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The Problem and Its Background of The Study
The Problem and Its Background of The Study
This chapter presents the problem and its background of the study, statement of
the problem, significance of the study and scope and delimitation of the study
INTRODUCTION
The pomelo ( Citrus maxima Merr.), a native plant from Asia, which is best
cultivated in China, southern Japan, Vietnam, Mlaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. The fruit
of pomelo is commonly eaten fresh or made as juice. It is also popular for jam and
syrup. In traditional medicine, the fruit peel has been used for cough, swellings, and
epilepsy, because of the effectiveness of the volatiles. The middle layer (albedo) of fruit
peel is extracted for pectin which is used as dietary fiber for reducing body weight.
The citrus species are famous for the source of essential oils. C. maxima is the
same as other Citrus species that contains essential oil glands in their fruit peel and
flower petals. The Citrus peel oils have a strong and desirable aroma with refreshing
effect. They have been used as flavoring in foods, beverages and pharmaceutical
products. They also have been used as fragrance in perfumes, cosmetic and
aromatherapy. The Citrus flower oils have the relaxing and hormone balancing effects
hao-poung and khao-yai which are popular as fresh eating. The C. maxima is peeled
foe their fresh pulp and juice that are sold both in Thailand and foreign countries. The
high demand of pomelo in the market causes around one metric ton of the peel left as
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by product in each day. These wastes could be served as raw materials for essential oil
industries. So the study of C. maxima peel essential oil could increase the value of the
useless waste.
maximum Burn. ex Rumph, Citrus aurantium L. var grandis L., Citrus grandis Osbeck
and Citrus pamplemos Risso. Pomelo is an indigenous plant of Malayu Islands and the
east of India. It is widespread in China, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, the United
C. maxima is medium sized tree. Its leaves have the small winged petioles.
The flowers are bisexual and smell sweet. The tree can flower when its age is four
years old. The fruit is always round shape and big size. Fruit peel has the 3 layers: the
outer layer is called flavedo or epicarp which has the oil glands, the medium layer is
called albedo or mesocarp which white in color and has plenty of spongy cells, and the
inner layer is called endocarb which is the edible portion of the fruit, the juice sags.
Because the extraction of peel essential oils needs modern methodology for reducing
solvent residue, impurities and chemicals transformation and increasing yield. These
factors influence on the oil quality. Therefore, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is
It is true that the gardener grows C. maxima trees for their fruits not flower.
However, after fertilization of C. maxima flower, their petals always fall down and they
are allowed to wither with no use. Then, the development of C. maxima flower oil
extraction is profitable for the gardener. This may help to increase gardener’s income
Southeast Asia and its flower oil could generally substitute neroli that import from
western countries.
This study was conducted to determine the acceptability of Pomelo peel oil as
skin moisturizer.
terms of:
a. Color,
b. Odor,
c. Texture ?
a. Color,
b. Odor,
c. Texture ?
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3. Is there any significant difference among the treatments of Pomelo peel oil as
skin moisturizer ?
rate ?
This study may be very beneficial and useful to individuals who are financially
incapable of buying priced and branded skin moisturizer that are more expensive
because they can have their own home-made skin moisturizer which is less costly since
the pomelo peelings and the other materials needed in the production are very
affordable.
In addition, pomelo peels are abundant in our surrounding. Through the use of
these, one can avoid skin irritations and allergies since the moisturizer is safe from
hazardous chemicals.
The study was conducted in Brgy. Rizal, Odiongan, Romblon where there is the
abundance of Pomelo. This will make the researcher easy to get and provide the
materials needed. The experiment will be done at Grata’s residence where proper
guidance and permission to the owner of the house will be asked. This will make sure
The study will be delimited into one month experiment. After the processing and
This study has its limitation in terms of methodology and application. The method
This study will be further limited to thirty (30) students randomly selected taken
as respondents. The duration of the experimental investigation will start on January 18,
2012 and will end on February 18, 2012 including the buying of the ingredients,
experimental trials.
