CORE 4

MAINTAIN AND REPAIR COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS

INFORMATION SHEET

1.1 Plan and prepare for maintenance and repair

1. Tools
Tools for: cutting, shaping, drilling, threading, tapping, finishing, dismantling, and assembling.
Tool set includes but not limited to.

pincers with parallel, flat, and typically serrated surfaces, used chiefly for gripping small objects or
bending wire.

1.1. Pliers (assorted)

Here are the 33 different types of Pliers:

1. Crimping Pliers

These pliers have the fulcrum at the far end and are used similarly to a nutcracker. Wires are fed
into the jack of the jaw first, then the connector. Squeezing the handles will break through the plastic
coating and cause the two sections to deform (or crimp) in such a way that they stick together and
allow data to pass through.

Crimping pliers are used heavily in networking and telecommunications. RJ45 crimping pliers are
commonly used in the computer industry while wire terminal crimpers are mainly for automotive use.
 2. Diagonal Pliers

Also known as:diagonal cutting pliers, flush cut pliers, side cutting pliers, wire cutters
The jaws of these pliers have an angled edge designed to cut through thick wire. They are quite
strong and can also be used to cut nails. They are useful in carpentry as well as electrical work.

3. Hose Clamp Pliers

Also known as: hose pliers, spring clamp pliers, radiator hose pliers
These pliers are designed to compress hose and spring clamps, making the connection tighter. As a
result, they come in a wide range of designs. The most common models have a peg-shaped tooth
on each jaw, which is used to pinch the clamp. Some models may also be used directly on the hose.

4. Needle Nose Pliers

Also known as: long-nosed pliers

The nose of this tool is elongated for more precision and contains a cutting edge near the base. A
highly versatile tool, it can be used for bending, shaping, and cutting wire. These pliers are employed
by a wide range of trades, including: armouring, electrical, fishing, jewelry making, and network
engineering. Most home toolkits will have at least one of these.

5. Slip Joint Pliers

Also known as: water pump pliers

Closely related to the adjustable wrench, these pliers have an adjustable fulcrum to alter the width of
the jaws. Many variants have notches for the fulcrum’s bolt to slip into when the jaws are open,
letting you lock on a specific width. They are often used for plumbing applications and can perform
many of the same duties as wrenches.
 6. Snap Ring Pliers

Also known as: retaining ring pliers, circlip pliers, C clip pliers, lock ring pliers
These pliers have short, round jaws to aid in closing snap rings. These rings are open-ended loops
that fit into grooves of a dowel or other round object. Once closed, the ring can rotate freely, but is
unable to slide sideways. They are commonly used for the gears on mountain bikes and similar
vehicles.

7. Tongue and Groove Pliers

Also known as: Channel Locks

These are an adjustable type of pliers with a toothed groove along the upper handle, allowing the
lower jaw to be locked into a number of positions. The angled jaws make this tool useful for turning
nuts and bolts. The popular company Channellock officially changed its name to match this tool in
1963, which has been their most famous product line since the name was trademarked by the
company in 1949.

8. Bail Making Pliers

The jaws of this tool consist of two dowels, one larger than the other. Used primarily in jewelry
making, wire is wrapped around the jaws to form clasps, ear wires, and a number of other shaped
loop components.
 9. Battery Pliers

Used primarily in the automotive industry for maintaining the bolts on car batteries and jumper
cables, these pliers have short, angled jaws. The lower jaw is slightly smaller, and both jaws are
thick to make them more durable.

10. Bent Nose Pliers

This variation of needle nose pliers has a set of jaws that are bent at an angle at the midpoint (most
commonly 45 or 90 degrees). This allows them to grip surfaces without getting in the way when
multiple pliers are needed or the angle is too difficult to reach with normal needle nose pliers. As a
result, they are useful in jewelry making, electrical work, and other occupations which deal with
shaping wire.

11. Brake Spring Pliers

Another useful automotive tool, these pliers are actually a multi-tool designed specifically for
handling the springs found in drum brakes. One jaw tip is rounded for removing springs, while the
other is curved to put springs back in. Sometimes, one of the handles also has a ratchet to remove
the shoe hold-down pin.
 12. Canvas Pliers

Also known as: canvas stretching pliers

An invaluable tool for artists, these wide-jawed pliers allow one person to do what normally takes
two. The jaws are usually padded to avoid damaging the canvas surface while it’s being stretched
onto the frame.

13. Chain Nose Pliers

Featuring stubby triangular jaws, chain nose pliers are one of the many tools used in wire shaping
and jewelry making. The jaw design allows for bending, crimping, and shaping wire. When working
with beads, the tip aids in closing or opening bead tips and jump rings.

