SYNOPSIS FOR BE FINAL YEAR

PROJECT

1)Name of the college : Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil

Institute of

Technology
Budhgaon.

2)Name of the student : 1. Mr. Vishal Anandrao Patil

(09)

2. Mr. Pratik Subhash Shinde

(12)

3. Mr. Akshay Sharad Lohar

(13)

4. Mr. Rohan Rajaram Chavan

(16)

3)Name of the course : B.E. Mechanical (Mechanical Engg.)

4)Name of the Guide : Prof. Vishal P. Patil.

5)Month of Registration : July 2019

6)Proposed Title of Project : “Design and development of steering

and braking system used for hybrid trike”

7)Relevance:

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 Under SAE a project competition is being held called as
EFFICYCLE (a hybrid trike event). The main caters to design a vehicle
which can be utilized in real world applications e.g. for last mile
connectivity and short transits in day-to-day mobility. The vehicle
designed for this purpose must be aerodynamic, highly engineered,
safe and ergonomic. It should be capable to be driven simultaneously
as well as alternatively by two drivers and also simultaneously and
alternatively on electric and human power.

The Competition includes designing, fabricating and validating the

vehicle developed by students according to rulebook. The vehicle
would be evaluated for its design, performance, safety, durability and
commercial viability.

The vehicle is designed and built by team Trojan from

Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology to
compete in national competition SAE Efficycle. Our main contribution
for this project is to develop optimum steering and braking system
which operates smoothly with less efforts and perform more
ergonomic way.
Subject of work is to design and to construct a new steering
system for light Urban-concept vehicle. During the designing phase it
is considered that it should be lighter, compact to ensure lower
energy losses due to influence of inertia. Another factor is to be taken
into account is to achieve such solution which could cooperate with
new suspension system designed in parallel. Mechanism is to be
optimize to achieve best possible Ackerman angles without changing
the convergence when suspension system works. Last part is to
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create technical documentation which allow to begin manufacturing
process.
While Braking system is an essential part of any vehicle which
is designed to reduce the speed & stop a moving vehicle within
minimum distance. It converts the vehicle movement (or kinetic
energy) into heat while stopping rotation of wheel. This is done by
providing friction at the wheels.

8) Present Theories and Practices:

The function of steering system is to controls its direction and

provides directional stability. The main considerations while
designing the steering system is to produce pure rolling action during
turning which would reduce tire wear. Consequently, it must steer the
vehicle easily with minimum steering radius for efficient
maneuverability and it be able to multiply the driver input force.
Nowadays steering system for vehicle is designed on the basis of
above consideration.
In braking system of hybrid vehicle now a days mechanical, hydraulic
types of brakes are used. Mechanical type of brake is most
preferable.

9) Literature review:
Dr. S. Neelakrishnan et al. (2017) [1] The main objective is to analyze
the steering characteristics of an ATV (All Terrain vehicles) in order to
improve the maneuverability of the vehicle. The main focus is to
design an effective steering system with a reduced steering ratio of
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3:1. This helps the driver to maneuver the vehicle with ease.
Abhay Tiwari et al. (2017) [2] This research article describes use of
mechanical disc brakes, which has mounted on all three wheels. Disc
brakes are used because of its high heat dissipation capability, high
torque transmitting capacity, good efficient in wet weather conditions
(because centrifugal force tends to fling water off the brakes disc and
keeps it dry).
Pushkar Wadagbalkar et al. (2016) [3] The documentation includes a
description of the design processes adopted for the various parts of
the steering system. This begins with the actual design of Ackermann
Geometry, steering components and their integration together in
SOLIDWORKS, followed by the technical specifications of the final
design. The designed steering system was used in a Go-Kart for a
student level racing event.
Gomish Chawla et al. (2016) [4] this paper focuses more on steering
considerations while designing the steering system. It also introduce
use of “Peter Eland Knuckle Spreadsheets” to make iterations for
dimensions to achieve pure rolling with minimum steering effort.
There main focus while designing the brakes of the cycle was not
only on brakes efficiency but also on the braking efficiency, so that
design considerations kept forward while designing & assembly of
braking system. It also focuses on optimum ergonomic position of
driver.
S. Krishna et al. (2015) [5] An efficient steering system is very
essential for better and smooth handling of any vehicle. they have
selected Rack and Pinion type steering system because of its simple
design, compactness and easy availability. Due to its simple design
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as compared to other types like re-circulating ball, worm and sector
etc. its mounting becomes easier and weight gets reduced because of
less number of linkages used. Understanding the importance of
steering system we have tried to achieve 100% efficient Ackerman
principle.

