GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(POWER ENGINEERING & REFRIGERATION)

A MICRO-PROJECT REPORT ON
STUDY OF HYBRID CARS
FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING- 3rd YEAR, SEM-5th)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr. M.S.LAKAL

SUBMITTED BY
1) NAMDEV .G.SHINDE

2) DIPAK.S.TIKANDE
 CERTIFICATE
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(POWER ENGINEERING &REFRIGERATIO)

This is to certify that the Micro-project entitled “STUDY OF HYBRID CARS ” being
submitted herewith for the award of DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING of MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD & TECHNICAL
EDUCATION (MSBTE) is the result of Micro-project work completed under my supervision
and guidance by
Mr.
To the best of my knowledge and belief, the work embodied in this Micro-project has not
formed earlier the basis for the award of any degree or diploma of this or any other Board or
examining body.

Date : Micro-project guide

PROF.M.S.LAKAL
 DECLARATION
We, the undesired, hereby declare that the project entitled “STUDY OF HYBRID CARS ”is written
and submitted by us to Government Polytechnic, Ambad during Year 2019-20, fourth Semester
for partial fulfillment of the ‘Micro Project’ requirement of ‘Power Enginering&Refrigeration’
subject under Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai curriculum, under the
guidance Prof.M.S.LAKAL is our original work.
The empirical findings in this project are based on the data collected in this project is not
copied from any other sources.

Name Of Student Enrollment No. Sign

NAMDEV SHINDE 1711620226
DIPAK TIKANDE 1711620230

\
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards a dynamic person and my
project guidance, M.S.LAKAL Department of Mechanical.Engineering Government
Polytechnic, Ambad for giving me an opportunity to work on an interesting topic over one
semester. The work presented here could not have been accomplished without his most
competent and inspiring guidance, incessant encouragement, constructive criticism and constant
motivation during all phases of our group Micro-project work. I am greatly indebted to him.
I am very much thankful to Prof. Kale Sir , Head, Department of Science &

Humanities all HODs of various departments and Prof. Dr A. M. JINTURKAR Principal,

Government Polytechnic, Ambad, for his encouragement and providing me a motivating
environment and project facilities in the Institute to carry out experiments and complete this
Micro-project work.
I would like to extend our thanks to all our professors, staff members and all our
friends who extended their co-operation to complete the project.
I am indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for their immense
help at all levels with moral, social & financial support, care and support throughout my
studies without which my work would not have seen light of the day.
With warm regards,
Yours Sincerely,

Place: Ambad Mr. / Miss. -----------------------------------------

Date:
 ABOUT HYBRID VEHICLE
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a
conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion
system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence of the electric powertrain is
intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better
performance. There is a variety of HEV types, and the degree to which each
functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV
is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and
buses also exist.
Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative
brakes which convert the vehicle's kinetic energy to electric energy, which is stored
in a battery or supercapacitor. Some varieties of HEV use an internal combustion
engine to turn an electrical generator, which either recharges the vehicle's batteries
or directly powers its electric drive motors; this combination is known as a motor–
generator. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the engine at idle
and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-
electric produces less tailpipe emissions than a comparably sized gasoline car,
since the hybrid's gasoline engine is usually smaller than that of a gasoline-
powered vehicle. If the engine is not used to drive the car directly, it can be geared
to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.
Ferdinand Porsche developed the Lohner-Porsche in 1901. But hybrid electric
vehicles did not become widely available until the release of the Toyota
Prius in Japan in 1997, followed by the Honda Insight in 1999. nitially, hybrid
seemed unnecessary due to the low cost of gasoline. Worldwide increases in the
price of petroleum caused many automakers to release hybrids in the late 2000s;
they are now perceived as a core segment of the automotive market of the future.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CONVENTIONAL CAR AND A HYBRID CAR

The main difference between a conventional car and a hybrid one lies in what is
under their hood, the engine makes all the difference. While the conventional cars
that you see around you everyday generate their power solely from an internal
combustion engine. Now the scenario for a perfect combustion is when the residual
remain is only carbon dioxide and water, but that is an ideal and impractical
situation and these engines end up producing carbon monoxide and other
constituent harmful gases that further both pollute and harm the environment.

Now a hybrid car comprises of an engin that is combines the internal combustion
technology with the electric motor technology. Now most of these hybrid cars rely
on the internal combustion process for a certain short-lived process and intern
switches the power source to the electric motor, which in turns stores all the energy
in the form of heavy batteries. Such types of engines highly reduce tailpipe
emissions and improves the efficiency of the vehicle.

