10.0000@Www - Onepetro.org@journal Paper@SPWLA 2019 v60n1t1

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 12

3(7523+<6,&692/12 )(%58$5< 3$*(6±),*85(67$%/(6'2,3-91W

78725,$/
2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\
.HQW1HZVKDP-RH&RPLVN\DQG5RODQG&KHPDOL

7KLVLVDWKUHHSDUWWXWRULDORIDZRUNIORZIRUHYDOXDWLQJXQFRQYHQWLRQDOUHVRXUFHVLQFOXGLQJRUJDQLFPXGVWRQHVDQGWLJKWVLOWVWRQHV3DUWUHYLHZVWKH
XQLTXHFKDOOHQJHVDQGZHSURYLGHDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHSURSRVHGZRUNIORZ3DUWGHVFULEHVLQPRUHGHWDLOWKHPDQ\FRPSRQHQWVRIWKHZRUNIORZDQG
KRZWKH\FRPHWRJHWKHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\RIWKHUHVHUYRLU)LQDOO\3DUWOLQNVWKHSHWURSK\VLFDOUHVXOWVWRWKHSURGXFWLRQSRWHQWLDOLQ
WHUPVRIIUDFWLRQDOIORZDQGZDWHUFXW

027,9$7,21 x$YDORQZLWK5(RI
   2,3VHFWLRQ
 2QH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW IXQFWLRQV WKDW WKH xQG%RQH6SULQJ6DQG
SHWURSK\VLFLVWSURYLGHVLVWKHHVWLPDWLRQRIDFFXUDWHVWRUDJH    2,3VHFWLRQ
SURSHUWLHV ,Q WKH RLO DQG JDV LQGXVWU\ VWRUDJH GHILQHV WKH xUG%RQH6SULQJ6DQG
RSSRUWXQLW\DQGIORZSD\VWKHELOOV(VWLPDWLRQRIVWRUDJHLV    2,3VHFWLRQ
PRUHWKDQMXVWHVWLPDWLRQRISRURVLW\DQGZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQ,W x:ROIFDPS;<DQG$
EHJLQVZLWKDFFXUDWHDVVHVVPHQWRIURFNFRPSRVLWLRQZKLFK    2,3VHFWLRQ
EHJHWVDFFXUDWHSRURVLW\DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\ZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQ x :ROIFDPS%
+RZHYHU VWRUDJH HVWLPDWLRQ QHHG QRW HQG WKHUH :LWK DQ    2,3VHFWLRQ
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI IOXLG W\SH DQG SURSHUWLHV DQG ZLWK WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ RI DSSURSULDWH HTXDWLRQV RI VWDWH WKDW GHVFULEH  7KDW¶VDWRWDORI%2VHFWLRQ2,3&OHDUO\
WKH YDULDWLRQ RI IRUPDWLRQ YROXPH IDFWRU EXEEOHSRLQW RU \RX FDQ VHH WKDW DFFXUDWH HVWLPDWLRQ RI 2,3 SOD\V DQ
GHZSRLQW SUHVVXUH RLO YLVFRVLW\ DQG GHQVLW\ DV D IXQFWLRQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ PDNLQJ DSSURSULDWH HFRQRPLF GHFLVLRQV
RIWHPSHUDWXUHSUHVVXUH*25$3,JUDYLW\DQGJDVJUDYLW\ ,IWKH2,3LVVLJQLILFDQWO\ORZHUWKHQDVVXPSWLRQVDERXWWKH
YHU\DFFXUDWHDVVHVVPHQWVRIRLOLQSODFH 2,3 JDVLQSODFH HFRQRPLFYLDELOLW\RIWKHDFUHDJHPD\EHLQFRUUHFWOHDGLQJ
*,3  DQG ZDWHU LQ SODFH :,3  DUH SRVVLEOH LQ SURILOH WR SRWHQWLDO RYHU FDSLWDOL]DWLRQ 5HPHPEHU WKDW LI \RX SD\
7KHVH SURILOHV DUH WKHQ LQWHJUDWHG LQWR FXPXODWLYH VWRUDJH DFUH WKLV WXUQV LQWR VHFWLRQ $W 
YROXPHVE\EHQFK ZHOOVVHFWULRQ WKDW LV HTXLYDOHQW WR ZHOO ODQG
 6RZK\VKRXOGWKHSHWURSK\VLFVFRPPXQLW\FDUH"$JDLQ EXUGHQ ZKLFK QHJDWLYHO\ LPSDFWV WKH QHW SUHVHQW YDOXH RI
VWRUDJHDVVHVVPHQWLVFULWLFDOLQWKHYDOXDWLRQRIDFUHDJHDQG WKH SURMHFW OHDYLQJ IHZHU GROODUV DYDLODEOH IRU HFRQRPLF
GHILQLWLRQRIWKHHFRQRPLFRSSRUWXQLW\WKDWDJLYHQSURMHFW GULOOLQJ DQG FRPSOHWLRQV ,I WKH DVVXPSWLRQ RI  ZHOOV
PD\\LHOG/HW¶VWDNHDUHFHQWH[DPSOHZKHUHDFUHDJHFRVWV VHFWLRQLVLQFRUUHFWDQGLWLVDFWXDOO\ZHOOVVHFWLRQZKLFK
LQWKH3HUPLDQKDYHUHDFKHGDFUHDQGH[DPLQHWKH LV HTXLYDOHQW WR IRXU ZHOOVVHFWLRQEHQFK WKHQ WKH ODQG
UHTXLUHG2,3WRVXSSRUWWKLVDFUHDJHFRVW,QWKHDFTXLVLWLRQ EXUGHQ GRXEOHV WR ZHOO +RZHYHU DW WKH ORZHU
OHW¶VDVVXPHWKDWWKHUHDUHILYHSULPDU\EHQFKHVGHILQHGDV ZHOOGHQVLW\WKHUHTXLUHG2,3ZLOOEHKDOIDW
x $YDORQ PXGVWRQH ZLWK D UHFRYHU\ HIILFLHQF\ 5(  %2VHFWLRQ
UDQJHRIWR
x QG%RQH6SULQJ6DQG5(UDQJHRIWR $%675$&7
x UG%RQH6SULQJ6DQG5(UDQJHRIWR
x :ROIFDPS ;< DQG$ D PL[HG VLOWVWRQHPXGVWRQH  7KH HPHUJHQFH RI WLJKW RUJDQLFPXGVWRQH JDV DQG
V\VWHP5(UDQJHRIWR RLO SOD\V LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD KDV FDXVHG WKH LQGXVWU\ WR
x :ROIFDPS % JDV FRQGHQVDWH PXGVWRQH V\VWHP 5( UHH[DPLQHWKHPHWKRGVWKDWZHXVHWRTXDQWLI\WKHUHVRXUFH
UDQJHRIWR DQG UHFRYHUDEOH UHVHUYHV LQ SODFH :H UHFRJQL]H WKDW
XQFRQYHQWLRQDO JDV DQG RLO UHVHUYRLUV DUH JHRORJLFDOO\
 /HW¶V DVVXPH WKDW HDFK ZHOO QHHGV WR GHOLYHU  DQG SHWURSK\VLFDOO\ KHWHURJHQHRXV DW D YDULHW\ RI VFDOHV
%2RIHVWLPDWHGXOWLPDWHUHFRYHU\ (85 WREHHFRQRPLF 2UJDQLFPXGVWRQH V\VWHPV H[KLELW VWRUDJH DQG IORZ
)XUWKHUPRUHZH¶OODVVXPHWKHXSSHUOLPLWRIHDFKEHQFK¶V FKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKDWDUHXQLTXHO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHPLFUR
5(DQGHLJKWZHOOVSHUVHFWLRQZHOOGHQVLW\7KLV\LHOGVWKH WR QDQRVFDOH SRUHWKURDW DQG SRUHVL]H GLVWULEXWLRQV 7KH\
IROORZLQJ DOVRSRVVHVVFRPPRQRUJDQLFDQGFOD\FRQWHQW$SSUDLVDORI