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CHAPTER 2
This chapter contains the local literature and studies, foreign literature and
studies will elaborate the knowledge of the respondents to know the background related
Pomelo is from the Southeast Asian countries, it is the largest among all citrus
fruits. It is widely grown in countries like India, China, Fiji, Japan, the Caribbean and
USA. Pomelo is known as Chinese grapefruit, Bali lemon, lime large, jabong, lusho fruit,
pompelmous and shaddock. Pomelo is the most exotic citrus fruit that looks like an
ancestor to grape fruit. The fruit is capable of adapting to dry climatic conditions and can
grow as large as 30 cm in diameter and can weigh up to 25 lb. The pulp of the fruit is
found in various colors, ranging from pale yellow to pink or red. The rind is very thick but
soft and easy to peel away. It contains all the good nutrients. Pomelo helps in getting rid
of diseases like cancer, diabetes, heart diseases and other small and big infections. It
also helps in flushing out all the impurities and toxic materials from the body. A glass of
pomelo juice is sufficient to immune your body against various life threatening health
issues.
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Though pomelo juice is acidic in nature, it helps in the digestive process of the body,
by having an alkaline reaction after digestion. Pomelo rind contains huge amount of
bioflavonoid that can stop the cancer cells from spreading the effect of breast cancer in
a patient, by making the body get rid of the excess estrogen. The high amount of
vitamin C present in the body makes the fruit an effective stimulant that facilitates in
strengthening and maintaining the elastic nature of the arteries. Pomelo is also
effective against fatigue, diabetes, fever, insomnia, sore throat, stomach and pancreatic
cancer and other such infectious diseases. Pomelo contains pectin which proves to be
very effective in reducing the accumulation of arterial deposits in the body, thereby
clearing out all the impurities. Pomelo is also useful in reducing the cholesterol count in
the body, thus saving you from running the risk of various heart related
problems. Pomelo can also prove out to be useful for people seeking out weight loss.
The fat burning enzyme in pomelo absorbs and reduces the starch and sugar content in
Pomelo is a great food content. According to Nokes (2011), it provides you with all
the kinds of things that you need. One should know that one is required to get foods that
mean health to one’s body. Pomelo is highly upheld due to its nutritional value that
makes it a good pick for anyone who wants to ensure that the foods are going to do no
harm to the body. The scientific research carried on the pomelo shows that it can help
the body to increase its resistance towards infection. It contains vitamin C which has the
Keerthana (2010) added that pomelo contains many nutrients such as vitamin
B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin C, protein, copper, iron, calcium,
carbohydrates, dietary fiber and calories. It has also many health benefits. It help in
improves wound healing and immune system. It protects us from free radicals and
reduces aging. Pomelo improves nerve functions and muscle functions. It also help
soluble vitamin, and is needed by our bodies to form collagen in bones, cartilage,
muscle and blood vessels. One gets Vitamin C from fruits and vegetables, particularly
citrus fruits like lemons, limes and oranges. Although it is a vitamin, Vitamin C is also an
antioxidant. This means it can neutralize free radicals which would otherwise damage
our skin and other organs. And since it is soluble in water, Vitamin C works both inside
and outside of our cells to combat this free radical damage. Vitamin C doesn’t just
increase the Vitamin C levels in our blood, it also increases two more very important
antioxidant).
Ireland (2010) noted that skin bleaching is popular with darker-skinned people to
obtain a more even skin tone, but skin bleaching cream is also often used to lighten sun
damage and age spots on the skin in people of all skin colors. Skin bleaching should be
done under the supervision of a trained dermatologist, but too often hydroquinone
cream, the most common type of skin bleach, is used without any supervision, which
can result in uneven lightening of the skin and a slew of other undesirable effects.
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According to Ireland, the purpose of skin bleaching is to obtain a lighter skin tone, either
all over the face or on a few smaller areas. The main ingredient of most cosmetically-
lightening of the skin by inhibiting enzyme reaction of the skin which causes dark
pigments.
chemicals are used to lighten (or whiten) the skin. The chemicals are applied to the skin
On the face of it, people bleach with a view to getting lighter tones than their
natural complexion. McDaniel(2009) asked numerous people in the street why they
bleach their black beauty. Respondents say that they feel better about themselves; they
receive more attention from the opposite sex; they experience more romance; they get
better job/economic opportunities; they bleach to clear up spots; they just like how it
McDaniel (2009) elaborated that melanin is the dark-brown pigment in the skin
which makes us dark. Melanin protects the skin from the cancer-
causing ultraviolet rays of the sun. The more melanin our skin produces, the darker we
appear. Lighter skin has less melanin. So, an effective way to attain lighter skin is to
reduce the amount of melanin in the skin. This is exactly what bleaching products do.