14. Combination Pliers

These multipurpose tools have three separate sections in the jaws. From the tip, the first part is a
serrated gripping surface. A round serrated section behind this makes gripping tubes and other thick
round objects easier. Finally, the section closest to the fulcrum contains a cutting surface. Often
mistaken for linesman pliers, the latter lacks a rounded center section in the jaws.
 15. Eyelet Pliers

An important component in tailoring, cobbling, and other clothing industries, eyelets allow laces and
drawstrings to be added to clothes. These eyelets have a ring and elongated hub which must be
crimped down.

16. Fencing Pliers

This curious-looking multi-tool resembles a hammer with two handles when looked at from above.
Notches in the fulcrum allow you to cut wires of different gauges, while the side of the left jaw has a
hammer surface for driving in staples. The claw of the right jaw can be used for removing staples,
and the jaws themselves contain a gripping surface and a rounded grip hole.

17. Flat Nose Pliers

Also known as: duckbill pliers

The flat, tapered jaws of these pliers are used for gripping and twisting metal, as well as twisting
leads and wires. It’s a common tool in both electrical and mechanical work. They can easily make
sharp bends and right angles with wire and also work well for straightening. Available with short or
long noses.
 18. Grommet Pliers

Similar in form and function to eyelet pliers, grommet pliers are used to create holes in tarp and
other materials, as well as affixing grommets. Grommets are more heavy-duty than eyelets, making
this tool perfect for crafts involving sturdy materials such as tent-making.

19. Hose Grip Pliers

Also known as: grabber pliers

These specialty pliers are designed to easily get small hoses into or out of tight places. Their
grabber jaws are shaped in a way to prevent damage to hoses such as vacuum lines, heater hoses,
and fuel lines. Simply grip and twist the hose on or off. Hose grip pliers also work great for clamps,
spark plugs, and other various small components.

20. Linesman Pliers

Also known as: lineman pliers

While the name might not seem familiar, chances are you’ve seen or used these at some point.
Easily identified by the jaws, which have a shorter gripping surface towards the tip and a cutting
surface in the middle, this is a highly versatile tool used most often in electrical work.

Due to the multi-tool function and strength of the jaws, this too can be used to bend, twist, and curt
metal that might be too tough for other pliers. In some cases, the insulated handles are capable of
protecting the user from electrical shocks, although most models are not rated against shock.
 21. Locking Pliers

Also known as: Vise Grips

As the name implies, the jaws of these pliers are designed to lock in place, making them excellent
for gripping stripped screws and bolts. A wide variety of jaw shapes are available for this tool,
allowing you to choose a design that best fits your needs.

22. Nail Puller Pliers

Similar in appearance to tongs, the tips of its caws are tapered to allow it to dig under the head of
nails and pull them out. Some variations also have a claw on the back of the right jaw to provide
additional leverage.

23. Oil Filter Pliers

These odd looking pliers have a C-shaped pair of toothed jaws, with one being much longer than the
other. They’re used in the automotive industry to remove oil filter casings.
 24. Piston Ring Pliers

There are two major design of piston ring pliers, both of which are used to remove and replace
piston rings in engines. The first has simple curved tips on the jaws that can be used to spread a
piston ring for easy removal. The second has a much larger curved set of jaws with several braces
to support the ring and reduce the risk of warping.

25. Push Pin Pliers

The jaw tips of these pliers are wedge-shaped to allow them to get under the pin cap of plastic
anchors. By squeezing the pliers, the push pin will pop out, allowing for the safe removal of anchors.
This tool is used in automotive work, as well as other industries where push pin-style anchors are
used.

26. Round Nose Pliers

Also known as: jewelry pliers, rosary pliers

Not to be confused with the similar bail making pliers, the rounded jaws on these pliers are slightly
tapered and come together to form a triangular jaw design. They are used to create loops in jewelry,
especially rosaries and similar projects. Some also have insulated handles for use in electrical work.
 27. Running Pliers

Used in creating stained glass crafts, these pliers make a clean break along scored lines in the
glass. The wide-tipped jaws can be adjusted to match the thickness of your glass and most have a
center line to ensure proper alignment when running along the score.

28. Sheet Metal Pliers

Also known as: seamer pliers

The wide, rectangular jaws of these pliers are used for bending sheet metal and forming seams.
They are commonly found in metal shops and other industries where sheet metal is used. These are
sometimes a version of locking pliers specifically designed for metal work.

29. Split Ring Pliers

Also known as:fishing pliers

Resembling a stubby version of needle nose or chain nose pliers, split ring pliers have a hooked tip
on the lower jaw. This tip acts as a wedge, splitting coiled rings apart. Split rings are commonly used
in the creation of fishing tackles and keyrings.
 30. Soft Jaw Pliers

Used for plumbing and scuba diving equipment, soft jaw pliers can include variations of many
common types of pliers. The difference is that these pliers have padded jaws to prevent scratches
on chrome and other soft metals or exposed surfaces.