2FFLGHQWDO3HWUROHXP&RUS(GJHZDWHU'U0DJQROLD7;.HQWBQHZVKDP#R[\FRP

'HYRQ(QHUJ\&RUSRUDWLRQ:6KHULGDQ$YH2NODKRPD&LW\2.MRHFRPLVN\#GYQFRP

2FFLGHQWDO3HWUROHXP&RUS*UHHQZD\3OD]D6XLWH+RXVWRQ7;5RODQGB&KHPDOL#R[\FRP

4 PETROPHYSICS February 2019


2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

WKHVHV\VWHPVSUHVHQWVFKDOOHQJHVGXHWRWKHFRPSOH[IOXLG DVVHVVPHQWRIRUJDQLFPXGVWRQHV6LJQLILFDQWSRUWLRQVRIWKH
FRPSRVLWLRQDQGGLVWULEXWLRQ ZRUNIORZ DOVR DSSO\ WR FRQYHQWLRQDO UHVHUYRLUV LQFOXGLQJ
 ,Q WKLV WXWRULDO ZH SUHVHQW D QRYHO ZRUNIORZ DQG WLJKW VLOWVWRQHV ,W LV QRW WKH LQWHQW WR SUHVHQW WKLV DV WKH
PHWKRGV IRU V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ PRGHOLQJ UHVHUYRLUV ZLWK GHILQLWLYH DSSURDFK DV WKH DXWKRUV UHFRJQL]H WKDW WKHUH DUH
FRPSOH[PLQHUDODQGIOXLGFRPSRVLWLRQ2QHRIWKHSULPDU\ QXPHURXV DQG YDULDEOH DSSURDFKHV WR GHVFULELQJ WKHVH
REMHFWLYHVLVIRUFRQVLVWHQWDQGDFFXUDWHHVWLPDWHVRIUHVHUYRLU V\VWHPV +RZHYHU GHYHORSLQJ D V\VWHPDWLF ZRUNIORZ ZLOO
VWRUDJHFDSDFLW\7KLVZRUNIORZSURYLGHVGLUHFWFRUHWRORJ \LHOGWKUHHIXQGDPHQWDOEHQHILWVWRWKHLQGXVWU\
FDOLEUDWLRQ RI VWDWLF SURSHUWLHV WKURXJKRXW WKH SURFHVV ,W x 5HOLDEOH UHSHDWDEOH DQG DXGLWDEOH SHWURSK\VLFDO
DOVRGLUHFWO\FDOLEUDWHVWRG\QDPLFSURSHUWLHVVXFKDVSRUH UHVXOWV
SUHVVXUH DQG IOXLG SKDVH SURSHUWLHV YLD 397 WHVWV XVLQJ x &RQVLVWHQW VXEVXUIDFH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ ZLWKLQ JLYHQ
LQGXVWU\ VWDQGDUG HTXDWLRQVRIVWDWH (26  FRUUHODWLRQV ILHOGVZLWKLQJLYHQIRUPDWLRQVDQGDFURVVEXVLQHVV
VXFK DV 6WDQGLQJ   DQG 9DVTXH] DQG %HJJV   XQLW DVVHWV 7KLV LQ WXUQ ZLOO IDFLOLWDWH VWDII VNLOOVHW
$GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH PHWKRG SURYLGHV D UHODWLRQVKLS RI VWDWLF WUDQVIHUDVQHZWHDPPHPEHUVURWDWHLQWRWKHUHVHUYRLU
ZDWHU FXW WR SURGXFLQJ ZDWHU FXW XVLQJ FODVVLF IUDFWLRQDO PDQDJHPHQWWHDPZLWKDFRQVLVWHQWSURWRFROIRUXVH
IORZPHWKRGV x $VROLGIRXQGDWLRQWRWKHSHWURSK\VLFDOVHFWLRQRIWKH
 7KH ORJFDOLEUDWLRQ SURFHVV XVHG LV D ³K\EULG´ DQQXDOUHVHUYHUHYLHZSURFHVV
VLPXOWDQHRXV LQYHUVLRQ DSSURDFK LQ ZKLFK GLUHFW
PHDVXUHPHQWV RI WRWDO FOD\ FRQWHQW WRWDO RUJDQLF FDUERQ  7KH ZRUNIORZ DGGUHVVHV ZKDW ZH UHIHU WR DV
72&  DQG S\ULWH IURP FRUH RU FXWWLQJV DUH XVHG DV LQSXWV ³3HWURSK\VLFV&35´ WKH DFURQ\P VWDQGV IRU ³FRQVLVWHQW
WR FRQVWUDLQ WKH LQYHUVLRQ UHVXOWV 2WKHU LQSXWV LQFOXGH SRUWDEOHDQGUHOLDEOH´7KHVHDUHHVVHQWLDODWWULEXWHVRIWKH
FRQYHQWLRQDO ORJ GDWD ZKRVH UHVSRQVH LV DIIHFWHG E\ WKH SHWURSK\VLFDODQDO\VLVVRWKDWDFRPSDQ\PD\H[HFXWHJRRG
SUHVHQFH RI IOXLGV K\GURFDUERQV DQG ZDWHU  YDULRXV EXVLQHVVGHFLVLRQVDQGSURYLGHDSSURSULDWHPDWHULDOEDODQFH
PLQHUDOV DQG RUJDQLF PDWHULDO 5HVXOWV IURP WKH LQYHUVLRQ LQSXWVIRUUHVHUYHVFHUWLILFDWLRQ
FDOFXODWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ YROXPHV RI RWKHU URFN FRQVWLWXHQWV  ,QWKHSURSRVHGZRUNIORZSHWURSK\VLFVLVDQLQWHJUDOSDUW
DUHFRPSDUHGDJDLQVWSK\VLFDOPHDVXUHPHQWVIURPFRUHDQG RIWKHVXEVXUIDFHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQZRUNIORZ )LJ DQGLV
RUFXWWLQJV7KLVWXWRULDOLQFOXGHVQXPHURXVH[DPSOHV DPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\DFWLYLW\HQFRPSDVVLQJJHRORJ\GULOOLQJ
UHVHUYRLU HQJLQHHULQJ FRPSOHWLRQV DQG SURGXFWLRQ 7KH
,1752'8&7,21$1'*(1(5$/29(59,(: ZRUNIORZIDFLOLWDWHVWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIDYDLODEOHJHRORJLFDO
UHVHUYRLUHQJLQHHULQJDQGSURGXFWLRQGDWDWRKHOSJXLGHDQG
 7KLV WXWRULDO LV HVVHQWLDOO\ WKH ZULWWHQ GRFXPHQW RI UHILQH WKH SHWURSK\VLFDO PRGHO &RQYHUVHO\ SHWURSK\VLFDO
QXPHURXV RUDO SUHVHQWDWLRQV RI WKH VDPH WLWOH PDGH IRU UHVXOWV SURYLGH UHFLSURFDO JXLGDQFH DQG UHILQHPHQW WR
YDULRXV SURIHVVLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV VLQFH  7KH LQWHQW JHRORJLFDODQGUHVHUYRLUHQJLQHHULQJPRGHOV9DOLGDWLRQRI
RI WKLV GRFXPHQW LV WR GHVFULEH D SHWURSK\VLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ WKHFRPSXWHGSHWURSK\VLFDOUHVXOWVRFFXUVIURPFDOLEUDWLRQ
ZRUNIORZ WKDW PD\ VHUYH DV D IUDPHZRUN H[DPSOH LQ WKH DQGFRUUHODWLRQWRFRUHDQGIOXLGEDVHGPHDVXUHPHQWV

)LJ²,QWHJUDWHGVXEVXUIDFHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQZRUNIORZ PRGLILHGIURP/0DUWLQSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 

February 2019 PETROPHYSICS 5


2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

 3HWURSK\VLFVLVWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIURFNSRUHVDQGIOXLGV  Pore Pressure Profiles3RUHSUHVVXUHYDULHVZLWKGHSWK


DQGWKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIK\GURFDUERQIOXLGIORZWKURXJK DQGPDWXULW\RIWKHRUJDQLFV,WLVDQHVVHQWLDOLQSXWLQWRDQ\
SHUPHDEOHPHGLDDWHFRQRPLFUDWHVLQDFKDQJLQJFRPPRGLW\ SUHVVXUHYROXPHWHPSHUDWXUH 397  (26 &RPSUHVVLRQDO
HQYLURQPHQW3HWURSK\VLFVLQWHJUDWHVGDWDVHWVIURPPXOWLSOH VRQLF ORJV DQG WKH XVH RI WKH (DWRQ PHWKRG (DWRQ  
VRXUFHVGLVFLSOLQHVDQGVFDOHV,IWKHXVHRIPXOWLSOHGDWD SURYLGH DQ HVWLPDWH RI SRUH SUHVVXUH 'LDJQRVWLF IUDFWXUH
VRXUFHVRUPHWKRGVWRGHVFULEHWKHVDPHSDUDPHWHUUHVXOWV LQMHFWLRQ WHVWV '),7V  LQMHFWLRQ IDOORII WHVWV ,)27  RU
LQ VLPLODU YDOXHV WKHQ WKHUH LV OLWWOH XQFHUWDLQW\ LQ WKH LQIORZ SHUIRUPDQFH FXUYHV ,35  SURYLGH D FDOLEUDWLRQ
PHDVXUHGSURSHUW\8VLQJDIRRWEDOOYHUQDFXODUZHUHIHUUHG VRXUFH IRU WKH HVWLPDWHG SRUH SUHVVXUH SURILOHV ,Q VRPH
WRWKLVDVWKH³WKUHHSRLQWVWDQFH´7KHXVHRIFXWWLQJVDQG LQVWDQFHV RI PLFURGDUF\ SHUPHDELOLW\ PRGHUQ IRUPDWLRQ
RU FRUH PHDVXUHPHQWV DQGRU WKH XVH RI LQGHSHQGHQW ORJ SUHVVXUHZLUHOLQHWRROVSURYLGHDFDOLEUDWLRQVRXUFHIRUWKH
PHDVXUHPHQWVVHUYHVDVWKHIXQGDPHQWDOEDVLVIRUFDOLEUDWLQJ HVWLPDWHGSRUHSUHVVXUHSURILOHV
WKHURFNORJPRGHOVZLWKLQWKHZRUNIORZ  Elastic Properties and Closure Stress <RXQJ¶V
PRGXOXVDQG3RLVVRQ¶VUDWLRDUHGHWHUPLQHGIURPVKHDUDQG
:RUNIORZ5HVXOWV FRPSUHVVLRQDOVRQLFDQGGHQVLW\ORJV3RLVVRQ¶VUDWLRDQGSRUH
 )URP)LJSHWURSK\VLFDOVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGDFFRUGLQJ SUHVVXUHLQSXWVDUHXVHGWRHVWLPDWHFORVXUHVWUHVVPLQLPXP
WRWKLVZRUNIORZ\LHOGWKHIROORZLQJVHWVRIFRPSXWHGUHVXOWV KRUL]RQWDOVWUHVVXVLQJDSODQHVWUDLQWZRGLPHQVLRQDO ' 
 Composition$GHVFULSWLRQRIWKHPLQHUDOVFRPSULVLQJ PRGHO RU D IXOO WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO '  PRGHO LQFOXGLQJ
WKHPDWUL[LQFOXGLQJWKHLUW\SHVDQGWKHLUUHODWLYHSURSRUWLRQV YHUWLFDOWRKRUL]RQWDODQLVRWURS\&ORVXUHVWUHVVDQG<RXQJ¶V
TXDUW]IHOGVSDUVFDUERQDWHVFOD\DQGS\ULWH7\SLFDORUJDQLF PRGXOXV DUH LQSXWV LQWR K\GUDXOLF VWLPXODWLRQ PRGHOV IRU
PXGVWRQHVKDYHFRPSOH[OLWKRORJ\PDNLQJWKHLUHYDOXDWLRQ SUHGLFWLRQ RI IUDFWXUH KHLJKW DSHUWXUH DQG FRQGXFWLYLW\
SDUWLFXODUO\ FKDOOHQJLQJ $FFXUDWH FRPSRVLWLRQDO DQDO\VLV $QGHUVRQ%ODQWRQDQG2OVRQ6D\HUV 
LV HVVHQWLDO DV LW DIIHFWV VWRUDJH DQG HODVWLF SURSHUWLHV7KH  Flow Properties 7KHUH DUH QXPHURXV ODERUDWRU\
XVH RI NH\ ZHOOV LV FULWLFDO IRU PLQHUDO FDOLEUDWLRQ ZKHUH PHWKRGVIRUPHDVXULQJDEVROXWHDQGRUHIIHFWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\
DYDLODEOH FRUH FXWWLQJV DQG JHRFKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQDO  EH\RQG WKH VFRSH RI WKLV WXWRULDO 0DQ\ FRPPHUFLDO ODEV
ORJV PD\ VXSSOHPHQW WKH PRUH W\SLFDOO\ DYDLODEOH WULSOH PHDVXUHDKHOLXPSUHVVXUHGHFD\SHUPHDELOLW\ZLWKFUXVKHG
FRPERRUTXDGFRPERORJVXLWHV SDUWLFOHVEDVHGRQWKH*DV5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH *5, PHWKRG
 Organic Content and Maturity +\GURFDUERQEHDULQJ /XIIHO HW DO   RU D YDULDWLRQ WKHUHRI ,QWDFW F\OLQGHU
IRUPDWLRQV LQ XQFRQYHQWLRQDO UHVHUYRLUV DUH RIWHQ VHOI PHDVXUHPHQWV DUH DYDLODEOH YLD VWHDG\VWDWH &KKDWUH HW
VRXUFLQJ7KHK\GURFDUERQKDVUHPDLQHGLQFORVHSUR[LPLW\ DO   RU XQVWHDG\VWDWH SXOVHGHFD\ %UDFH HW DO
WR WKH NHURJHQ VRXUFH RU XQGHUJRQH VKRUW PLJUDWLRQ SDWKV 'LFNHUDQG6PLWV VHWXSV*HQHUDOO\WKHVHDUH
LQWRDGMDFHQWIRUPDWLRQV:LWKLQWKHZRUNIORZWKHNHURJHQ PHDVXUHG XVLQJ JDV QLWURJHQ DUJRQ DLU RU KHOLXP  RU D
FODVVLILHVDVSDUWRIWKHPDWUL[+RZHYHUWKLVFRPSOLFDWHVWKH OLTXLG K\GURFDUERQ LQFOXGLQJ VWRFNWDQN RU ODERUDWRU\ RLO
DQDO\VLVEHFDXVHWKHORJUHVSRQVHWRNHURJHQLVPRUHVLPLODU :H ZLOO DGGUHVV D PHWKRG IRU HVWLPDWLQJ IUDFWLRQDO IORZ
WRWKHUHVSRQVHRIIOXLGV(UURUVLQHVWLPDWLQJRUJDQLFFRQWHQW FDOLEUDWHGWRSURGXFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQFRUHLQDODWHUVHFWLRQRI
ZLOO DIIHFW WKH HVWLPDWHV RI SRURVLW\ DQG ZDWHU VDWXUDWLRQ WKHWXWRULDO
7KH OHYHO RI PDWXULW\ RI WKH NHURJHQ FRQWUROV ZKHWKHU WKH
IRUPDWLRQLVEHDULQJJDVFRQGHQVDWHRLORULQFDVHRIORZ :KDW0DNHV2UJDQLF0XGVWRQHV'LIIHUHQW"
PDWXULW\QRQSURGXFLEOHK\GURFDUERQ  1XPHURXV SURSHUWLHV GLIIHUHQWLDWH RUJDQLF PXGVWRQHV
 Storage and Fluid Properties $FFXUDWH HVWLPDWLRQ RI IURP FRQYHQWLRQDO LQWHUSDUWLFOH V\VWHPV 6RQGHUJHOG HW DO
SRURVLW\ZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQDQGK\GURFDUERQIOXLGSURSHUWLHV  SURYLGHVRPHFRPSDULVRQVRIFRQYHQWLRQDOWRRUJDQLF
DUH FUXFLDO LQSXWV LQWR HVWLPDWLRQ RI 2,3 RULJLQDO ZDWHU PXGVWRQHSURSHUWLHVVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZV
LQ SODFH 2:,3  RULJLQDO JDV LQ SODFH 2*,3  DQG ZDWHU x 2UJDQLF PXGVWRQHV W\SLFDOO\ KDYH YHU\ ILQHJUDLQ
FXWHVWLPDWLRQ7KHQHZZRUNIORZIROORZVDWRWDOSRURVLW\ URFNWH[WXUH
DQG WRWDO ZDWHU VDWXUDWLRQ DSSURDFK XVLQJ WKH ³$UFKLH x 2UJDQLF PXGVWRQHV KDYH VWRUDJH DQG IORZ
3KL7´PHWKRGIRUHVWLPDWLQJZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQ8VHRI(26 FKDUDFWHULVWLFV XQLTXHO\ WLHG WR QDQR WR PLFURVFDOH
FRUUHODWLRQVDOORZIRUOHYHOE\OHYHOHVWLPDWHVRIIRUPDWLRQ SRUHWKURDWDQGSRUHVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQV
YROXPH IDFWRU Bo  K\GURFDUERQ GHQVLW\ DQG DFRXVWLF x 2UJDQLF PXGVWRQHV SRVVHVV FRPPRQ RUJDQLF DQG
VORZQHVV DW UHVHUYRLU SUHVVXUH DQG WHPSHUDWXUH FRQGLWLRQV FOD\FRQWHQWZLWKKLJKVXUIDFHDUHDWRYROXPHUDWLRV
$OORIWKHVHSDUDPHWHUVDUHFULWLFDOLQSXWVLQWRDFFXUDWH2,3 WKDWVHUYHDVJDVVRUSWLRQVLWHVLQJDVV\VWHPV
2:,32*,3DQGZDWHUFXWHVWLPDWLRQVXVLQJWKHYROXPHWULF x 7KH FOD\V DQG RUJDQLFV LPSDUW DQ DQLVRWURSLF IDEULF
HTXDWLRQ DIIHFWLQJWKHLUPHFKDQLFDODQGWUDQVSRUWSURSHUWLHV