Bleaching products inhibit melanocytes, skin cells which produce the pigment, melanin.
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Skin-bleaching products are toxic when used long-term and excessively. Popular
clobetasol. Common side effects include thin skin, steroid-induced acne (bumps), skin
infections and striae (permanent linear stretch-marks scars) due to weakening of the
skin's elastic tissues. Eventually steroids may enter the bloodstream to create major
challenges, like increased blood sugar levels, high blood pressure, glaucoma and
and glutathione (taken orally). Home-made skin bleaching items include toothpaste,
household bleach, toilet bowl cleaner, curry powder, hair relaxer, lime and honey,
Wood (2009) pointed out that skin bleaching uses chemicals to lighten your skin
tone. Skin bleaching can be used as a spot treatment for blemishes like age spots and
freckles or to alter the skin tone of your entire body. However, the use of bleaching
overall skin tone. Instead, it treats specific disorders like hyperpigmentation and age
spots that could benefit from lightening the color of the skin. Age spots are caused by
toiletries are widely used in most African countries. The active ingredients in these
cosmetic products are hydroquinone, mercury and corticosteroids. Several additives are
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used to enhance the bleaching effect. Since these products are used for long duration,
on a large body surface area, and under hot humid conditions, percutaneous absorption
is enhanced. The complications of these products are very serious and are sometimes
fatal.
Simpson(2009) said that there are numerous ways to even out skin tone and
control the production of melanin. Here are some of them: (1) Keep a steady supply of
vitamins A, E and C to your skin. Vitamin C inhibits melanin production. This controls
the appearance of pigmentation on the dermis. (2) Keep your skin hydrated all the time.
(3) Use vitamin C as a topical treatment. It works well in making your dermis look more
vibrant. Some people squeeze out lemon juice and apply the juice on their skin. (4) Get
The color of the skin is one of man's major concerns. This area naturally is of
great interest to the cosmetic chemists. Skin color varies with the over-all thickness of
the integument, the state of vascularity and the amount of the pigment in the skin.
According to Edwards and Duntley (2000), there are five primary pigments which
contribute to the color of human skin such as carotene (yellow), oxyhemoglobin (red),
reduced hemoglobin (bluish), melanin, and melanoid. Among these, melanin and
melanoid are the most important since these are the pigments which distinguish the
located in the basal layer of the epidermis, are the only cells capable of melanin
one speaks of melanin pigmentation, one has to speak of the melanocyte. A thorough
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wide range of different colors and gradations, ranging from white to brown to black,
because it is due to the presence of a chemically inert and stable pigment known as
melanin, which is produced deep inside the skin but is displayed as a mosaic at the
surface of the body. Melanin is therefore responsible for the most striking polymorphic
traits of humans and for the most obvious and thoroughly discussed aspect of human
geographical variability: skin color. Besides its role in defining ethnicity, melanin plays
an essential role in defending the body against harmful UV rays and other
environmental challenges.
According to Joy (2009), skin color is determined by melanin in the skin, but what
is melanin and what does it do? Joy (2009) added that melanin is a pigment in the skin
that results in certain skin color based on genetics and thousands of years of adapting
to a specific region or locale. There are two types of melanin: pheomelanin and
eumelanin. Pheomelanin is more red or yellow in color, while eumelanin is more dark
brown or black in color. People with light skin tend to have more pheomelanin, while
In terms of global distribution, we tend to find people with darker skin tones
centered along the equator, while those with lighter skin tones are found both further
north and south of the equator. This directly relates to the purpose of melanin. To put it
simply, melanin is a natural form of sunscreen. It serves as a shield for the sun against
monovalent hydroxyl anion at physiologic pH. It is the main water soluble non enzymatic
antioxidant interacting with a variety of free radicals thus providing a front line defense
cutaneous aging and prevention of skin cancer. In the past, Vitamin C has been
marketed in cosmetic industry for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Vitamin C has the
Chris Sherwood (2009) said that whether spending time out in the sun or
spending time in a tanning booth, most people have had some contact to ultraviolet
rays. The most common activity where this contact occurs is tanning. Tanning is the
process of using the effects of ultraviolet light to increase pigmentation in the skin,
resulting in a darker skin tone. Sherwood pointed out that ultraviolet rays have two main
forms UVA and UVB. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, UVB rays are the more
dangerous form of ultraviolet radiation. They are responsible for the formation of
sunburns. UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and influence the deeper skin cells,
allowing the rays to influence the production of melanin. When ultraviolet rays penetrate
the skin, the work directly on cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are responsible for
producing melanin, the substance in your body that give the skin its coloring. The
ultraviolet rays work as a catalyst for the increased production of melanin. The more
time spent exposed to ultraviolet rays, the more melanin that will be released. The
greater amount of melanin released, the darker the tan will become.
