. tuberculosis, also required for influenza (flu)); dusty environments
2. Surgical masks
Working with live animals; working with infectious material in BSL-2+ level labs but only protects your sample
from you, not the other way around.
6.3. Gloves
1. Cotton/Fabric Gloves
This is the most common type of gloves for general work or projects where a high level of protection isn’t
needed. These gloves offer a thin, lightweight fabric covering that offers little safety to the user. They’re
mostly used to prevent minor scrapes or splinters, though do nothing to prevent punctures, burns, or cuts.
An anti-static wrist strap is a key piece of safety gear that helps to prevent the buildup of static
electricity near sensitive electronics or other projects where static charge could damage electronics
or cause safety issues. The wrist strap is often used with an anti-static mat or other type of work
space covering. Special, highly conductive threads on the wrist strap lead to a ground conductor in
order to discharge static electricity safely. An anti-static wrist strap may also be called an
electrostatic discharge (ESD) wrist strap.
7. Maintenance
1. Software updates
A software update, which is sometimes called a software patch, is a free download for an
application, operating system, or software suite that provides fixes for features that aren't
working as intended or adds minor software enhancements and compatibility.
7.2. Hard disk maintenance
1. File back-up/Restoration
Backup is the process of making a copy of information to be used in the event that the original copy is
lost or damaged. The copy is typically transferred to a backup medium; i.e., either a virtual tape file, which
is an allocation of disk space acting as a tape device, or any physical backup device supported by
Windows.
1. Network connectivity
Network connectivity describes the extensive process of connecting various parts of a network to
one another, for example, through the use of routers, switches and gateways, and how that process
works.
1. Software issues
Network troubleshooting is the collective measures and processes used to identify, diagnose and
resolve problems and issues within a computer network. It is a systematic process that aims to
resolve problems and restore normal network operations within the network.
1. Hardware issues
A hardware problem is classified as a fault in an actual component (e.g. electrical failure) - or in the
configuration of that component - leading to issues with the computer. It is distinct from a software
or firmware problem, which is normally caused by a defect in the software or operating system code
respectively.