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TOWERS
TOWERS
TOWERS
oma
2014
Eng. Ahmed Deyab
Fares
Contents
1- Distillation Towers Internals & Trouble Shooting.
4- Separators Internals
10
It is important to note that an equilibrium in composition will
be established
Obviously, we can
continue to cascade
these simple distillations
until we achieve the
desired purity of product
The distillations depicted so far are those we call
The
11/5/19 same system is shown
diagrammatically in the in
Suppose we have 50% of the charge taken overhead
Although this is
accomplishing our
goal of increasing
the purity of the
light friction, we are
also making large
amounts of the
intermediate product,
each of which
contains the same
light friction 20
An obvious simplification in equipment can be made
distillation
Tower Sections
We have described staging
for the purpose of
concentrating the lighter
component in the overhead
.provide better contact between vapour and liquid, hence better separation
2. PackingsTrays /Plates . 1
TRAYS
T R A Y S W IT H D O W N C O M E R P A C K IN G
VALVE TRAYS
S IE V E T R A Y S
R AN D O M S TR U C TU R ED
BUBBLE CAP TR AYS
T R A Y S W IT H O U T D O W N C O M E R
N O N - F R A C T IO N A T IO N T R A Y S
Sieves
Sieve Tray
This tray is a sheet of light metal with a large number of holes dril
led through it.
Vapor rising through the holes keeps the liquid on the tray and b
ubbles up through it.
Inexpensive,
Easy to clean, and
Maintains good liquid and vapor contact
as long as it is operated at its design load.
Valve Trays
Sieve Trays
Bubble Cap
Valve
Tray
Floatin
g
Fixed
Valve Tray
Valve Tray
Cost,
Capacity,
Operating range,
Maintenance and
Pressure drop.
Cost:
Bubble-cap trays are appreciably more expensive
than sieve or valve trays.
clean.
Pressure Drop:
In general,
Downcomer
Trays
Seal Pot
Inlet Weirs
These contribute to the uniform distribution of
liquid as it enters the tray from the down comer.
tagnant liquid where dirt, sediments, etc can build up. A large a
100
Classification of Trays
1. Single Pass
2. Two Pass
3. Three Pass
4. Four Pass
Packing
:Packing
1. Random Packing
2. Structured Packing
INTALOX SADDLE
RASCHIG RING
PALL RING
Structured
Packing
Structured packing are considerably more expensive per
packing.
Reflux & Reboiling
Reflu
x reflux is defined as "flowing
The word
back“
It is capable of removing
the latent heat because
no difference in
temperature is involved.
Internal Reflux
It is the liquid that
overflow from one plate
to another in the tower,
and may be called hot
reflux because it is
always substantially at
its boiling point
It also capable of
removing the latent heat
only because no
difference in
temperature is involved.
Circulating Reflux
It is also able to
remove only the
sensible heat which is
represented by its
change in temperature
as it circulates
1. Towers start-up
2. Testing of the tower
Minimum Reflux
e of the shell and tube heat exchanger type and normally steam
t transfer fluids like hot oil or Dowtherm (TM) may be used. Fue
reduce to economics. Every plant will weight the trade-off between these
factors differently. No one-size fits all selection exists. Major factors includ
e:
Fouling tendency
Forced circulation reboilers are used for reboiler duties where viscous
m product.
High liquid velocities in the tubes and the resulting shearing forces e
nsure that this type of heat exchanger is operated within its optimu
gasoline,
naphtha,
kerosene,
diesel oil,
gas oil, and other products, by
distillation at atmospheric
11/5/19
144
Process Description
Crude is generally pumped to the unit
directly from a storage tank, and it is
important that charge tanks be
drained completely free from water
before charging to the unit
but is normally about 120ºC 10ºC
being lower for low pressure and light
crudes
201
The upper limit to vapour flow is set by the condition
of flooding.