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According to Taylor (2003), the distinctions between your skin of color and white
skin are numerous. The most notable differences include: More melanin, or brown skin
pigment, resulting in a warmer skin shade, greater natural protection from the sun and
lower risk of skin cancer, fewer visible signs of aging, such as deep wrinkles, fine lines,
and sun spots, potential problems with pigmentation, or uneven darkening or lightening
of skin, greater risk of keloid (raised, often large scars) development, skin of Color
Characteristics. Our skin is made up of three distinct layers: the epidermis, the dermis,
and the subcutaneous layer. The only visible layer, the epidermis, is composed mainly
of keratinocytes -- cells that provide a protective barrier to the skin. The epidermis also
contains melanocytes -- specialized cells that produce melanin, the brown pigment that
gives our skin its rich color. These cells are present in the lowest sublayer of the
epidermis, or the basal cell layer. The primary purpose of the melanocyte cell is to make
melanin. Although all people have the same number of melanocyte cells, people of color
have melanocytes that are capable of making large amounts of melanin. This increased
melanin is what gives skin of color its warm shade. Melanin is not a static substance.
That is why our skin changes color in response to various stimuli. Our melanocyte cells
can produce more melanin if stimulated by the sun, medications, or certain diseases.
The most obvious example of this is tanning, which occurs when our skin produces
more melanin after sun exposure. Our skin may also darken in response to certain
Today, many people are using injections and plastic surgery options to make
their lighter and whiter, but according to Regan (2010), one can treat one issue of older
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skin--uneven skin tone--at home with vitamin C. Since pomelo contains Vitamin C, it
means that it can whiten our skin. Uneven skin tone happens when the melanin or
pigment in your skin becomes unevenly distributed, which can be caused by acne
scars, hyperpigmentation, melasma, and many other conditions, and it can affect
free radical damage. Free radicals are reactive molecules that cause tissue damage
and are present in sun rays, pollution and cigarette smoke, among other places. They
contribute to uneven tone by causing skin to lose its elasticity and sag and to become
less capable of shedding dead skin cells, and they can cause skin to be at an even
pomelo is rather high. Pomelo contains abundant carotene, vitamin B complex, vitamin
C, mineral substances, sugar and volatile oil. The peel of pomelo plays an important
role in resisting inflammation for the human body. The flesh of pomelo contains
abundant nutrients like vitamin C and para-insulin and it plays an important role in
decreasing the blood fat, beautifying the skin and helping people lose weight. (Alice
According to Downer (2011), skin bleaching is a technique that has been used
for hundreds of years and some of the active ingredients used are still in use today. One
of the oldest remedies is called hydroquinone. Hydroquinone was used as long as the
days of the ancient Persian Empire for a skin bleach. However, today this product has
come in for a lot of opposition due to its carcinogenic properties. Though it remains one
of the most effective skin bleaching agents, it is only legally available in a few countries.
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is preferred. This substitute is a substance called arbutin. Arbutin can be derived from
mulberry, bearberry, white mulberry, and paper mulberry. Lactic acid is also a good
bleaching agent that gives some credence to the Cleopatra claim of bathing in milk. In
addition, lactic acid is also a good exfoliating medium. Azelaic acid that is a treatment
for acne has also been known to provide some skin bleaching benefits.
Most of these treatments are available naturally in some form or the other;
however, for a home remedy, you can use some treatments like vitamin C as a
vegetable acquiring its juices and applying it topically to the skin every day. To acquire
vitamin C, use onion juice and lemon juice; both of which must be freshly squeezed.
Also, increase your dietary intake of pomegranate, vitamin E, pears, berries, and other
plant sources. You should also increase your intake of peanuts, pineapple and coffee as
well.