6 PETROPHYSICS February 2019


2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

x 0XFKRIWKHSRURVLW\PHDVXUHGLQRUJDQLFPXGVWRQHV PDWWHUDQGWKHLQWUDRUJDQLFSRUHV7KHLQWUDRUJDQLFSRUHVDUH
RFFXUVDVLQWUDRUJDQLFLQGLVWULEXWLRQ GDUNEOXHVXUURXQGHGE\NHURJHQLQOLJKWHUEOXH
x 2UJDQLFPXGVWRQHVZLWKFRPPRQDQGPDWXUHNHURJHQ  'ULVNLOO HW DO   H[WHQG WKH /RXFNV HW DO  
DUHJHQHUDOO\K\GURFDUERQVHOIVRXUFLQJ FODVVLILFDWLRQ VFKHPH E\ FODVVLI\LQJ WKH LQWUDRUJDQLF SRUHV
x +\GURFDUERQ FRPSRVLWLRQ PD\ YDU\ JUHDWO\ ZLWK E\SRUHVKDSHDQGPRUSKRORJ\7KHLUVWXG\LQFOXGHVDEURDG
FRPSRQHQWV RI VDWXUDWHV DURPDWLFV UHVLQV DQG UDQJHRIWKHUPDOPDWXULW\IURPWKHRLOWRGU\JDVZLQGRZ
DVSKDOWHQHVDOOSUHVHQWZLWKLQWKHVDPHIRUPDWLRQ 6DPSOHVVKRZRUJDQLFPDWWHUSRUHW\SHDQGSRUHVL]HYDU\
x 6LJQLILFDQW SDUWLDO DQG YDULDEOHZHWWLQJ VWDWHV PD\ E\VWUDWLJUDSK\DQGOHYHORIWKHUPDOPDWXULW\'ULVNLOOHWDO
RFFXUDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHRUJDQLFFRQWHQW   GHVFULEH WKUHH LQWUDRUJDQLF SRUHV W\SHV SHQGXODU
VKULQNDJHDQGVSRQJ\7KHRFFXUUHQFHRIWKHVHYDULRXVSRUH
 2QH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI RUJDQLF PRUSKRORJLHVKDVDOLQNDJHWRWKHK\GURFDUERQSDUDJHQHVLV
PXGVWRQHV LV WKH SUHVHQFH RI RUJDQLF PDWWHU DQG WKH :DOOHV DQG %UDWRYLFK   DVVRFLDWH WKH SHQGXODU SRUH
UHODWLRQVKLS RI SRURVLW\ WR WKLV RUJDQLF PDWWHU 1XPHURXV W\SH ZLWK HDUO\ PDWXULW\ DQG RQVHW RI ELWXPHQ IRUPDWLRQ
DXWKRUV /RXFNV HW DO  &DPS  'ULVNLOO HW DO ZKLOHWKHVKULQNDJHDQGWKHVSRQJ\SRUHVDUHWKRXJKWWRIRUP
  SURYLGH GHVFULSWLRQV RI WKH SRUH GLVWULEXWLRQ ZLWKLQ GXULQJWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHDQGODWHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRINHURJHQ
RUJDQLFPXGVWRQH V\VWHPV /RXFNV HW DO   SURYLGH UHVSHFWLYHO\ )XUWKHUPRUH :DOOHV DQG %UDWRYLFK  
D VLPSOH WHUQDU\ FODVVLILFDWLRQ VFKHPH IRU WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ VXJJHVWWKDWWKHZHWWLQJVWDWHWUDQVIRUPVIURPDGRPLQDQWO\
RI SRUHV LQWR WKUHH SULPDU\ PRUSKRORJLHV LQWHUSDUWLFOH K\GURFDUERQZHW WR ZDWHUZHW V\VWHP GXULQJ HDUO\ WR ODWH
LQWUDSDUWLFOH DQG LQWUDRUJDQLF ,QWHUSDUWLFOH SRUHV DUH NHURJHQWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
W\SLFDOO\ WKRVH H[LVWLQJ EHWZHHQ JUDLQV ,QWUDSDUWLFOH SRUHV
RFFXU DV FOHDYDJH SRUHV LQ PLFD DV LQWHUFU\VWDOOLQH SRUHV :RUNIORZ'DWD5HTXLUHPHQWV
LQ S\ULWH IUDPERLGV DV PROGV RU IRVVLO SRUHV ZLWKLQ IRVVLO  7KLV VHFWLRQ ZLOO EULHIO\ DGGUHVV WKH PLQLPXP GDWD
FDYLWLHV DQGRU GXH WR GLDJHQHWLF GLVVROXWLRQ ,QWUDRUJDQLF UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG WKHLU SRWHQWLDO VRXUFHV WR FDOLEUDWH WKH
SRUHVRFFXUZLWKLQWKHRUJDQLFPDWWHULWVHOIDQGWKHGHJUHH RUJDQLFPXGVWRQH HYDOXDWLRQ UHVXOWV $V VWDWHG LQ WKH
RI LQWUDRUJDQLF SRURVLW\ LV OLQNHG WR WKH SDUDJHQHVLV RI WKH SUHYLRXVVHFWLRQWKHVHSURSHUWLHVJURXSLQWRWKHFDWHJRULHV
NHURJHQOHYHORIPDWXULW\DQGWRWKHRULJLQDOIDEULFRIWKH RI URFN FRPSRVLWLRQ RUJDQLF FRQWHQW VWRUDJH DQG IORZ
RUJDQLF PDWWHU )LJXUH  LV D IRFXVHG LRQ EHDP VFDQQLQJ FDSDFLW\ IOXLG SURSHUWLHV DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV7DEOH
HOHFWURQ PLFURVFRSH ),%6(0  IDOVH FRORU LPDJH RI DQ WDNHQIURP6RQGHUJHOG  VXPPDUL]HVWKHSRWHQWLDO
$YDORQVDPSOHWKDWVKRZVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIPDWUL[RUJDQLF VRXUFHVZHOO

)LJ²')RFXVHGLRQEHDPVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\ ),%6(0 RIDQ$YDORQVDPSOHVKRZLQJWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIPDWUL[RUJDQLFPDWWHUDQG