31. Spark Plug Pliers

The narrow jaws of these pliers are tipped with either insulated tongs or a cylindrical holder. As the
name suggests, the tips grip spark plugs by the boot or plug wires, aiding in automotive repairs.

32. Welding Pliers

The jaws of welding pliers azre similar to those of combination pliers, with the same tip as the jaws
of needle nose pliers. This tool performs a number of functions, including spatter removal, gripping
wire, cutting, and even hammering. As the name implies, these pliers are used heavily in welding-
based trades.

33. Wire Twisting Pliers

This unusual tool has short jaws with a cutting edge by the fulcrum. Between the handles is a
cylindrical locking mechanism and threaded knob. By locking a piece of wire into the jaws and
pulling back on the knob, the entire tool spins, twisting the wire along with it. Most commonly used in
jewelry making, these pliers are also frequently used by electricians.
1.1. Pliers (assorted)

Here are the 6 different types of Screw Driver:

1. Flat HeadScrewdriver

It is one of the oldest types of screwdriver. It was invented in the 15th century in Europe and one of
the most common types of screwdrivers. As the name suggest it has a flat shape shaft tip with a
single slot which engages with the slotted screw head only. It can be manual driven or power driven,
but not often power driven because slotted head has ‘cam- out effect’. Now what does it mean? Well
‘cam-out effect’ is a process by which the screwdriver tends to slips off from the surface of the screw
head, when the torque applied on the surface of the screw exceeds a certain limit or sometimes due
to lack of centering, which usually causes the damage to the screw head or screwdriver tip.
They are of two types according to their application: keystone and cabinet. keystone screwdrivers
have somewhat wider shaft tip as compare to cabinet type which makes it more applicable for the
purpose like woodworking etc. while the cabinet one used for jewelry making, watch working etc.

2. Phillips Screwdriver

As today’s world is moving from a manual driven to power or motor driven, these were the first step
towards power driven screwdrivers to save time and do things more precisely and accurately. These
were invented in 19th century by Henry Phillips with an aim to introduce the power driven
screwdrivers in most of the industries. When you see these screwdrivers from the front, the tip looks
like a cross sign. These types of screwdrivers also shows cam- out effect but it does purposely when
the torque exceeds a limit while tightening up of screw which resist the damage of screwdriver profile
and screw and clearly extends the life of the tool.
 3. Pozidriv Screwdriver

The pozidriv screwdriver, unlike Phillips screwdriver, has two cross sign which are offset at 45
degree angles. These are designed and widely used in Europe. This shape doesn’t completely
overcome the cam-out effect but provide better resistance to slipping and offer more stability than
Phillip profile, therefore used for the applications which require high torque for tightening of screw.

4. Square Screwdriver

The square screwdriver also known as Robertson screwdriver, named after a Canadian inventor.
The engagement of quite tapered square shape opening screw with the square protrusion, with no
angle involved, neglects the cam-out effect, thus improve centering. Slight Taper shape at the
front of the tool provides a good locking with the screw and thus makes it more comfortable for
use. These screwdrivers types were first used for industrial purpose by ford motor company,
because these drivers speed up the production, reduce damages, and highly reliable.

5. Torx Screwdriver

Torx screwdriver is becoming very common and often used by automotive technicians. Many times
they are called as star tips by technician. This driver has a star shape tip with 6 rounded lobes.
Because of the circular geometry of the lobes there is low radial force in a torx screwdriver, which
increases the life of the screw and the screwdriver bit. Unlike Phillips or pozidriv screwdrivers, much
higher torque can be transferred with the same amount of force with no chance of tool slipping, even
at high driving speed power tools, which makes its more reliable to use.

Torx types of screwdrivers comes in variety of sizes and uses a number system to determine the
size of the tip like T8, T10, T15, T25 etc.as the number goes up, size of the tool tip increases.
 6. Hexagon Screwdriver

It has six straight lobes, like hexagon. These are used to fasten often bolts rather than screws. You
must have seen these bits in your ratchet box for tightening up or loosing hex bolts, nuts and screws.
No slipping or cam- out effect takes place while driving this hence most of the power driver tools can
be fitted with hex arrangement bits and thus makes the production fast and with less error.

In this article we have learnt about 6 most commonly used types of screwdrivers with their images. If
you find anything missing or incorrect than lets us remind through your valuable comments. If this
piece of information has added some knowledge to you than don’t forget to like and share it. Thanks
in advance.

1.3 Special Tool

Here are the 10 different types of Special Stools:

1. Punch tool

A punch down tool, also called a krone tool, is a hand tool used to connect telecommunications
and network wires to a patch panel, punch down block, keystone module, or surface mount box.