Georgina R. Clay (2008) said that it requires to have your daily skin care routine
and you use the correct creams and ingredients that will make your skin look younger,
whiter, lighter and bright, its known that vitamin c has potent skin lightening benefits. To
have a lighter skin you need to use ingredients that will absorb the UV rays of the sun to
prevent the sun from darkening your skin and reduce production of melanin which is
responsible for skin darkening. New discoveries have shown that vitamin C has very
good skin health benefits. For example, vitamin C as ascorbyl form has been
extensively tested, it inhibit the production of melanin, which is the pigment that
produces a dark color to the skin. When Vitamin C inhibits the production of melanin it’s
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just a matter of weeks before a brighter and lighter skin appears. It also increases the
production of collagen and elastin in the body which reduces wrinkles and aging signs.
Vitamin C repairs the skin when is injured and also regenerates vitamin E. All those
benefits of Vitamin C are great, however there have been some concerns about using
vitamin C topically. Skin care companies have difficulties using vitamin C on their topical
creams because vitamin C is unstable and oxidates when it’s exposed to the air. If
vitamin C oxidates it can produce free radicals on the skin and create damage.
Conceptual Framework
from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel as a valuable contribution to the smoothness of skin
and health benefits. Skin moisturizer from pomelo oil is of low cost compared to the
Research Paradigm
respondent and degree of acceptability in terms of: color, odor, and texture and
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
In order to pursue the objectives of the study, the following hypotheses are
advanced:
and texture.
Definition of Terms
categories called red, green, blue and other. Color categories and physical
specifications of color are also associated with objects, materials, light sources atc.,
animals perceive by the sense of olfaction. The terms fragrance and aroma are used
primarily by the food and cosmetic industry to describe a pleasant odor, and are
Oil Extracts- are used mainly for topical applications, and as the base for ,
salves or ointments. Oil extracts can be taken internally, but they are readily absorbed
through the skin,and can be as much as 70 times more effective at delivering oil-soluble
phyto-chemicals into bloodstream than when the same herbs are ingested. Most
beneficial plant constituents, including alkaloids, are at least partially soluble in oil.
sample. A sample in which these orientations are fully random is said to have no
texture. If the crystallographic orientations are not random, but have some preferred
CHAPTER 3
This chapter covers the research design, materials and equipment, and research
Research Design
systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one
or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables.
changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This method relies on
hypothesis. The experimental method is usually taken to be the most scientific of all
methods, the ‘method of choice’. The main problem with all non-experimental methods
is lack of control over the situation. An experiment is a study of cause and effect. It
Experimental Design
consisted of four treatments to determine the effect of the different amount of pomelo
peel oil extract on the rate of color, odor, and texture. The independent variable of the
study was the amount of pomelo peel oil extract, and the perception, acceptability, and
evaporation rate of Pomelo peel as a skin moisturizer as the dependent variables. The
The study made use of the necessary materials and equipment as follows:
Procedure:
2. Place in a pot of water (covering ¾ of the jar) and pint on low-med heat.
3. Once all the wax melts, take out of the pot and let cool.
4. Stir vigorously with a fork every 15 minutes until it reaches room temperature.
5. Once it reaches room temperature, you can add any fragrance drop you want.
Research Procedure
Selection of respondents
Gathering of materials
The pomelos were gathered from San Andres, Romblon. The beehive was
gathered from Tumingad, Odiongan, Romblon. The Virgin Coconut Oil was only bought
Mixing of Ingredients
Put the pomelo peel into a casserole with small amount of water. Wait until it
boils. Then, turn off the fire when the water changes its color and the peels were
already brownish. Separate the water from the peels. Put olive oil in a beaker with a
fire. Add the virgin coconut oil together with the beeswax. Mix it on the beaker while the
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beaker is on a stove. After mixing it, put it on a glass container and mix it every 15
Testing of Treatment
The pomelo were gathered from San Andres, Romblon. The pomelo peel were
boiled and squeezed and the extract was filtered with the use of strainer. The extracts
Collection of Data
The extraction of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel was done for almost an hour.
After the extraction, the researchers mixed the pomelo peel oil extract with the other
ingredients. The treatments were rated by the respondents in terms of color, odor, and
texture. Finally the results were then tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.