SRURVLW\ZLWKLQWKHRUJDQLFPDWWHU FRXUWHV\0&XUWLV8QLYHUVLW\RI2NODKRPD 

February 2019 PETROPHYSICS 7


2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

7DEOH²/LVWRI&RPPRQ6RXUFHVIRUWKH5HVHUYRLU3URSHUWLHV 6RQGHUJHOG
5HVHUYRLU3URSHUW\ 'DWD6RXUFH

SURJUDPPHGS\URO\VLV FDOF

Well-Log Requirements %\ GHVLJQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WR UHPRYH WKH LQRUJDQLF FDUERQ FDUERQDWH  -DUYLH 
WKHZRUNIORZUHTXLUHVDPLQLPXPORJVXLWHDWULSOHFRPER /DZ   ,Q OLTXLGULFK V\VWHPV LW LV PRUH FRPPRQ
VHWRIORJV7KLVLQFOXGHVJDPPDUD\ VSHFWUDOLVSUHIHUUHG  QRZWRPHDVXUH72&IURP/(&2EHIRUHDQGDIWHUVROYHQW
GHHSUHVLVWLYLW\WKHUPDORUHSLWKHUPDOQHXWURQEXONGHQVLW\ H[WUDFWLRQWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHELWXPHQDQGKHDY\RLOFRQWHQW
DQGSKRWRHOHFWULFORJV7KHDFRXVWLFORJLVDQRSWLRQDOLQSXW Organic Content (Programmed Pyrolysis  3\URO\VLV
HVSHFLDOO\ XVHIXO LI WKH SKRWRHOHFWULF ORJ LV QRW DYDLODEOH LV WKH GHFRPSRVLWLRQ RI RUJDQLF PDWWHU E\ KHDWLQJ LQ WKH
+RZHYHU D GLSROH DFRXVWLF ORJ LV UHTXLUHG IRU HVWLPDWLQJ DEVHQFHRIR[\JHQ7KHRUJDQLFPDWWHULVFRPEXVWHGLQWRD
IRUPDWLRQHODVWLFSURSHUWLHVSRUHSUHVVXUHDQGFORVXUHVWUHVV IODPHLRQL]DWLRQGHWHFWRU ),' XVLQJDPXOWLVWHSWHPSHUDWXUH
7KHVH SDUDPHWHUV VHUYH DV LQSXW LQWR K\GUDXOLF IUDFWXUH VHULHVUHVXOWLQJLQWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIYDU\LQJK\GURFDUERQ
PRGHOV FRPPRQO\ XVHG WR DLG LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ KRUL]RQWDO DQG FDUERQ FRPSRQHQWV (VSLWDOLp HW DO  0DHQGH
ODQGLQJSRVLWLRQLQXQFRQYHQWLRQDOUHVHUYRLUV/DWHUVHFWLRQV  ,IPHDVXULQJ³DVUHFHLYHG´VDPSOHVZLWKSURJUDPPHG
ZLWKLQWKHWXWRULDOZLOOSURYLGHGHWDLOHGGHVFULSWLRQVRIWKH S\URO\VLV PXFK RI WKH K\GURFDUERQ IOXLG FRQWHQW UHPDLQV
IORZGLDJUDPFRPSRQHQWV LQWDFW&DOFXODWLRQRI72&LVE\(T (VSLWDOLpHWDO
 Rock Requirements :KHWKHU PHDVXUHG IURP FXWWLQJV -DUYLH 
DQGRUFRUHWKHUHDUHFHUWDLQEDVLFURFNDQGIOXLGSURSHUWLHV
WKDW WKH DXWKRUV UHFRPPHQG 7KH GHVLUHG URFN SURSHUWLHV 72& ZW  > 66 6@ 
LQFOXGHFRPSRVLWLRQRUJDQLFFRQWHQWJUDLQDQGEXONGHQVLW\
DQG WRWDO SRURVLW\ DQG ZDWHU VDWXUDWLRQ &RPSRVLWLRQ DQG
ZKHUH 6 PJ +FJ URFN  LV WKH IUHH K\GURFDUERQV ZLWKLQ
72&DUHHDVLO\PHDVXUHGIURPFXWWLQJVDQGFRUH+RZHYHU
VDPSOH 6 PJ +FJ URFN  LV WKH NHURJHQ HYROYHG IURP
FRUHLVWKHQRUPDOVRXUFHIRUPHDVXULQJWRWDOSRURVLW\DQG
WKHUPDO S\URO\VLV DQG UHSUHVHQWV UHPDLQLQJ JHQHUDWLYH
ZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQ
SRWHQWLDODQG6 PJFDUERQJURFN LVWKHUHVLGXDOFDUERQ
 Composition 6RXUFHV RI PHDVXUHPHQW IRU PLQHUDO
FRQWHQWQRWUHODWHGWRRUJDQLFV
DQG HOHPHQWDO FRPSRVLWLRQ LQFOXGH ;UD\ GLIIUDFWLRQ
;5'  )RXULHU WUDQVIRUP LQIUDUHG VSHFWURVFRS\ )7,5 
 7KH UHVLGXDO FDUERQ 6  LV REWDLQHG E\ R[LGL]LQJ WKH
;UD\ IOXRUHVFHQFH ;5)  DQG ODVHULQGXFHG EUHDNGRZQ
PDWHULDO UHPDLQLQJ DIWHU S\URO\VLV LQ D VHSDUDWH FKDPEHU
VSHFWURVFRS\ /,%6  ;5) DQG )7,5 DUH OHVV FRVWO\ DQG
-DUYLH /DEVRIWHQGRQRWUHSRUWWKH6PHDVXUHPHQW
KDYH VKRUWHU F\FOH WLPHV IRU FRPSOHWLRQ EXW FDQQRW \LHOG
 Storage Properties, Total Porosity and Total Water
DQ\LQIRUPDWLRQRQFOD\PRUSKRORJ\DQGKDELWDW
Saturation 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO PHWKRGV IRU PHDVXULQJ WRWDO
 Organic Content (LECO) 7KH /(&2 PHWKRG XVHV D
SRURVLW\ DQG ZDWHU VDWXUDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ FUXVKHG URFN
FDUERQDQDO\]HUWRPHDVXUH72&E\FRPEXVWLRQRIVDPSOH
EHQFKWRS PDJQHWLF UHVRQDQFH 05  DQG VXPPDWLRQ RI
PDWHULDOLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIR[\JHQDQGYDULRXVDFFHOHUDWRUV
IOXLGV UHWRUW :H GLVFXVV FUXVKHG URFN DQG EHQFKWRS 05
LQFOXGLQJ FRSSHU DQG LURQ FKLSV 7KH UHVXOWLQJ FDUERQ
EHORZ $GHWDLOHGH[SODQDWLRQRIWKHVXPPDWLRQRIIOXLGV
GLR[LGH SURGXFHG LV GLUHFWO\ SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH RUJDQLF
UHWRUWPHWKRGFDQEHIRXQGLQ+DQGZHUJHUHWDO  DQG
FRQWHQW ZLWKLQ WKH VDPSOH ,W LV D PRUH GLUHFW PHDVXUH RI
%ORXQWHWDO  
NHURJHQUDWKHUWKDQ72&LIRQHLQFOXGHVK\GURFDUERQIOXLGV
 7KHUH DUH WKUHH PDLQ ZRUNLQJ HTXDWLRQV XVHG WR
DVSDUWRI72&7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHVDPSOHVDUHSRZGHUHG
GHWHUPLQHWRWDOSRURVLW\ PHIT LQWKHODERUDWRU\VHWWLQJWKH
FKHPLFDOO\WUHDWHGZLWK+&/ZDVKHGZLWKGHLRQL]HG
ILUVWEHLQJ
ZDWHUDQGWKHQGULHGLQDFRQYHFWLRQRYHQSULRUWRDQDO\VLV