2. Utility tweezer

415 Curved Point UtilityTweezer is precision engineered to withstand rigorous use without
sacrificing their accuracy. These tweezers are a popular choice for mechanics, hobbyists,
toolmakers, computer and electronics repair-people and other professionals. This utilitytweezer
features a curved point style and the tweezer length is 6-1/2 inches.
 3. Adjustable wire stripper

The KineeAdjustable Automatic CableWireStripper is designed for rapid use to save you time and
effort. The stop on this item is adjustable so you can consistently strip to the length that you require.
It works on 10-24 AWG wire, and with stranded or non-stranded. The design of this wirestripper is
about as simple and easy to use as they get.

4. Duburring tool

Deburring tools are incredibly useful for rounding out rough edges on almost anything. You can
use a deburring tool to even out the edges of a PVC pipe or to get rid of rough spots on the edge of
a piece of wood. Using a deburring tool is pretty easy, but it helps to know about the process before
you get started.

5. Triangular stripper

Use a movement from the wrist or pulling with the left hand, let the blade
slide over the work piece while scraping it. A similar grip may be used with the triangular or bearing
scraper. Where it is not possible to use two hands in close support, you can use a scraper with a
negative cutting angle for the blade. That prevents digging in and chatter.

6. Pin vise

A pinvise, also called a pinvice, is a small type of hand drill used in hobbies such as model building
and jewelry making. The pinvise features an adjustable chuck which holds drill bits, wire or pins.
This chuck is the reason for the word "vise" in the name.
 7. Adjustable pin vise

A pin vise, also called a pin vice, is a small type of hand drill
used in hobbies such as model building and jewelry making. The pin vise features an adjustable
chuck which holds drill bits, wire or pins. This chuck is the reason for the word "vise" in the name. A
pin vise consists of four main sections:

8. Swivel-head pin vise

Ball-handled pin vises: These are pin vises with a swivel head that are designed to be held with the
handle of the pin vise in the palm of the hand, while you twist the chuck contents using your thumb
and index finger while drilling. These are useful for drilling larger holes in soft stock.

9. Drive pinch punch

A drift punch, or drift pin, or lineup punch, is used as an aid in aligning bolt or rivet holes prior to
inserting a fastener. A drift punch is constructed as a tapered rod, with the hammer acting on the
large end of the taper. The tapered end of a drift punch is placed into the semi-aligned bolt holes of
two separate components, and then driven into the hole.
 10. Adjustable file

An adjustable wrench, also called an adjustable spanner or an adjustable crescent is a tool, which
can be used to loosen or tighten a nut or bolt. It has a "jaw" (the part where the nut or bolt fits), which
is of adjustable.The adjustable wrench works by turning a screw, which is usually located at the
bottom of the head.

1.4. Soldering iron/gun

Here are the 4 different types of Soldering iron/gun:

1. Electric Soldering Iron

Electronicsoldering connects electrical wiring and electronic components to printed circuit

boards by utilizing a metallic alloy substance called solder. This special alloy is melted by using a
solderingiron, a wave bath, or a specialized oven, as it joins conductors to PCBs, terminals, and
wires.

2. Soldering pencil

soldering pencil. [′säd·ə·riŋ ‚pen·səl] (engineering) A small soldering iron, about the size and
weight of a standard lead pencil, used for soldering or unsoldering joints on printed wiring boards.
 3. Soldering gun

A soldering gun is a gun that's purpose is to attack unfinished circuit boards by coating certain
places in conductive metal, thereby completing the circuit board. This gun can erase bad soldering
jobs done by previous misuse.However, and gun like this in the wrong hands could wreak havoc. It
is amazing how in this country we don't have any regulation or restriction on the sale of soldering
guns

4. Soldering station

Regardless of the situation, a solderingstation comes in handy when you decide to take on such a
project for yourself. Soldering is a process by which two or more items (usually metals) are joined
together by intense and directed heat with a filler metal (or solder) used at the joint.

1.5. Wrenches
Here are the 5 different types of Wrench:

1. Open-end wrench

This one-piece wrench is made double-ended with differing size openings for opposite faces of bolts
or nuts. The U-shaped opening on each end provides grip for objects by flipping the wrench over to
use the opposite side. For quick and easy use, this wrench is flat and can fit over nuts and bolts in
small spaces for tightening or loosening. You may use an open-ended wrench for narrow project
areas where a larger or thicker wrench won’t fit.
 2. Combination wrench

Another double-ended tool, the combination wrench is made up of an open-end on one side and a
box-end on the other. The box-end side consists of a closed ring with varying diameters on
the inside that depend on the size of wrench. The combination wrench is a multi-purpose tool with
the open-end for tightening and loosening in small spaces and the box-end for leverage and a firm
grip around nuts and bolts.

3. Allen wrench

This type of wrench may sound familiar to you if you’ve ever built any furniture that needed piecing
together. These wrenches have L or T-shaped handles with hexagonal shaped ends matching
openings to bolts or screws. Though they are small, they are typically used for pairing and holding
objects together.