10)Problem Definition:
“Design and development of steering and braking system
for hybrid trike that can be efficiently and comfortably work”

11) Scope of Work:

The project is based on the mobility solutions and different
concepts. There it covers many sections of proportionate benefits to
the all sphere.

 To research various methods available in automotive.

 To study various mechanisms for steering and braking

systems.

12) Objectives:

 To develop the optimum steering and braking system for

hybrid vehicle.

13) Outcomes:
 This study will lead to create an optimum steering and
braking systems for hybrid trike.
14) Activity chart:

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 Activity Project Literatur Theore Manufacturi Result
Discussio e view tical ng, and
Months n Study Assembly Discussio
and n
Performance
Test
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March

PHASE: I

Project Discussion:

It is design and development of steering and braking system

used for hybrid trike which reduces the human effort and works
efficiently.

PHASE: II

Literature View:

In our project we are working on steering and braking system

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for hybrid trike. For this we decided various components which are
highly basic requirement of those subsystems. For making lightweight
and simple steering system we have chosen Ackerman steering
mechanism with over seat control. And in braking system we have
chosen mechanical disc type brakes.

PHASE: III
Theoretical Study:
Under the theoretical considerations and the design, we need to
make certain calculations of components required. The terms are as:
Terminology: -
a= wheel track
b= wheel base
c= distance between pivot centers
θ= Inner wheel lock angle
ɸ= outer wheel lock angle
α= steer arm angle
Rif= Turning radius of inner front wheel.

specification of brake:
1.Disc diameter – 160 mm
2. Mechanical actuated disc brake are used.
3.Brake pads diameter – 18 mm
4. Brake cable diameter – 1.6 mm

PHASE: IV

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Experimental Studies:
 Manufacturing

1. For steering system, we are using simple linkages such

as tie rods and steering arms.

2. For steering control, we are using handlebar with stem

column.

3. As we are using mechanical disc brakes, it needs caliper

mounting.

 Assembly

1. It needs to assemble the linkages and ball joints used in

steering system

2. Mounting of disc and caliper

3. Arrangement of brake cables.

 Performance test

1. Need to check actual turning radius of steering sytem.

2. Need to check vehicle stopping distance by applying

brakes.

PHASE: V

Result and Discussion:

In this stage we will decide to implement our research and

idea in actual. we will start work on development of both
subsystems.

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15) Facilities Available:

1. Fabrication and machining facility in order to carryout dissertation

work are available in our well-equipped college workshop.

2. Measuring Instruments

3.The literature required is available in college library, which is well

equipped with reference books, journals in hand and e-journal format.

Prof. V. P. Patil Prof. C. G. Harge

Guide HOD
Place: Budhgaon
Date:

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16) References:

1. Dr. S. Neelakrishnan, Kaushik T, Krishnakumar G, Bharathi

Mohan M P Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application,
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 5, (Part -4) May 2017, pp.18-25

2. “Design of Efficycle-Human Powered Light Weight Hybrid

Tricycle with Inbuilt Rear Wheel Steering and Use of Universal
Joint in Front Axle”, Tiwari, Ishan Jaswal, Sulipt Das and Anshu
Singh, Adv Auto mob Eng. 2017, 6:3 DOI: 10.4172/2167-
7670.1000167.

3. “Formulation of a Standardized Procedure for Designing the

Steering System of Small Vehicles Like Go-Karts”, Pushkar
Wadagbalkar, Chirag Somani International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181,
Vol. 5 Issue 05, May-2016.

4. “Design and fabrication of a tadpole hybrid trike”, Gomish

Chawla, International Journal of Aerospace and Mechanical
Engineering Volume 3 – No.1, February 2016, ISSN (O): 2393-8609

5. “Design and Fabrication of Hybrid Green Vehicle”, S. Krishna,

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The International Journal of Science & Technoledge (ISSN 2321
– 919X)

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