8 PETROPHYSICS February 2019


2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

PHIT PV/BV   DQGDIWHUGU\LQJLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHYROXPHRIZDWHUH[WUDFWHG


7KLV SURFHVV UHTXLUHV HVWLPDWHV RI VDOLQLW\ EULQH GHQVLW\
 (TXDWLRQ  LV WKH PRVW VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG GHILQLWLRQ RI DQGGHDGRLOGHQVLW\7RWDOZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQ SWT XVLQJWKH
SRURVLW\ LQ WKDW LW UHSUHVHQWV WKH UDWLR RI WKH SRUH YROXPH SURFHVVGHVFULEHGDERYHLVGHILQHGDVWKHUDWLREHWZHHQWKH
PV WRWKHEXONYROXPH BV 8VHRI(TZRXOGVXJJHVWD EXONYROXPHRIZDWHU BVW DQGPV
GLUHFWPHDVXUHPHQWRIERWKPVDQGBV3RURVLW\PD\DOVREH
H[SUHVVHGDV
SWT BVWPV 
PHIT  BV±GV BV  
 $IWHUGU\LQJWKHJUDLQYROXPHLVRQFHDJDLQPHDVXUHG
 ,QWKHFDVHRI(T39LVQRWGLUHFWO\PHDVXUHGLQVWHDG XVLQJ WKH GRXEOHFHOO WHFKQLTXH DQG WKH WRWDO SRURVLW\ LV
LW LV GHULYHG IURP WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH BV DQG WKH GHWHUPLQHG XVLQJ (T  7KH DVUHFHLYHG JDV EXON YROXPH
JUDLQYROXPH GV +HQFHXVHRI(TLVDSSOLFDEOHZKHQ FDQ WKHQ EH UHFDOFXODWHG E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH YROXPHV RI
RQHGLUHFWO\PHDVXUHVERWKGVDQGBV OLTXLG K\GURFDUERQ DQG EULQH UHPRYHG LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH
 $QRWKHUDOWHUQDWLYHIRUGHILQLQJSRURVLW\LV WRWDOSRURVLW\PHDVXUHGDIWHUGU\LQJ7KLVVWHSSURYLGHVDQ
DGGLWLRQDOFKHFNWRWKHDVUHFHLYHGSRURVLW\HVWLPDWHGSULRU
PHIT PV GVPV   WRGU\LQJDQGH[WUDFWLRQ
 %HQFKWRS 05 LV D QHZHU PHWKRG IRU HVWLPDWLRQ RI
ZKHUHERWKWKHGVDQGPVDUHGLUHFWO\PHDVXUHGDQGWKHBV WRWDO SRURVLW\ DQG WRWDO ZDWHU VDWXUDWLRQ 7KH DYDLODEOH
LVVLPSO\WKHVXPRIWKHGVDQGPV EHQFKWRS V\VWHPV KDYH YDULRXV IUHTXHQFLHV SRODUL]DWLRQ
 ,Q WKLV WXWRULDO ZH IRFXV SULPDULO\ RQ (TV  DQG  DQG GHFD\ SHULRGV7KH ORQJLWXGLQDO UHOD[DWLRQ WLPH T LV
(TXDWLRQLVPRUHDSSOLFDEOHIRUGHWHUPLQLQJSRURVLW\DVD WKH SRODUL]DWLRQ WLPH UHTXLUHG IRU WKH SURWRQV WR DOLJQ WR
IXQFWLRQRIFRQILQLQJVWUHVVRQFOHDQDQGGULHGFRUHSOXJV WKH V\VWHP PDJQHWLF ILHOG 7KH WUDQVYHUVH UHOD[DWLRQ WLPH
 ,Q WKH FUXVKHGURFN PHWKRGV VDPSOH ZHLJKW DQG WKH T LV WKH GHFD\ WLPH UHTXLUHG IRU WKH SURWRQV WR UHWXUQ WR
EXON YROXPH E\ PHUFXU\ LPPHUVLRQ DUH PHDVXUHG RQ DQ WKHLU QDWXUDO PDJQHWLF DOLJQPHQW (TXDWLRQ  GHILQHV WKH
LQWDFW YROXPH RI URFN 0HDVXUHPHQW RI DVUHFHLYHG EXON 05EDVHGWRWDOSRURVLW\ PHIT DQG(TGHILQHVWKHEXON
GHQVLW\ UHVXOWV IURP WKH UDWLR RI WKH VDPSOH YROXPH DQG YROXPH RI JDV 05 SRURVLW\ UHSUHVHQWV WKH OLTXLGILOOHG
VDPSOH ZHLJKW SULRU WR FUXVKLQJ 6DPSOH FUXVKLQJ RFFXUV SRURVLW\
YLD D PHFKDQLFDO URFN FUXVKLQJ RU PLOOLQJ GHYLFH ZKLFK
ZLOO YDU\ VLJQLILFDQWO\ EHWZHHQ FRPPHUFLDO DQG DFDGHPLF PHIT  BVGMRPor BV 
ODERUDWRULHV )LOWHULQJ RI WKH FUXVKHG PDWHULDO LV DQRWKHU
YDULDEOH WR FRQVLGHU LQ WKH SURFHVV VLQFH VRPH SURWRFROV BVG  BV±GV BV 
LQYROYHVLHYLQJWKHPDWHULDOWKURXJKDíPHVKZKLOH
RWKHUVXVHDOORIWKHSDUWLFOHV,QVRPHFDVHVDQ³DSSDUHQW´ ZKHUH BVG LV WKH JDVILOOHG SRURVLW\ RU EXON YROXPH JDV
*9 LV PHDVXUHG GLUHFWO\ DIWHU FUXVKLQJ EXW EHIRUH WKH
BVG IURP%R\OHV/DZXVLQJ+HGVLVWKHJUDLQYROXPH
FRQQDWH OLTXLG K\GURFDUERQ DQG ZDWHU DUH UHPRYHG YLD
PHDVXUHGXVLQJDKLJKSUHVVXUHS\FQRPHWHUBVLVWKHEXON
VROYHQWH[WUDFWLRQDQGGU\LQJ7KLV³DSSDUHQW´JUDLQYROXPH
YROXPHPHDVXUHGIURPPHUFXU\LPPHUVLRQDQGMRPorLV
LVPHDVXUHGDWDPELHQWFRQGLWLRQVXVLQJWKHGRXEOHFHOORU
PDWUL[ FXS WHFKQLTXH ZLWK KHOLXP DQG LV GHWDLOHG LQ$3, WKHWRWDOIOXLGILOOHGSRURVLW\IURP105 GHDGRLOZDWHU 
53 $3,   7KH UHVXOW RI WKLV SDUWLFXODU SURWRFRO 7KHXVHRID'FURVVSORWRUPDSRIWKH05T1LQWHQVLW\
PHDVXUHVWKHDVUHFHLYHGDLUILOOHGSRURVLW\XVLQJ(T7KH YHUVXVTLQWHQVLW\LVWKHW\SLFDOPHWKRGIRUHVWLPDWLQJZDWHU
FRQQDWHIOXLGVDUHWKHQH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHFUXVKHGPDWHULDO VDWXUDWLRQ)LJXUHLVDTTPDSWKDWVKRZVDFRPSRVLWH
XVLQJDYDULHW\RIVROYHQWVLQFOXGLQJWROXHQHPHWKDQRODQG RIDOOIOXLGVZLWKLQD]RQHWRWKHOHIWDQGWKHGLVFUHWHIOXLGV
RUFKORURIRUP'XULQJWKH'HDQ6WDUNSURFHVVWKHH[WUDFWHG ³VHSDUDWLRQV´ WR WKH ULJKW ZLWKLQ WKH VDPH LQWHUYDO &RORU
ZDWHU FRQGHQVHV DQG LV GLUHFWO\ PHDVXUHG YROXPHWULFDOO\ UHSUHVHQWV WKH LQWHQVLW\ RU FRQFHQWUDWLRQ 7RWDO SRURVLW\ LV
XVLQJ D JUDGXDWHG SLSHWWH DQGRU E\ ZHLJKW 7KH FUXVKHG HTXDO WR WKH VXP RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO VHSDUDWLRQ DUHDV )OXLG
VDPSOH PDWHULDO LV WKHQ GULHG LQ D FRQYHFWLRQ RYHQ IRU VDWXUDWLRQVIRUHDFKFRPSRQHQWPD\EHHVWLPDWHGIURPWKH
VHYHUDOGD\VXQWLODVWDEOHZHLJKWLVDFKLHYHG7KHOLTXLG UDWLRRIWKHVSHFLILFFRPSRQHQWVHSDUDWLRQDUHDGLYLGHGE\
K\GURFDUERQYROXPHUHPRYHGGXULQJWKHH[WUDFWLRQSURFHVV WKHVXPRIDOOVHSDUDWLRQDUHDV8VHRISUHGHWHUPLQHGIOXLG
LV GHWHUPLQHG E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH ZHLJKW GLIIHUHQFH EHIRUH PL[WXUHV DV UHODWHG WR D UDQJH RI TT UDWLRV SURYLGHV D

February 2019 PETROPHYSICS 9


2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

)LJ²0DJQHWLFUHVRQDQFH 05 TTLQWHQVLW\PDSVXVHGWRµVHSDUDWH¶YDU\LQJÀXLGW\SHVIRUXVHLQHႋLPDWLQJWRWDOSRURVLW\DQGÀXLGVDWXUDWLRQV
FRXUWHV\0DNV\P3U\SRURY2[\'DWD$QDO\WLFV 

PHWKRG RI FDOLEUDWLRQ 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ FRPPHUFLDO ODEV GR SURSHUWLHV DYDLODEOH E\ PHDVXUHPHQW 2IIVHW SURGXFHUV
QRWSXEOLFL]HWKHFDOFXODWLRQDOJRULWKPVWRPDWFKWKHTT SURYLGHYDOXHVIRU*25DQGZDWHUFXW
LQWHQVLW\PDSWRVDWXUDWLRQV
 Fluid Properties ,PSRUWDQW IOXLG SURSHUWLHV WR DFTXLUH :RUNIORZ2YHUYLHZ
LQFOXGHIRUPDWLRQYROXPHIDFWRU Bo EXEEOHSRLQWSUHVVXUH  )LJXUH  LV D IORZ GLDJUDP WKDW JHQHUDOL]HV WKH
%33 YLVFRVLW\*25$3,JUDYLW\JDVJUDYLW\DQGZDWHU VWHSV ZLWKLQ WKH RUJDQLFPXGVWRQH ZRUNIORZ ,W KDV WZR
FXW 397 WHVWV RI UHFRPELQHG VXUIDFH VDPSOHV RU ERWWRP HYDOXDWLRQ FRPSRQHQWV WKH ³VWDWLFV´ DQG WKH ³G\QDPLFV´
VDPSOHV SURYLGH PHDVXUHV RI Bo %33 DQG YLVFRVLW\ $3, 7KHVWDWLFFRPSRQHQWVDUHWKRVHSURSHUWLHVWKDWDUHLQWULQVLF
RLO JUDYLW\ DQG JDV VSHFLILF GHQVLW\ DUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ WR WKH URFN VXFK DV URFN FRPSRVLWLRQ RUJDQLF FRQWHQW

)LJ²)ORZFKDUWRIWKHRUJDQLFPXGVWRQHZRUNIORZ

10 PETROPHYSICS February 2019


2UJDQLF0XGဧRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNÀRZWR(ဧLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

SRURVLW\ DQG ZDWHU VDWXUDWLRQ 7KH G\QDPLF FRPSRQHQWV WKDWPHDVXUHVGLUHFWO\WKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHERUHKROHIOXLG


DUH WKRVH SURSHUWLHV WKDW YDU\ ZLWK GHSWK WHPSHUDWXUH DQG  (VWLPDWLRQ RI SRUH SUHVVXUH ZLWK GHSWK E\ WKH XVH RI
SUHVVXUH 7KHVH LQFOXGH IOXLG SKDVH DV D IXQFWLRQ *25 D FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH JUDGLHQW LV RIWHQ XVHG EXW ZLOO EH OHVV
$3, JUDYLW\ DQG JDV VSHFLILF JUDYLW\ 0RUHRYHU G\QDPLF DFFXUDWH WKDQ HVWLPDWLQJ SRUH SUHVVXUH IURP DFRXVWLF ORJV
FKDQJHVLQWKHVHSURSHUWLHVKDYHGLUHFWLPSDFWRQHVWLPDWHV XVLQJWKH(DWRQPHWKRG7KLVLVGXHWRWKHREVHUYDWLRQWKDW
RIIRUPDWLRQYROXPHIDFWRU Bo EXEEOHSRLQWSUHVVXUH %33  SRUHSUHVVXUH JUDGLHQW LV RIWHQ QRW FRQVWDQW LQ RUJDQLF
DQGYLVFRVLW\ ȝ )XUWKHUPRUHDFFRPPRGDWLQJIRUFKDQJHV PXGVWRQH V\VWHPV DQG LV UHODWHG WR RUJDQLF PDWXULW\ DV
LQ WKH DFRXVWLF ZKHQ XVHG  DQG GHQVLW\ IOXLG UHVSRQVHV WR ZHOO DV WR SRWHQWLDO IDU ILHOG VWUHVVHV VXFK DV WHFWRQLFV
IOXLGSKDVHYDULDWLRQVLVHVVHQWLDO3DUWZLOOSURYLGHPRUH 7KH EXULDO KLVWRU\ RI D EDVLQ ORFDO DQG UHJLRQDO WKHUPDO
GHWDLORQWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIIOXLGSKDVHDQG397SURSHUWLHV LQIOXHQFHVVXFKDVLJQHRXVLQWUXVLYHGRPHVVLOOVRUGLNHV
Static Properties6RPHKLJKOLJKWVRIWKHVWDWLFSRUWLRQ DQGWKHK\GURFDUERQSDUDJHQHVLV KHQFHSKDVH PD\UHVXOW
RIWKHZRUNIORZRI)LJLQFOXGH LQ UHVHUYRLU RYHUSUHVVXUH RU YDULDEOH SUHVVXUH %ODFNRLO
x 8VHRIDGU\FOD\$UFKLHWRWDOSRURVLW\DQGWRWDOZDWHU V\VWHPV DUH UDUHO\ RYHUSUHVVXUHG ZKHUHDV GU\JDV V\VWHPV
VDWXUDWLRQVROXWLRQVFDOLEUDWHGWRFUXVKHGURFNDQGRU DUH RIWHQ RYHUSUHVVXUHG 5HVLVWLYLW\ ORJV FDQ EH XVHG WR
05VWRUDJHSURSHUWLHV HVWLPDWHSRUHSUHVVXUHEXWLQWKHDXWKRUV¶H[SHULHQFHXVHRI
x 8VH RI GHWHUPLQLVWLF VROXWLRQV IRU EXON FOD\ 72& WKHDFRXVWLFORJLVSUHIHUDEOH+RZHYHURYHUSUHVVXUHFOD\
DQG S\ULWH YROXPHV FDOLEUDWHG WR FXWWLQJV RU FRUH DQG RUJDQLF FRQWHQW DOO FDXVH DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH VORZQHVV
PHDVXUHPHQWV7KHVHSURSHUWLHVWKHQVHUYHDVLQSXWV UHVSRQVH)RUWKLVUHDVRQZKHQXVLQJWKH(DWRQPHWKRGWKH
LQWR WKH VLPXOWDQHRXV LQYHUVLRQ WR KHOS ³ERXQG´ HVWLPDWLRQ RI SRUHSUHVVXUH FDOLEUDWLRQ LV GHSHQGHQW XSRQ
WKH VROXWLRQ E\ WUHDWLQJ LQSXW YDOXHV DV ³JURXQG KDYLQJ D ³JURXQG WUXWK´ VRXUFH 7KH PRVW SRLQW FRPPRQ
WUXWK´ 7KH YDOXH WKDW LV LQSXW LV DOVR WKH YDOXH RI VRXUFHIRUPHDVXULQJSRUHSUHVVXUHLVWKH'),7RUGLDJQRVWLF
WKHSURSHUW\WKDWLVRXWSXW7KLVDLGVLQUHGXFLQJWKH IUDFWXUH LQMHFWLRQ WHVW /RJJLQJ FRPSDQLHV DUH GHYHORSLQJ
OHYHORIQRQXQLTXHQHVVDQGGHFUHDVHVWKHXQFHUWDLQW\ QHZ IRUPDWLRQWHVW HTXLSPHQW WKDW JUHDWO\ UHGXFH WKH
RIWKHFRPSXWHGFRPSRVLWLRQDQGVWRUDJHSURSHUWLHV ZHOOERUH VWRUDJH YROXPH 7KLV LQ WXUQ GUDVWLFDOO\ VKRUWHQV
HVVHQWLDOO\PDNLQJWKHVROXWLRQVYHU\SRUWDEOH WKH SUHVVXUH EXLOGXS WLPH UHTXLUHG WR PDNH DQ HVWLPDWH RI
x 7KH72&FDOFXODWRUSURYLGHVQXPHURXVPRGHOVDQG SRUH SUHVVXUH +RZHYHU WKHVH V\VWHPV KDYH D ORZHU OLPLW
IXOOSDUDPHWHUFRQWURO&DOLEUDWLRQLVWR/(&272&RU RISHUPHDELOLW\LQWKHKLJKPLFURGDUF\UDQJHWKXVOLPLWLQJ
IURPSURJUDPPHGS\URO\VLVEDVHG72&FRUUHODWLRQV WKHLUXVHLQRUJDQLFPXGVWRQHV\VWHPV
x 8VH RI QXFOHDU PRGHOLQJ DOORZV IRU GLUHFW URFN  6RPHKLJKOLJKWVRIWKHG\QDPLFSRUWLRQRIWKHZRUNIORZ
FDOLEUDWLRQRIFOD\DQGPDWUL[YROXPHVXVLQJGHQVLW\ RI)LJLQFOXGH
QHXWURQSKRWRHOHFWULFDQGJDPPDUD\ORJV0RGHOLQJ x 8VH RI WKH %DW]OH DQG :DQJ   DQG +DQ DQG
RI VXUIDFH RU GRZQKROH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV %DW]OH   FRUUHODWLRQV WR HVWLPDWH WKH VORZQHVV
\LHOGV ORJUHVSRQVH OLQHV IRU XVH DV D ³ERXQGLQJ´ DQG GHQVLW\ UHVSRQVHV WR D UDQJH RI WHPSHUDWXUH
UHIHUHQFH LQ GHQVLW\ QHXWURQ DQG SKRWRHOHFWULF SUHVVXUH*25DQGIOXLGW\SHV
FURVVSORWVZKHQURFNGDWDDUHQRWDYDLODEOH x 8VHRI(26WRFDOLEUDWHWR397SURSHUWLHVVXFKDVBo
EXEEOHSRLQWSUHVVXUHRLODQGZDWHUYLVFRVLW\7KHVH
Dynamic Properties %RWWRPKROH PD[LPXPUHDGLQJ SURSHUWLHV YDU\ ZLWK GHSWK DQG DUH YDULDEOHV ZLWKLQ
WKHUPRPHWHUVDUHWKHPRVWIUHTXHQWVRXUFHIRUWHPSHUDWXUH WKHVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\HVWLPDWHV
HVWLPDWLRQZLWKGHSWK,IPXOWLSOHORJJLQJUXQVDUHLQYROYHG x )RU GU\JDV RU JDVFRQGHQVDWH V\VWHPV XVH RI
DQG WKHUH LV D UHFRUG RI WKH ³WLPH VLQFH FLUFXODWLRQ ZDV /DQJPXLU LVRWKHUP LQSXWV SURYLGH HVWLPDWLRQ RI
EURNHQ´DORQJZLWKWKHWLPHHDFKUXQDFKLHYHVWRWDOGHSWK DGVRUEHGJDVYROXPHV7KLVFRPELQHGZLWKWKHIUHH
WKHQD+RUQHUEXLOGXSSORWLVXVHIXOIRUSURMHFWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH JDVVWRUDJHUHVXOWVLQDQ2*,3HVWLPDWH
WR LQILQLWH WLPH 7KLV FRPSHQVDWHV IRU WKHUPDOFRROLQJ x (VWLPDWHVRIRULJLQDORLOLQSODFH 22,3 2:,3DQG
HIIHFWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFLUFXODWLRQRIWKHERUHKROHPXG 2*,3 DUH D SURGXFW RI WKH VWRUDJH FDOFXODWLRQ 7KH
6RPH PRGHUQ ORJJLQJ LQVWUXPHQWV LQFOXGH D WKHUPRPHWHU XVH RI UHFRYHU\ HIILFLHQF\ UDWLRV DQG ZDWHURLO RU

February 2019 PETROPHYSICS 11


2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

ZDWHUFXW UDWLRV DUH XVHIXO LQGHSHQGHQW FURVVFKHFNV DQG DFRXVWLF UHVSRQVH WR RLO PD\ EH VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQ HUURU
RIWKHVWRUDJHUHVXOWV)XWXUHVHFWLRQVZLOOH[SDQGRQ HVSHFLDOO\ DV WKH YRODWLOLW\ RI WKH RLO LQFUHDVHV ZLWK DQ
WKHLUXVHDQGVKRZH[DPSOHV LQFUHDVLQJ*257KHFRQYHUVLRQIURPZHLJKWSHUFHQWLQSXWV
WR YROXPHSHUFHQW RXWSXWV RFFXUV DV SDUW RI WKH LQYHUVLRQ
7KH&RQVWUDLQHG6LPXOWDQHRXV,QYHUVLRQ0HWKRG )LJXUH  VKRZV D W\SLFDO LQYHUVLRQ PDWUL[ 7KH VHFWLRQ WR
 7KH ZRUNIORZ UHOLHV RQ D FRQVWUDLQHG VLPXOWDQHRXV WKH OHIW GHILQHV WKH WRROUHVSRQVH HTXDWLRQV IRU XVH ZLWKLQ
LQYHUVLRQPHWKRGLQRUGHUWRPLQLPL]HWKHQRQXQLTXHQHVVRI WKHLQYHUVLRQ7KHVHFWLRQWRWKHULJKWGHILQHVWKHHQGSRLQW
DIUHHUXQQLQJLQYHUVLRQ7KLVQRQXQLTXHQHVVLVSDUWLFXODUO\ PLQHUDOV DQG IOXLG UHVSRQVHV IRU XVH LQ WKH VROXWLRQ RI
SUREOHPDWLF ZKHQ DYDLODEOH ORJV DUH OLPLWHG WR WULSOH VLPXOWDQHRXVHTXDWLRQV
FRPER )RUPHU FROOHDJXHV RI WKH DXWKRUV SURYLGH D YHU\  7KH LQYHUVLRQ PDNHV D ILUVW HVWLPDWH RI PLQHUDO
JRRG GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKLV PHWKRG 9RVEXUJK HW DO   YROXPHVVROYHVWKHV\VWHPRIWRROUHVSRQVHHTXDWLRQVDQG
(VVHQWLDOO\WKHPHWKRGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\VROYHVWRROUHVSRQVH JHQHUDWHV D V\QWKHWLF ORJUHVSRQVH FXUYH WKDW LV FRPSDUHG
HTXDWLRQV DQG FRQVWUDLQV WRROUHVSRQVH SDUDPHWHUV 0D\HU WR WKH PHDVXUHG ORJ UHVSRQVH 0LQLPL]DWLRQ RI HUURUV
DQG 6LEELW   &RQVWUDLQW LV DFKLHYHG E\ HQWHULQJ DV EHWZHHQWKHV\QWKHWLFORJVDQGWKHPHDVXUHGORJVRFFXUVE\
LQSXW72& LQZHLJKWSHUFHQW 9FOD\ FDOLEUDWHGWRZHLJKW LWHUDWLQJWKHVROXWLRQRIHTXDWLRQVDQGXVLQJDOHDVWVTXDUHV
SHUFHQW DQGIOXLGVSURSHUWLHVSUHYLRXVO\FRPSXWHGRXWVLGH PLQLPL]DWLRQDSSURDFKWREULQJWKHSURFHVVWRDEHVWVROXWLRQ
RI WKH VLPXOWDQHRXV LQYHUVLRQ7KHVH H[WHUQDO LQSXWV VHUYH ZLWKDPLQLPDOHUURU)LJXUHLVDORJSURILOHFRPSDULQJWKH
DV ³JURXQG WUXWK´ E\ IRUFLQJ WKH 72& DQG FOD\ YDOXHV PHDVXUHGORJUHVSRQVHV OHIWKDOIRIWKHSORW7UDFNVWR 
LQSXW LQWR WKH LQYHUVLRQ DV HTXDO WR WKH YDOXHV H[LWLQJ WKH ZLWKWKHV\QWKHWLFORJVVKRZQLQUHGRQWKHULJKWKDOI7UDFNV
LQYHUVLRQ$OLQHDUIXQFWLRQEHWZHHQS\ULWHDQG72&VHUYHV WR 7KH\HOORZEDQGLVWKHHVWLPDWHGXQFHUWDLQW\UDQJH
DVWKHVROXWLRQIRUS\ULWHLQWHUQDOWRWKHLQYHUVLRQ1RWHWKDW 7KHGLVFUHWHSRLQWVDUHFRUHPHDVXUHPHQWV7KHWRWDOHUURU
LQPDQ\LQVWDQFHVWKHIOXLGSDUDPHWHUVHQWHUHGDVFXUYHVDUH HVWLPDWHGIRUWKHV\VWHPRIHTXDWLRQLVLQWKHFHQWUDOWUDFN
VLJQLILFDQWO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH GHIDXOW YDOXHV HVSHFLDOO\ 7KLVLVDQH[DPSOHZKHUHWKHLQYHUVLRQKDVJRRGFRKHUHQFH
IRU K\GURFDUERQV 7KH W\SLFDO GHIDXOW YDOXHV IRU GHQVLW\ DQGWKHFRUHDQGORJVPDWFKZHOO

)LJ²,QWHUIDFHIRUDVLPXOWDQHRXVFRQVWUDLQHGLQYHUVLRQ72&FOD\DQGIOXLGSDUDPHWHUVSUHYLRXVO\FRPSXWHGE\GHWHUPLQLVWLFPHWKRGVVHUYHDV
FXUYHLQSXWV7KHYDOXHVHQWHULQJWKHLQYHUVLRQDUHHTXLYDOHQWWRWKHYDOXHVH[LWLQJ