4. Socket wrench

Used to turn a fastener, a socket wrench has a socket (hollow cylinder) attached to the end of the
handle that is fitted over nuts and bolts to tighten and loosen. Sockets are detachable enabling the
wrench to be used for various sizes of objects. Also referred to as a ratchet wrench, socket
wrenches have speed and efficiency on their side and can be used at many angles.
 5. Adjustable wrench

If you don’t have the right size of wrench for a project or repair, an adjustable wrench can save the
day. Also known as a crescent wrench, this tool can adjust according to size allowing you to use it
on an assortment of bolts and nuts. While having an adjustable wrench can get the job done, it
should only be used when necessary. Due to their versatility, they can tend to slip and slide along
bolts when too much force is used.

1.6. Utility knife/stripper

Here are the 5 different types of Utility knife/stripper:

1. Milwaukee 48-22-1903 Fastback 3

The Fastback 3 utility knife has all the makings of an exceptional product. Initially, there’s one really
brilliant feature; blade storage. You’ve got the one blade used for cutting, then you can store an
extra 4 blades inside the knife. So, if you ever need to swap them out, it can do it without rummaging
through your tool kit or kitchen drawers until you find the replacements. It’s wildly convenient!

2. Husky 21113

The first thing you’ll notice about the Husky 2113 is that the handle is very grippy. It features a
textured pattern that really helps it stick in your hand and stay very still when you use it. As a result,
it might be the best utility knife to use in slippery conditions – like when it’s raining, or your hands are
sweaty. You always feel in control, and this makes the knife a lot safer to use as well.
The second thing you’ll notice is that the blade is folding. It folds back in on itself when you’re not
using it, so there’s never the fear of accidentally pushing down on a release butting that extends the
blade outwards.

3. FC Folding Pocket Utility Knife

When you’re searching for the best utility knife, you quickly realize that a lot of products offer similar
features. So, it’s helpful when you find one that just goes a little bit above and beyond what you
expect. The FC Folding Pocket Utility Knife is a fantastic example of this. Yes, it cuts just as well as
other utility knives, and it also boasts the same safety of other folding options. However, where this
product comes alive is in the extra things you get with it.

4. Sheffield Utility Knife

It’s by no means essential, but one great feature of this utility knife is the color scheme. It has a
vibrant handle, and you can choose between blue, black and red. The Sheffield Utility knife is also
folding, so you can tuck the sharp blade away when you don’t use it. One thing that stands out is
how lightweight it is. It weighs 4 ounces, so you barely feel it in your hands at all. And, when it’s in
your hand, the handle has an excellent grip to it and sits comfortably while you work.

5. Stanley 10-099

Finally, you’ve got the Stanley 10-099. Now, Stanley has been making knives for years, so you know
you’re getting something good here. It’s a retractable blade, which means the blade hides inside the
handle when you don’t use it. You push down on the button at the top and slide it up to reveal the
blade when you require it.
1.7. Hot air soldering station

Here is the only example of Hot air soldering station:

1. Hot air soldering station

Hot air soldering stations are great for professionals and hobbyists because they can be used for
preheating components before removing, or can be used to reflow SMT components such as DIP,
SOIC, CHIP, QFP, BLCC, and other IC's. ... Combines functions of a hot air gun, a soldering iron
and a smoke absorber.

1.8. LAN Tester

Here are the 8 different types of LAN Tester:

1. Understanding Electrical Testers

Professional electricians use a variety of testers to check a wide range of electrical

functions in residential and commercial electrical wiring, and DIY homeowners will
also find some of these tools useful. Learning to identify these testers, understanding
their functions, and learning how to use them will greatly expand your expertise when
it comes to working on electrical wiring.
 1. Non-Contact Voltage Testers
(Inductance Testers)

Non-contact voltage testers (also known as inductance testers) are probably the safest testers around,
and they're certainly the easiest to use. A non-contact tester allows you to check for voltage in wires or
devices without you having to touch any wires or parts. The device is like a mini wand with a small tip
on the end that senses voltage in such things as electrical wiring, outlets, circuit breakers, lamp cords,
light sockets, and switches. You can get a reading simply by sticking the tip of the tester into an outlet
slot or even touching the outside of a wire or electrical cable.

2. Neon Voltage Testers

Neon voltage testers, or neon circuit testers, are as simple as they come. They have a small body with
a neon light inside and two short wire leads with a metal probe on each end. Neon voltage testers tell
you only whether a voltage is present or not; they don't tell you how much voltage is in a circuit. Unlike
the non-contact voltage tester, this took requires you to touch the circuit wires, screw terminals, or
outlet slots with the wire probes. This device does not use a battery, making it a very dependable tool.