But then every new eco friendly technology comes at a price of its own, not to
forget that hybrid cars are way more expensive compared to conventional cars. But
yes they do contribute in saving the environment.
 HYBRID ELECTRIC TRUCK

Hino hybrid diesel-electric truck.

In 2003, GM introduced a hybrid diesel-electric military (light) truck,
equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit.
Hybrid electric light trucks were introduced in 2004 by Mercedes
Benz (Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International
Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to
manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program
serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid-2005 Isuzu introduced the
Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that
approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos
HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor & Retarder) system. In
2007, high petroleum price means a hard sell for hybrid trucks and
appears the first U.S. production hybrid truck (International DuraStar
Hybrid).
Other vehicles are:

 Big mining machines like the Liebherr T 282B dump truck or

Keaton Vandersteen LeTourneau L-2350 wheel loader are
powered that way. Also there was several models of BelAZ (7530
and 7560 series) in USSR (now in Belarus) since the middle of
1970th.[297]
 NASA's huge Crawler-Transporters are diesel-electric.
 HYBRID ELECTRIC BUSES

Hybrid-powered bus
Hybrid technology for buses has seen increased attention since recent
battery developments decreased battery weight significantly.
Drivetrains consist of conventional diesel engines and gas turbines.
Some designs concentrate on using car engines, recent designs have
focused on using conventional diesel engines already used in bus
designs, to save on engineering and training costs. As of 2007,
several manufacturers were working on new hybrid designs, or hybrid
drivetrains that fit into existing chassis offerings without major re-
design. A challenge to hybrid buses may still come from cheaper
lightweight imports from the former Eastern block countries or
China, where national operators are looking at fuel consumption
issues surrounding the weight of the bus, which has increased with
recent bus technology innovations such as glazing, air conditioning
and electrical systems. A hybrid bus can also deliver fuel economy
though through the hybrid drivetrain. Hybrid technology is also being
promoted by environmentally concerned transit authorities.
 HYBRID ELECTRIC HIGH-PERFORMANCE
CARS

Mercedes F1 W06 Hybrid, driven by Nico Rosberg, during

the 2015 Malaysian Grand Prix, using 1.6 L turbocharged V6
Hybrid engine.
As emissions regulations become tougher for manufacturers to adhere
to, a new generation of high-performance cars will be powered by
hybrid technology (for example the Porsche GT3 hybrid racing car).
Aside from the emissions benefits of a hybrid system, the
immediately available torque which is produced from electric
motor(s) can lead to performance benefits by addressing the power
curve weaknesses of a traditional combustion engine.[287] Hybrid
racecars have been very successful, as is shown by the Audi
R18 and Porsche 919, which have won the 24 hours of Le
Mans using hybrid technology.
 HYBRID ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLES
Companies such as Zero Motorcycles and Vectrix have market-
ready all-electric motorcycles available now, but the pairing of
electrical components and an internal combustion engine (ICE) has
made packaging cumbersome, especially for niche brands.
Also, cycle Inc produces series diesel-electric motorcycles, with a top
speed of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a target retail price of $5500.
Peugeot HYmotion3 compressor, a hybrid scooter is a three-wheeler
that uses two separate power sources to power the front and back
wheels. The back wheel is powered by a single cylinder 125 cc,
20 bhp (15 kW) single cylinder motor while the front wheels are each
driven by their own electric motor. When the bike is moving up to
10 km/h only the electric motors are used on a stop-start basis
reducing the amount of carbon emissions.
SEMA has announced that Yamaha is going to launch one in 2010,
with Honda following a year later, fueling a competition to reign in
new customers and set new standards for mobility. Each company
hopes to provide the capability to reach 60 miles (97 km) per charge
by adopting advanced lithium-ion batteries to accomplish their
claims. These proposed hybrid motorcycles could incorporate
components from the upcoming Honda Insight car and its hybrid
powertrain. The ability to mass-produce these items helps to
overcome the investment hurdles faced by start-up brands and bring
new engineering concepts into mainstream markets.
 Advantages of a Hybrid Car
Here are few of the top advantages of having a hybrid car :-

1. Environmentally Friendly: One of the biggest advantage of

hybrid car over gasoline powered car is that it runs cleaner and
has better gas mileage which makes it environmentally friendly.
A hybrid vehicle runs on twin powered engine (gasoline engine
and electric motor) that cuts fuel consumption and conserves
energy.