12 PETROPHYSICS February 2019


2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

)LJ²/RJSURILOHFRPSDULQJWKHPHDVXUHGORJUHVSRQVHVVKRZQLQ7UDFNVWRZLWKWKHV\QWKHWLFORJV LQUHG LQ7UDFNVWR,QWKHV\QWKHWLF


ORJVWKH\HOORZEDQGLVWKHHVWLPDWHGXQFHUWDLQW\UDQJH7KHGLVFUHWHSRLQWVDUHFRUHPHDVXUHPHQWV7KHWRWDOHUURULVSUHVHQWHGLQ7UDFN

 6RPH DGGLWLRQDO DGYDQWDJHV RI WKH VLPXOWDQHRXV VKRZ WKH FRUHWRORJ YDOLGDWLRQ DQG SUHVHQW QXPHURXV
FRQVWUDLQHGLQYHUVLRQPHWKRGLQFOXGH H[DPSOHV ,Q 3DUW  ZH ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKH
x ,PSOLFLWO\µIRUFHV¶WKHDQDO\VWWRYLVXDOO\LQVSHFWORJ YDOLGLW\RIWKHZRUNIORZE\OLQNLQJWKHSHWURSK\VLFVUHVXOWV
UHVSRQVHVYLDFURVVSORWVDQGGHSWKGRPDLQSORWV WR WKH SURGXFWLRQ SRWHQWLDO LQ WHUPV RI IUDFWLRQDO IORZ DQG
x 3URYLGHV DGGLWLRQDO LQSXWV WR KHOS RYHUGHWHUPLQH RU ZDWHUFXW:HµOOLQWURGXFHDGGLWLRQDOORJEDVHGFURVVFKHFNV
EDODQFHWKHLQYHUVLRQPDWUL[7KLVLVHVSHFLDOO\WUXH RIWKHVWRUDJHSURSHUWLHVWKDWDUHFRPSOHWHO\LQGHSHQGHQWRI
ZKHQRQO\WULSOHFRPERORJVDUHDYDLODEOH WKHPRGHOLQSXWV
x (OLPLQDWHVWKHQHHGIRUQHEXORXVJDPPDUD\PLQHUDO  7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH RUJDQLFPXGVWRQH ZRUNIORZ
UHVSRQVHSDUDPHWHUV ZDV IDFLOLWDWHG E\ WKH ORZ FRPPRGLW\SULFH HQYLURQPHQW
x 3URYLGHV GLUHFW FRUHWRORJ FDOLEUDWLRQ IRU72& DQG RI WKH SRVW RLO FUDVK &RPSDQ\ PDQDJHPHQW ZDQWHG
FOD\YROXPHVVLQFHFXWWLQJVDQGRUFRUHDUHXVHGDVD D FRQVLVWHQW WUDQVSRUWDEOH DQG UHOLDEOH PHWKRGRORJ\ WKH
FDOLEUDWLRQUHIHUHQFH VRFDOOHG ³3HWURSK\VLFV &35´ LPSOHPHQWHG DFURVV DOO
x 3URYLGHV D QXPHULFDO FRQVWUDLQW WR WKH LQYHUVLRQ XQFRQYHQWLRQDOEDVLQVZLWKDPLQLPXPRIZHOOORJLQSXWV
PDWUL[OLPLWLQJWKHQRQXQLTXHQHVVLQWKHUHVXOW 7KHUHTXHVWLQFOXGHGEHLQJDEOHWRYDOLGDWHDQGFHUWLI\WKH
x )OXLG SURSHUWLHV LQSXW IURP ³)OXLGV´ RU %DW]HO DQG SURFHVV IRU RXU LQWHUQDO UHVHUYHV WHDP DQG RXU H[WHUQDO
:DQJ  DSSOLFDWLRQV UHVHUYHVFHUWLI\LQJDIILOLDWHV7KHZRUNIORZUHTXLUHGSDVVLQJ
WKH³VPHOODQGWDVWHWHVW´RISHWUROHXPFRQVXOWLQJFRPSDQLHV
6800$5< VXFKDV5\GHU6FRWW1HWKHUODQG6HZHOO $VVRFLDWHVDQG
'H*RO\HU 0DF1DXJKWRQ
 7KH LQWHQW RI WKLV VHFWLRQ RI WKH RUJDQLFPXGVWRQH  7KH ILUVW RUGHU RI EXVLQHVV ZDV WR VWRS ORJJLQJ
ZRUNIORZ WXWRULDO LV WR SURYLGH DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH GLHOHFWULF PDJQHWLF UHVRQDQFH DQG FRPSRVLWLRQDO WRROV DV
ZRUNIORZFRQFHSWVVWUXFWXUHUHTXLUHGGDWDDQGORJDQDO\VLV D FRVWVDYLQJ PHDVXUH +RZHYHU WKH EDVLF WULSOHFRPER
PHWKRGRORJ\ ,Q 3DUW  WKH DXWKRUV ZLOO SURYLGH GHWDLOHG ORJV LQFOXGLQJ SKRWRHOHFWULF UHVSRQVH DQG GLSROH DFRXVWLF
GHVFULSWLRQV RI HDFK VWHS LQ WKH ZRUNIORZ FRYHULQJ WKH ORJV ZHUH UHWDLQHG $FWXDOO\ WKH RQO\ UHDVRQ ZH UHWDLQHG
³VWDWLFV´ WKH ³G\QDPLFV´ HVWLPDWLRQ RI VWRUDJH YROXPHV GLSROH DFRXVWLF ORJV ZDV IRU HVWLPDWLRQ RI G\QDPLF HODVWLF

February 2019 PETROPHYSICS 13


2UJDQLF0XGVWRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNIORZWR(VWLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

SURSHUWLHVDQGFORVXUHVWUHVV *25 JDVRLOUDWLR


 ,Q3DUWZHZLOOSURYLGHGHWDLOVRIHDFKZRUNIORZVWHS ,)27 LQMHFWLRQIDOORIIWHVW
IURP FDOLEUDWLQJ FOD\ DQG WRWDO RUJDQLF FRQWHQW YROXPHV WR ,35 LQIORZSHUIRUPDQFHFXUYHV
HVWLPDWLQJ2,3:,3DQG*,3XVLQJ397HTXDWLRQVRIVWDWH /,%6  ODVHULQGXFHGEUHDNGRZQVSHFWURVFRS\
)XUWKHUPRUH ZH¶OO VKRZ YDOLGDWLRQ RI WKH UHVXOWV XVLQJ 05  EHQFKWRSPDJQHWLFUHVRQDQFH
FRUHEDVHG PHDVXUHPHQWV RI FRPSRVLWLRQ SRURVLW\ ZDWHU 2*,3 RULJLQDOJDVLQSODFH
VDWXUDWLRQDQGIOXLGYROXPHV6XFFHVVIXOHYDOXDWLRQRIPRUH 2,3 RLOLQSODFH
WKDQ  ZHOOV XVLQJ WKH ZRUNIORZ LV FRPSOHWH DFURVV 22,3 RULJLQDORLOLQSODFH
QXPHURXV EDVLQV LQFOXGLQJ WKH 0LGODQG 1HZ 0H[LFR DQG 2:,3 RULJLQDOZDWHULQSODFH
7H[DV 'HODZDUH %DVLQV $GGLWLRQDOO\ PRUH WKDQ  ZHOOV 397 SUHVVXUHYROXPHWHPSHUDWXUH
ZLWKURWDU\VLGHZDOOFRUHVZKROHFRUHRUFXWWLQJSURJUDPV 5( UHFRYHU\HIILFLHQF\
6 IUHHK\GURFDUERQV
KDYH EHHQ XVHG WR PDWFK YLUWXDOO\ DOO PHDVXUHG SURSHUWLHV
6 UHPDLQLQJJHQHUDWLYHSRWHQWLDO
WKURXJKRXW WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH ORJJHG DQG FRUHG LQWHUYDOV
6 UHVLGXDOFDUERQFRQWHQW
RIWKHVHZHOOV0DQ\RIWKHVHFRUHGZHOOVZHUHOHJDF\ZHOOV
72& WRWDORUJDQLFFDUERQ
ZKHUH FRUH KDG EHHQ SUHYLRXVO\ DFTXLUHG RU SXUFKDVHG ;5' ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQ
WKURXJK YDULRXV FRQVRUWLXP PHPEHUVKLSV +RZHYHU DQ ;5) ;UD\IOXRUHVFHQFH
DJJUHVVLYH DSSUDLVDO FDPSDLJQ LQ  DQG  DGGHG D
VLJQLILFDQWQXPEHURIDGGLWLRQDOZHOOVZLWKFRUH 6\PEROV
 ,Q  WKH FRVWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK FRUH DFTXLVLWLRQ Bo IRUPDWLRQYROXPHIDFWRU
LQFOXGLQJULJWLPHDQGWKHFRVWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKODERUDWRU\ BV EXONYROXPH
WHVWLQJ UDLVHG WKH PDQDJHPHQW FRQFHUQV DERXW FRVWV 6R D BVW EXONYROXPHZDWHU
FDPSDLJQ WR ILQG LQGHSHQGHQW ZHOOORJEDVHG FURVVFKHFNV GV JUDLQYROXPH
RISRURVLW\DQGZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQZDVLQLWLDWHG7KHFRQFHSW PV SRUHYROXPH
ZDV VLPSOH LI WKH FRVW RI ORJ DFTXLVLWLRQ LV VLJQLILFDQWO\ PHIT WRWDOSRURVLW\
OHVVFRVWWKDQWKHIXOOF\FOHFRVWRIFRUHSURJUDPVDQGFDQ SWT WRWDOZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQ
SURYLGH WKH VDPH OHYHO RI FRQILGHQFH WKDW WKH ZRUNIORZ T 105SRODUL]DWLRQWLPH
PRGHOLVERWKDFFXUDWHDQGSUHFLVHWKHQZHFDQVKLIWEDFNWR T 105GHFD\WLPH
ORJV$VDQH[DPSOHDURWDU\FRULQJSURJUDPRIVDPSOHV
SHUUXQZLOOFRVWURXJKO\IXOOF\FOH7KLVLQFOXGHV
WKHFRVWRIDFTXLVLWLRQULJWLPHDQGODEVHUYLFHV,IWKHFRVW 5()(5(1&(6
RIORJJLQJLVVD\DQGFDQSURYLGHWKHVDPHOHYHO
$QGHUVRQ5$,QJUDP'6DQG=DQLHU$0'HWHUPLQLQJ
RI LQGHSHQGHQW YDOLGDWLRQ RI WKH SHWURSK\VLFV PRGHO WKHQ
)UDFWXUH 3UHVVXUH *UDGLHQWV )URP :HOO /RJV 3DSHU 63(
VLJQLILFDQWVDYLQJVFDQEHDFKLHYHG Journal of Petroleum Technology, 25  ±
 3DUW  ZLOO VKRZ H[DPSOHV RI KRZ WKH UHLQWURGXFWLRQ '2,3$
RI PDJQHWLF UHVRQDQFH DQG GLHOHFWULF ORJV KDV SURYLGHG $3,Recommended Practices for Core Analysis53QG
LQGHSHQGHQWFRPSDULVRQRIWKHWRWDOSRURVLW\DQGWRWDOZDWHU HGLWLRQ$PHULFDQ3HWUROHXP,QVWLWXWH
VDWXUDWLRQHVWLPDWHVIURPWKHSHWURSK\VLFVZRUNIORZ:H¶OO %DW]OH0DQG:DQJ=6HLVPLF3URSHUWLHVRI3RUH)OXLGV
VKRZ QXPHURXV H[DPSOHV RI WKH PDWFK RI WRWDO SRURVLW\ Geophysics  ±'2,
XVLQJPDJQHWLFUHVRQDQFHDQGPDWFKHVRIEXONYROXPHZDWHU %ODQWRQ7/DQG2OVRQ-(6WUHVV0DJQLWXGH)URP/RJV
DQGZDWHUVDWXUDWLRQXVLQJWKHGLHOHFWULFORJV$GGLWLRQDOO\ (IIHFWV RI 7HFWRQLF 6WUDLQV DQG 7HPSHUDWXUH 3DSHU 63(
ZH¶OO VKRZ KRZ ZH XVH SURGXFWLRQ GDWD WR YDOLGDWH WKH  SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 63( $QQXDO 7HFKQLFDO &RQIHUHQFH
PRGHOUHVXOWVYLDPDWHULDOEDODQFHFRPSDULVRQVIUDFWLRQDO DQG ([KLELWLRQ 6DQ $QWRQLR 7H[DV ± 2FWREHU '2,
IORZSURILOLQJDQGZDWHUFXWDVVHVVPHQWV 06
%ORXQW$&URIW7'ULVNLOO%DQG7HSSHU%/HVVRQV
120(1&/$785( /HDUQHG LQ 3HUPLDQ &RUH $QDO\VLV &RPSDULVRQ %HWZHHQ
5HWRUW*5,DQG5RXWLQH0HWKRGRORJLHVPetrophysics  
$EEUHYLDWLRQV ±
%UDFH:):DOVK-%DQG)UDQJRV:73HUPHDELOLW\RI
%33 EXEEOHSRLQWSUHVVXUH
*UDQLWH8QGHU+LJK3UHVVXUHJournal of Geophysical Research
'),7 GLDJQRVWLFIUDFWXUHLQMHFWLRQWHVW   ±'2,-%LS
(26 HTXDWLRQRIVWDWH &DPS :.  (QKDQFLQJ 6(0 *UD\VFDOH ,PDJHV WKURXJK
(85 HVWLPDWHGXOWLPDWHUHFRYHU\ 3VHXGRFRORU &RQYHUVLRQ ([DPSOHV )URP (DJOH )RUG
),%6(0 IRFXVHGLRQEHDQVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\ +D\QHVYLOOH DQG 0DUFHOOXV 6KDOHV 3DSHU 857(&
)7,5 )RXULHUWUDQVIRUPLQIUDUHGVSHFWURVFRS\ SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 8QFRQYHQWLRQDO 5HVRXUFHV 7HFKQRORJ\