3. Plug-In Circuit Analyzers

Plug-in circuit analyzers are inexpensive, easy-to-use testers that can tell you a great deal about the
functions of an electrical circuit when you plug it into an outlet. These testers are designed to test
ordinary electrical outlets, but only grounded outlets that have three slots. Older two-slot outlets cannot
be tested with the testers because no ground wire is connected to these outlets. Two-slot outlets are
best tested with a neon circuit tester.
 4. Continuity Tester

A continuity tester is a device that is powered by batteries and has a probe at one end and a cord with
either an alligator clip or another probe at the other end. If you touch the two together, you complete a
circuit and light is illuminated on the body of the tester, indicating a complete circuit. These testers are
great for checking to see if something like a single-pole switch is working properly.

5. Multimeter

Multimeters are the most versatile of the electrical testers and, as the name implies, they are capable
of many different testing functions. All professional electricians own one of these tools. Most
multimeters can provide precise readings of resistance, AC and DC voltage, continuity, capacitance,
and frequency. If you learn how to use all its functions, a multimeter can provide virtually all the
information offered by all other testers.

6. Solenoid Voltage Tester

Solenoid voltage testers, also known in the trade by the nickname "wiggies," are also multi-function
testers, but they are somewhat simpler and easier to use than the battery-operated multimeters. Both
analog and digital models are available. Solenoid volt meters are capable of testing for both voltage
and polarity. Electricians use them frequently because they can test both AC voltage and DC voltage in
a range from 100 to 600 volts. Pros often prefer this tool over the multimeter for many applications,
since it is very rugged and has no batteries to monitor. It is not, however, quite as accurate as a
multimeter for providing a numerical measurement of how much voltage is present.
 7. Digital Clamp Meter

A digital clamp meter is a tool normally used only by professional electricians. It combines the function
of a multimeter with a current sensor, and is slightly more expensive than a multimeter. There are
subtle differences in function between a multimeter and a clamp meter, but the most obvious one is
that this tool features clamping jaws that can grip wire conductors. This makes the tool somewhat safer
and easier to use in some applications, such as when working inside an open circuit breaker panel to
test individual circuits. The tool also features wire leads that allow the tool to be used in the same
manner as a standard multimeter.

1.9. Crimping tools

Here are the 3 different types of Crimping tools:

1. Hand Crimpers

These handheld crimpers used for smaller wires. Some can also be used to cut and strip wire as
well.

2. Hydraulic Crimpers

Hydraulic crimpers can apply much more pressure than small handheld crimpers and are used for
thicker wires.Proper maintenance requires periodically changing the oil and oil filter so that the
hydraulics remain fluid and do not clog. You will also want to make sure there is no dust or air inside
the tool after replacing the oil.
 3. Hammer Crimpers

Hammer crimpers are cheap, compact, and can crimp a wide range of wire sizes simply by adjusting
the height of the movable wedge. The larger the lug, the more strikes you will need to make with the
hammer.

2. Equipment and testing devices

2.1. Equipment includes but not limited to:

2.1.1. Maintenance bench

1. Maintenance bench

A Maintenacebench is a table used by woodworkers to hold workpieces while they are worked by
other tools. There are many styles of woodworking benches, each reflecting the type of work to be
done or the craftsman's way of working.

2.1.2. Power supply equipment

1.Power supply equipment

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. ... As a
result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power
supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load
appliances that they power.
2.2. Testing devices include but not limited to:
2.2.1. Multi-meter

1. Multi-meter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that

combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage,
current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display
readings.

2.2.2. Calibrators

1. Calibrators

a measurement technology and metrology, calibration is the comparison of measurement values

delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy.

2.2.3. Signal generator

1. Signal generator

A signal generator is an electronic device that generates repeating or non-repeating electronic

signals in either the analog or the digital domain.
2.2.4. Oscilloscope

1. Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as a scope or o-scope,

CRO, or DSO, is a type of electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying signal voltages,
usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time.

2.2.5. Appropriate software

1. Windows 7

- Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part
of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on July 22,
2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the
release of its predecessor, Windows Vista.

2. windows server 2008 r2

- Windows Server 2008 R2 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. It was

released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and became generally available on October 22,
2009.

3. Materials
3.1. disks

1.Hard Drive

These are also called 'fixed disks' in ancient computerese because the storage media is mounted
within the computer and not intended to be removed.Hard drives consist of one or more metal
platters stacked together on a single spindle..
 2.Floppy Drive

Named for the media disks that could be pulled out and that would 'flop' when carried. These
disks are designed to allow users to store data to a disk, remove it and carry the data
elsewhere. These typically come in one of two formats in the United States: 3.5" @1.44Mbytes
and 5.25" at 1.22 Mbytes. There are a few proprietary types as well, such as Zip drives, DAT
tapes etc.