2. Financial Benefits: Hybrid cars are supported by many credits

and incentives that help to make them affordable. Lower annual
tax bills and exemption from congestion charges comes in the
form of less amount of money spent on the fuel.

3. Less dependence on Fossil Fuels: A Hybrid car is much

cleaner and requires less fuel to run which means less emissions
and less dependence on fossil fuels. This in turn also helps to
reduce the price of gasoline in domestic market.

4. Regenerative Braking System: Each time you apply brake

while driving a hybrid vehicle helps you to recharge your battery
a little. An internal mechanism kicks in that captures the energy
released and uses it to charge the battery which in turn
eliminates the amount of time and need for stopping to recharge
the battery periodically.
5. Built From Light Materials: Hybrid vehicles are made up
of lighter materials which means less energy is required to run.
The engine is also smaller and lighter which also saves much
energy.

6. Higher Resale Value: With continuous increase in price of

gasoline, more and more people are turning towards hybrid cars.
The result is that these green vehicles have started commanding
higher than average resale values. So, in case you are not
satisfied with your vehicle, you can always sell it at a premium
price to buyers looking for it.

There are many advantages to owning a hybrid car. The one you
will like the best is how it helps you to control your budget as
gas prices continue to get higher. The other benefit that is not
seen directly is how owning and driving a hybrid car impacts the
environment. It reduces the dependence on fossil
fuels and lowers your carbon imprint on the environment.
 Disadvantages of a Hybrid Car
There are disadvantages to owning a hybrid car, but they are probably
not what you think. Contrary to popular myth, hybrid cars have just as
much power as regular cars and have no issue with mountain driving or
towing. The disadvantages will depend on the type of hybrid fuel that
your car uses.

Here are few of the disadvantages of a hybrid car :-

1. Less Power: Hybrid cars are twin powered engine. The gasoline
engine which is primary source of power is much smaller as compared
to what you get in single engine powered car and electric motor is low
power. The combined power of both is often less than that of gas
powered engine. It is therefore suited for city driving and not for speed
and acceleration.

2. Can be Expensive: The biggest drawback of having a hybrid car

is that it can burn a hole in your pocket. Hybrid cars are comparatively
expensive than a regular petrol car and can cost $5000 to $10000 more
than a standard version. However, that extra amount can be offset with
lower running cost and tax exemptions.

3. Poorer Handling: A hybrid car houses an gasoline powered

engine, a lighter electric engine and a pack of powerful batteries. This
adds weight and eats up the extra space in the car. Extra weight results in
fuel inefficiency and manufacturers cut down weight which has resulted
in motor and battery downsizing and less support in the suspension and
body.
4. Higher Maintenance Costs: The presence of dual engine,
continuous improvement in technology, and higher maintenance cost can
make it difficult for mechanics to repair the car. It is also difficult to find
a mechanic with such an expertise.

5. Presence of High Voltage in Batteries: In case of an accident,

the high voltage present inside the batteries can prove lethal for you.
There is a high chance of you getting electrocuted in such cases which
can also make the task difficult for rescuers to get other passengers and
driver out of the car.
i8 Specs, Features and Price

The BMW i8 has 1 Petrol Engine on offer. The Petrol engine is 1499 cc. It is available with the
Automatic transmission. Depending upon the variant and fuel type the i8 has a mileage of 47.45
kmpl. The i8 is a 4 seater Hybrid and has a length of 4689mm, width of 2218mm and a
wheelbase of 2850mm.

Key Specifications of BMW i8

ARAI Mileage 47.45 kmpl
Fuel Type Petrol
Engine Displacement (cc) 1499
Max Power (bhp@rpm) 228bhp@5800rpm
Max Torque (nm@rpm) 320Nm@3700rpm
Seating Capacity 4
TransmissionType Automatic
Boot Space (Litres) 154
Fuel Tank Capacity 42
Body Type Hybrid
Service Cost (Avg. of 5 years)
BMW i8 Specifications

Engine and Transmission

Engine Type Hybrid Engine
Displacement (cc) 1499
Max Power (bhp@rpm) 228bhp@5800rpm
Max Torque (nm@rpm) 320Nm@3700rpm
No. of cylinder 3
Valves Per Cylinder 4
Valve Configuration DOHC
Fuel Supply System MPFI
Bore X Stroke 82 X 94.6 mm
Compression Ratio 9.5:1
Turbo Charger
Super Charge
TransmissionType Automatic
Gear Box 6 Speed
Drive Type 4WD
 Toyota