14 PETROPHYSICS February 2019


2UJDQLF0XGဧRQH3HWURSK\VLFV:RUNÀRZWR(ဧLPDWH6WRUDJH&DSDFLW\

&RQIHUHQFH 'HQYHU &RORUDGR 86$ ± $XJXVW '2, 0DHQGH $  :LOGFDW &RPSRVLWLRQDO $QDO\VLV IRU
857(&06 &RQYHQWLRQDO DQG 8QFRQYHQWLRQDO 5HVHUYRLU $VVHVVPHQWV
&KKDWUH 66 %UDXQ (0 6LQKD 6 'HWHUPDQ 0' 3DVVH\ +$:. 3HWUROHXP $VVHVVPHQW 0HWKRG +:.3$0 
45 =LUNOH 7( :RRG $& %RURV -$ %HUU\ ': $SSOLFDWLRQ 1RWH :LOGFDW7HFKQRORJLHV +XPEOH
/HRQDUGL6$DQG.XGYD5$6WHDG\6WDWH6WUHVV 7H[DV 86$ KWWSVZZZZLOGFDWWHFKQRORJLHVFRP
'HSHQGHQW3HUPHDELOLW\0HDVXUHPHQWVRI7LJKW2LO%HDULQJ GRZQORDGBILOHYLHZBLQOLQH$FFHVVHG-DQXDU\
5RFNVPetrophysics  ± 0D\HU & DQG 6LEELW $  *OREDO $ 1HZ $SSURDFK WR
'LFNHU $, DQG 6PLWV 50  $ 3UDFWLFDO $SSURDFK IRU &RPSXWHU3URFHVVHG /RJ ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ 3DSHU 63(
'HWHUPLQLQJ 3HUPHDELOLW\ )URP /DERUDWRU\ 3UHVVXUH3XOVH SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 63( $QQXDO 7HFKQLFDO &RQIHUHQFH DQG
'HFD\0HDVXUHPHQWV3DSHU63(SUHVHQWHGDWWKH63( ([KLELWLRQ 'DOODV 7H[DV 86$ ± 6HSWHPEHU '2,
,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0HHWLQJ RQ 3HWUROHXP (QJLQHHULQJ 7LDQMLQ 06
&KLQD±1RYHPEHU'2,06 6D\HUV &0  Geophysics Under Stress: Geomechanical
'ULVNLOO % :DOOV - 'H9LWR - DQG 6LQFODLU 6:  Applications of Seismic and Borehole Acoustic Waves 6(*
$SSOLFDWLRQVRI6(0,PDJLQJWR5HVHUYRLU&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ 'LVWLQJXLVKHG,QVWUXFWRU6HULHV,6%1
LQ WKH (DJOH )RUG 6KDOH 6RXWK 7H[DV 86$ &KDSWHU  '2,
in &DPS : 'LD] ( DQG :DZDN % (GLWRUV Electron 6RQGHUJHOG & 1HZVKDP . &RPLVN\ - 5LFH 0 DQG 5DL
Microscopy of Shale Hydrocarbon Reservoirs $$3* &  3HWURSK\VLFDO &RQVLGHUDWLRQV LQ (YDOXDWLQJ DQG
0HPRLU  ± ,6%1  '2, 3URGXFLQJ6KDOH*DV5HVRXUFHV3DSHU63(SUHVHQWHG
0 DW WKH 63( 8QFRQYHQWLRQDO *DV &RQIHUHQFH 3LWWVEXUJK
(DWRQ%$7KH(TXDWLRQIRU*HRSUHVVXUH3UHGLFWLRQIURP 3HQQV\OYDQLD86$±)HEUXDU\'2,
:HOO/RJV3DSHU63(SUHVHQWHGDWWKH)DOO0HHWLQJRI 06
WKH6RFLHW\RI3HWUROHXP(QJLQHHUVRI$,0(6HSWHPEHU± 6WDQGLQJ0%$3UHVVXUH9ROXPH7HPSHUDWXUH&RUUHODWLRQ
2FWREHU'2,06 IRU0L[WXUHVRI&DOLIRUQLD2LOVDQG*DVHV3DSHU$3,
(VSLWDOLp - 0DGHF 07LVVRW % 0HQQLJ -- DQG /HSODW 3 Drilling and Production Practice ±
 6RXUFH 5RFN &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ 0HWKRG IRU 3HWUROHXP 9DVTXH] 0 DQG %HJJV +'  &RUUHODWLRQV IRU )OXLG
([SORUDWLRQ 3DSHU 27& SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 2IIVKRUH 3K\VLFDO 3URSHUW\ 3UHGLFWLRQ 3DSHU 63( Journal of
7HFKQRORJ\ &RQIHUHQFH +RXVWRQ 7H[DV 86$ ± 0D\ Petroleum Technology  ±'2,
'2,06 3$
+DQ ' DQG %DW]OH 0  9HORFLW\ 'HQVLW\ DQG 0RGXOXV 9RVEXUJK (7 'MRUGMHYLF 2$ DQG 5XVKLQJ -$ 
RI +\GURFDUERQ )OXLGV²(PSLULFDO 0RGHOLQJ SEG /LTXLGV5LFK5HVRXUFH3OD\&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ8VLQJ:HOO/RJ
Technical Program Expanded Abstracts ± '2, $QDO\VLV&DOLEUDWHGZLWK5RFN3URSHUWLHVIURP'ULOO&XWWLQJV
 3DSHU 857(& SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 8QFRQYHQWLRQDO
+DQGZHUJHU '$ .HOOHU - DQG 9DXJKQ .  ,PSURYHG 5HVRXUFHV7HFKQRORJ\&RQIHUHQFH'HQYHU&RORUDGR±
3HWURSK\VLFDO&RUH0HDVXUHPHQWVRQ7LJKW6KDOH5HVHUYRLUV $XJXVW'2,857(&06
8VLQJ 5HWRUW DQG &UXVKHG 6DPSOHV 3DSHU 63( :DOOHV )( DQG %UDWRYLFK 0:  )RUPDWLRQ (YDOXDWLRQ
SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 63( $QQXDO 7HFKQLFDO &RQIHUHQFH DQG DQG 5HVHUYRLU &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI 6RXUFH 5RFN 5HVHUYRLUV
([KLELWLRQ'HQYHU&RORUDGR86$2FWREHU±1RYHPEHU in $KPHG 8 DQG 0HHKDQ '1 (GLWRUV Unconventional
'2,06 Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development, &5&
-DUYLH'07RWDO2UJDQLF&DUERQ 72& $QDO\VLV&KDSWHU 3UHVV±,6%1
in 0HUULOO5.(GLWRUSource and Migration Processes
and Evaluation Techniques$$3* +DQGERRN RI 3HWUROHXP
*HRORJ\±,6%1
/DZ &$  (YDOXDWLQJ 6RXUFH 5RFNV &KDSWHU  in
%HDXPRQW ($ DQG )RVWHU 1+ HGLWRUV Exploring for
Oil and Gas Traps ±$$3* 7UHDWLVH RI 3HWUROHXP
*HRORJ\+DQGERRN RI 3HWUROHXP *HRORJ\ ,6%1 
;
/RXFNV 5* 5HHG 50 5XSSHO 6& HW DO  6SHFWUXP
RI3RUH7\SHVDQG1HWZRUNVLQ0XGURFNVDQGD'HVFULSWLYH
&ODVVLILFDWLRQ IRU 0DWUL[5HODWHG 0XGURFN 3RUHV AAPG
Bulletin  
/XIIHO ' +RSNLQV & 6FKHWWOHU 3  0DWUL[ 3HUPHDELOLW\
0HDVXUHPHQW RI *DV 3URGXFWLYH 6KDOHV 3DSHU 63(
SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 63( $QQXDO 7HFKQLFDO &RQIHUHQFH DQG
([KLELWLRQ +RXVWRQ 7H[DV 86$ ± 2FWREHU '2,
06

February 2019 PETROPHYSICS 15

You might also like