3.2. Connectors

1. Analog Audio Connectors

XLR Connectors:
XLR Connectors are the most commonly used professionally used connectors. They are primarily of
three types; XLR Male, XLR Female & TRS. Each connector has three contact points that carry
signals from the ground, positive and negative wires.
XLR Male: This is used to connect a variety of hardware inputs.
XLR Female: It is used to connect a microphone and a variety of hardware inputs.
TRS: It is used to connect both input and output devices.

2. Digital Audio Connectors

 Digital audio connectors are a way ahead of analog audio connectors. However, analog
connectors can be used for carrying digital signals as well. Here are some commonly used
digital audio connectors:
S/PDIF:
S/PDIF is an abbreviation used for Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format and is used at the
consumer level AES/EBU digital audio protocol. They are used in DAT recorders, CD players,
DVD players, MiniDisc equipment, and some audio interfaces.
AES/EBU:
The full form of AES/EBU is Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcasting Union and as
per these standards, XLR connectors are the best to use in a professional setup.
TOSLINK Optical and AdatLightpipe:
It is commonly used digital; a signal connector that can carry a variety of digital signal
formats. These formats include:
 S/PDIF
 AC-3 and DTS
 ADAT Lightpipe
These are the variety of audio connectors available in the market and where they are used.
One must pick the best and apt type of connectors for their audio setup. Now that we have
learned about audio cables and audio connectors, we can proceed to our next chapter i.e.
understanding the way to organize cables. This will take you a step ahead in your audio
journey and make you a pro.

3.3. Adaptors

1. Type A

This class II ungrounded plug with two flat parallel prongs is pretty much standard in most of North
and Central America. It is known as NEMA 1-15 and was invented in 1904 by Harvey Hubbell II. The
plug has two flat 1.5 mm thick blades, measuring 15.9 – 18.3 mm in length and spaced 12.7 mm
apart. Type A plugs are generally polarised and can only be inserted one way because the two
blades do not have the same width. The blade connected to neutral is 7.9 mm wide and the hot
blade is 6.3 mm wide. This plug is rated at 15 A.
 2. Type B

This class I plug is designated as American standard NEMA 5-

15. It has two flat 1.5 mm thick blades, spaced 12.7 mm apart, measuring 15.9 – 18.3 mm in length
and 6.3 mm in width. It also has a 4.8 mm diameter round or U-shaped earth pin, which is 3.2 mm
longer than the two flat blades, so the device is grounded before the power is connected. The
centre-to-centre distance between the grounding pin and the middle of the imaginary line connecting
the two power blades is 11.9 mm. The plug is rated at 15 amps.

3.4. Wires and cables

1. Single conductor wire

Single conductor is a term which refers to the cable design used to connect the inspection
camera and accessories to the control system. The central core of single conductor cable is
constructed by wrapping copper strands around a single stranded insulated wire.

2. Multi conductor cable

Multi-conductor cables are a unique variation of stranded wire, with each cable hosting at least two
(and often many more) distinct conductors inside of a common jacket. Depending on the
configuration, these cables can offer up to 60 distinct conductors, all bundled in one stranded wire
product, with both solid and stranded conductors wound together.
3.5. Appropriate software
1. Windows 7

- Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part
of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on July 22,
2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the
release of its predecessor, Windows Vista.

2. windows server 2008 r2

- Windows Server 2008 R2 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. It was

released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and became generally available on October 22,
2009.

3.6. Computer storage media

1. Hard drive

a high-capacity, self-contained storage device containing a read-write mechanism plus one or more
hard disks, inside a sealed unit. Also called hard disk drive.

2. CD-ROM

a compact disc used as a read-only optical memory device for a computer system.

4. OH & S policies and procedures

4.1. OH & S guidelines

What is an occupational health and safety (OH&S) program?

An organization's occupational health and safety policy is a statement of principles and general
rules that serve as guides for action. Senior management must be committed to ensuring that
the policy is carried out with no exceptions. The health and safety policy should have the same
importance as the other policies of the organization.
The policy statement can be brief, but it should mention:

 Management's commitment to protect the safety and health of employees.

 The objectives of the program.
 The organization's basic health and safety philosophy.
 Who is accountable for occupational health and safety programs.
 The general responsibilities of all employees.
 That health and safety shall not be sacrificed for expediency.
 That unacceptable performance of health and safety duties will not be tolerated.

The policy should be:

 Stated in clear, unambiguous, and unequivocal terms.

 Signed by the incumbent Chief Executive Officer.
 Kept up-to-date.
 Communicated to each employee.
 Adhered to in all work activities.

5. Computer systems and networks

Includes but not limited to:
5.1. Servers

1. Servers

In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other
programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client–server model, and a single
overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices.
5.2 Peripherals

1. Peripheral

A peripheral or peripheral device is "an ancillary device used to put information into and get information out
of the computer".

