TEXT VS.
DISCOURSE
• Text can be defined as an object
that can be read, whether it is a
work of literature, a lesson
written on the blackboard, or a
street sign.
• It is a coherent set of signs that
transmits some kind of
informative message.
TEXT VS. DISCOURSE
• In literary studies, text usually
refers to the written material.
• We use the term text when we
are discussing novels, short
stories, and dramas.
• Even the content of a letter, bill,
poster or similar entities that
contain written material can be
called a text.
• Discourse was first interpreted
as dialogue – an interaction
between a speaker and a
listener.
• Discourse referred to
authentic daily
communications, mainly oral,
included in the wide
communicative context.
• Discourse is used to refer to
particular contexts of
language use, and in this
sense it becomes similar to
concepts like genre or text
type.
• the totality of codified
language used in a particular
field intellectual inquiry and of
social practice (e.g. medical
discourse, legal discourse)
 A recent study confirmed that playing video games may cause children to become
violent. However, this is only true for some children. Dr. Charlotte Cooper and Dr. Markey
Vitasa of ABC University explained that children who manifest a combination of three
personality traits―high neuroticism, disagreeableness, and low levels of
conscientiousness―are more likely to be aggressive toward others after playing video games.

Argumentation

When I first saw my childhood friend Margarette, she was about my younger sister Viv’s
height. Her hair was curly and dark, and her skin was pale. But what really struck me when I
first saw her was her big round blue eyes.

Description

How to set up an email account

1. Choose the web host.
2. Look for the sign up button. Click it.
3. Provide the required information.
4. Think of a unique username and a password. (Tip: For the password, type in uppercase
or add characters.)
5. Start using the newly setup email account.

Exposition

I remember the time when I learned how to swim. I was only eight years old and
afraid to bathe in a pool. I envied the kids who played with inflatable balls and animals.
Whenever my family would visit the clubhouse, I would sit beside the pool and never really
jump in to join them. A summer camp opened in our neighborhood, and my mom thought of
enrolling my brother and me in a swimming class. Two days before the class started, my mom
gave me a pep talk; that made me realize that I did not want to miss out the fun just because I
was afraid.

Narration

The sky was dark, foreboding. A wounded eagle fell from the sky. Somewhere in the
damp ground was a black leather jacket, a brown wallet, and pair of eyeglasses. Suddenly I
heard the sound of the creek. I followed the sound. Then I heard my two nieces Yenyen and
Nina sobbing. Then I saw a mangled, human hand filled with blood.

I remember my last conversation with Rene. He said he wanted to try skydiving. And he
did.
Description