Key Specifications of Toyota Prius

ARAI Mileage 26.27 kmpl
Fuel Type Petrol
Engine Displacement (cc) 0
Max Power (bhp@rpm) 96.55bhp@5200rpm
Max Torque (nm@rpm) 142Nm@4000rpm
Seating Capacity 5
TransmissionType Automatic
Boot Space (Litres) 502
Fuel Tank Capacity 43
Body Type Hybrid
Service Cost (Avg. of 5 years) Rs.4,049
Engine and Transmission
Engine Type 2ZR-FXE Petrol Engine
Displacement (cc) 0
Max Power (bhp@rpm) 96.55bhp@5200rpm
Max Torque (nm@rpm) 142Nm@4000rpm
No. of cylinder 4
Valves Per Cylinder 4
Valve Configuration DOHC
Fuel Supply System EFI
Turbo Charger No
Super Charge No
TransmissionType Automatic
Gear Box 5 Speed
Drive Type FWD

Fuel & Performance

Fuel Type Petrol
Mileage (ARAI) 26.27
Fuel Tank Capacity (Litres) 43
Emission Norm Compliance BS IV
Top Speed (Kmph) 112

Suspension, Steering & Brakes

Front Suspension MacPherson Strut
Rear Suspension Torsion beam
Shock Absorbers Type Gas Filled
Steering Type Power
Steering Column Tilt & Telescopic
Steering Gear Type Rack & Pinion
Turning Radius (Metres) 5.1 metres
Front Brake Type Ventilated Disc
Rear Brake Type solid Disc
Acceleration 12.5 Seconds
Acceleration (0-100 kmph) 12.5 Seconds
Dimensions & Capacity
Length (mm) 4540
Width (mm) 1760
Height (mm) 1490
Boot Space (Litres) 502
Seating Capacity 5
Ground Clearance Unladen (mm) 135
Wheel Base (mm) 2700
Kerb Weight (Kg) 1395
Gross Weight (Kg) 1790
Toyota Camry
Toyota Camry Hybrid Key Specifications
Price Rs. 37.5 Lakhs
Engine 2487 cc
Transmission Automatic (CVT)
FuelType Hybrid (Electric + Petrol)
Seating Capacity 5

Camry Hybrid Technical Specs

Engine & Transmission
Engine 2487cc, 4 Cylinders Inline, 4 Valves/Cylinder,
DOHC
Engine Type Gasoline-Hybrid
Fuel Type Hybrid (Electric + Petrol)
Max Power (bhp@rpm) 215 bhp @ 5700 rpm
Max Torque (Nm@rpm) 221 Nm
Max Engine Performance 176 bhp @ 5700 rpm, 221 Nm @ 3600 rpm
Max Motor Performance 119 bhp 202 Nm
Drivetrain FWD
Transmission Automatic (CVT) - 6 Gears, Sport Mode
Battery Nickel Metal Hydride, 245V Battery Placed
Under Rear Seats
Electric Motor Permanent magnet synchronous Placed At Front
Axle
Others Regenerative Braking, Engine Start-Stop Function
Dimensions & Weight
Length 4885 mm
Width 1840 mm
Height 1455 mm
Wheelbase 2825 mm
Kerb Weight 1665 kg
Capacity
Doors 4 Doors
Seating Capacity 5 Person
No of Seating Rows 2 Rows
Fuel Tank Capacity 50 litres
Suspensions, Brakes & Steering
Suspension Front MacPherson Strut
Suspension Rear Double Wishbone
Front Brake Type Disc
Rear Brake Type Disc
Minimum Turning Radius 5.8 metres
Steering Type Power assisted (Electric)
Wheels Alloy Wheels
Spare Wheel Alloy
Front Tyres 235 / 45 R18
Rear Tyres 235 / 45 R18
 Volvo XC90

volvo XC90 Specifications DIMENSIONS

Length 4950 mm
Width 2140 mm
Height 1776 mm
Wheelbase 2984 mm
Ground Clearance 238 mm
Boot Space 300 L
Kerb Weight 2394 Kg
Gross Weight 2770 Kg
Front Track 1668 mm
Rear Track 1671 mm
Minimum Turning Radius 5.80 m
No. Of Doors 5
Seating Capacity 4