5.3. Desktop computers

1. Deskstop computer

A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or
table due to its size and power requirements

5.4. network devices

1. Router
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform
the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is
in the form of data packets.

2. Modem

A modem is a hardware device that converts data into a format suitable for a transmission medium so that it
can be transmitted from computer to computer. A modem modulates one or more carrier wave signals to
encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information.

5.5. cables and connection

1. Twisted pair

Twisted pair cabling, with the ubiquitous "RJ-45" 8P8C modular connector, is a form of wiring in which
pairs of wires (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of
canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other wire pairs and from external sources. This
type of cable is used for home and corporate Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cabling is used in short patch
cables and in the longer runs in structured cabling.

2. Fiber optic
An optical fiber cable consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective material.
Optical fiber deployment is more expensive than copper but offers higher bandwidth and can cover longer
distances.[2] There are two major types of optical fiber cables: shorter-range multi-mode fiber and long-
range single-mode fiber.

6. Personal protective equipment

Includes but not limited to:

6.1. Goggles/glasses

1. Face Shields

Face shields are intended to protect the entire face or portions of it from impact hazards such as flying
fragments, objects, large chips, and particles. When worn alone, face shields do not protect employees from
impact hazards. Use face shields in combination with safety spectacles or goggles, even in the absence of
dust or potential splashes, for additional protection beyond that offered by spectacles or goggles alone.

2. Safety Goggles

Safety goggles are intended to shield the wearer's eyes from impact hazards such as flying fragments,
objects, large chips, and particles. Goggles fit the face immediately surrounding the eyes and form a
protective seal around the eyes. This prevents objects from entering under or around the goggles.Safety
goggles may incorporate prescription lenses mounted behind protective lenses for individuals requiring vision
correction. Take time to consider specific lens, frame, and ventilation options when selecting safety goggles.
6.2. Mask

1. N-95 respirators

Working with live animals or infectious materials in BSL-2 level labs with known airborne transmissible
disease (e.g. tuberculosis, also required for influenza (flu)); dusty environments

2. Surgical masks

Working with live animals; working with infectious material in BSL-2+ level labs but only protects your sample
from you, not the other way around.

6.3. Gloves

1. Cotton/Fabric Gloves

This is the most common type of gloves for general work or projects where a high level of protection isn’t
needed. These gloves offer a thin, lightweight fabric covering that offers little safety to the user. They’re
mostly used to prevent minor scrapes or splinters, though do nothing to prevent punctures, burns, or cuts.

2. Coated Fabric Gloves

A step above non-coated fabric gloves, these gloves provide a little more protection against punctures, cuts,
and chemicals. Nitrile, PVC, and polyurethane are common types of coatings, but the actual coating you need
depends on the job itself.

6.4. Anti-static wrist wrap

1. Anti-static wrist wrap

An anti-static wrist strap is a key piece of safety gear that helps to prevent the buildup of static
electricity near sensitive electronics or other projects where static charge could damage electronics
or cause safety issues. The wrist strap is often used with an anti-static mat or other type of work
space covering. Special, highly conductive threads on the wrist strap lead to a ground conductor in
order to discharge static electricity safely. An anti-static wrist strap may also be called an
electrostatic discharge (ESD) wrist strap.

7. Maintenance

7.1. Software updates

1. Software updates

A software update, which is sometimes called a software patch, is a free download for an
application, operating system, or software suite that provides fixes for features that aren't
working as intended or adds minor software enhancements and compatibility.
 7.2. Hard disk maintenance

1. Hard disk maintenance

Disk Clean-up (cleanmgr.exe) is a computer maintenance utility included in Microsoft Windows

designed to free up disk space on a computer's hard drive. The utility first searches and analyzes
the hard drive for files that are no longer of any use, and then removes the unnecessary files.

7.3. File back-up/Restoration

1. File back-up/Restoration

Backup is the process of making a copy of information to be used in the event that the original copy is
lost or damaged. The copy is typically transferred to a backup medium; i.e., either a virtual tape file, which
is an allocation of disk space acting as a tape device, or any physical backup device supported by
Windows.

8. Faults and problems

8.1. Network connectivity

1. Network connectivity
Network connectivity describes the extensive process of connecting various parts of a network to
one another, for example, through the use of routers, switches and gateways, and how that process
works.

8.2. Software issues

1. Software issues

Network troubleshooting is the collective measures and processes used to identify, diagnose and
resolve problems and issues within a computer network. It is a systematic process that aims to
resolve problems and restore normal network operations within the network.

8.3. Hardware issues

1. Hardware issues

A hardware problem is classified as a fault in an actual component (e.g. electrical failure) - or in the
configuration of that component - leading to issues with the computer. It is distinct from a software
or firmware problem, which is normally caused by a defect in the software or operating system code
respectively.