𝐹(𝑥)
𝑥̅ =
𝑁
24
rate, the researchr made used of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA – One Way)
25
Chapter IV
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data obtained through an
Table 1 A
Color
Treatment W(w) F(x) Xw Weighted Mean
5 0 0
4 3 12
T1 3 20 60
2 5 10 2.8
1 2 2
30 84
5 20 100
4 3 12
T2 3 4 12 4.37
2 3 6
1 0 1
30 131
5 0 0
4 7 28
T3 3 16 48 2.93
2 5 10
1 2 2
30 88
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The table shows the degree of acceptability of Pomelo Peel oil as Skin
Given the three treatments, treatment 2 was the most observed being VERY
SATISFACTORY with a mean rating of 4.37, followed by treatment 3 with 2.93 mean
rating rated as SATISFACTORY while treatment 1 with a mean rating 2.8 interpreted
also as SATISFACTORY.
As shown in the table, Treatment 2 having the highest weighted mean among
three treatments means that most of the respondents agreed about the color of mixture
while there has been a close relation between treatments 1 and 3 in terms. This means
that the amount pomelo oil in treatment 2 is suitable and pleasing to eye unlike the two
treatments.
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Table 1 B
odor
In the given treatments, treatment 2 was the most observed being VERY
SATISFACTORY with a mean rating of 4.37 followed by treatment 1 with 3.1 mean
rating rated as SATISFACTORY while treatment 3 with a mean rating 2.87 interpreted
as SATISFACTORY.
Since treatment 2 was rated as very satisfactory by the respondents, this means
that among treatments, respondents believed that the smell of mixture is very likeable.
Table 1 C
Texture
Treatment W(w) F(x) Xw Weighted Mean
5 2 10
4 1 4
T1 3 10 30 2.43
2 12 24
1 5 5
30 73
5 15 75
4 6 24
T2 3 5 15
2 3 6 4.03
1 1 1
30 121
5 2 10
4 8 32
T3 3 5 15 3.9
2 12 60
1 3 0
30 117
Legend: Descriptive Interpretation
As shown in the table above, treatment 2 was the most observed, being VERY
SATISFACTORY with a mean rating of 4.03 followed by treatment 3 with 3.9 mean
rating rated as VERY SATISFACTORY while treatment 2 with a mean rating 2.43
As the table presented, treatment 2 got the highest mean rating in terms of
texture with a close relation to treatment 3. This only shows that the texture is
Table 2 A
Color
Scale Description
5 Extremely Likely
4 Likely
3 Moderately Likely
2 Unlikely
1 Extremely Unlikely
percent followed by LIKELY with 13.3%. Some of them or 10% agreed that the mixture
terms of color with UNLIKELY and EXTREMELY LIKELY rating with 16.67% and 6.67%
respectively.
As the table reveals, among all treatments, treatment 2 got the highest
100%
90%
80%
70% 5
60% 4
50% 3
40% 2
30% 1
20%
10%
0%
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
Table 2 B
Odor
Scale Description
5 Extremely Likely
4 Likely
3 Moderately Likely
2 Unlikely
1 Extremely Unlikely
of the total respondents, followed by both LIKELY and MODERATELY LIKELY having
followed by LIKELY with 9 or 30% of the respondents. Only one or 3.33% of the
As the table reveals, all treatments were rated as LIKELY by the respondents in
extremely likely with the highest percentage. This can on only mean that the level of
100%
90%
80%
70% 5
60% 4
50% 3
40% 2
30% 1
20%
10%
0%
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
Table 2 C
Texture
Treatment Rating Frequency Percent
Scale
5 2 6.67%
4 1 3.33%
T1 3 10 33.33%
2 12 40%
1 5 16.67%
5 15 50%
4 6 20%
T2 3 5 16.67%
2 3 10%
1 1 3.33%
5 2 6.67%
4 8 26.67%
T3 3 5 16.67%
2 12 40%
1 3 10%
Scale Description
5 Soft
4 Mild
3 Sticky
2 Very Sticky
1 Extremely Sticky
The table indicates that treatment 1 rated by the respondents as VERY STICKY
STICKY with 16.67%, SOFT with 6.67% and MILD with 3.33%.
Treatment 2 rated by the respondents as SOFT with 50%, followed by MILD with
20%, then STICKY with 16.67%, VERY STICKY with 10% and the lowest is
Treatment 3 was rated as VERY STICKY with 40% total of respondents followed
by MILD with 26.67% then STICKY with 16.67%, EXTREMELY STICKY with 10 and
terms of TEXTURE having the highest percentage. This means among treatments,
100%
90%
80%
70% 5
60% 4
50% 3
40% 2
30% 1
20%
10%
0%
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
Table 3 A
** Significant at 1% level
* Significant at 5% level
NS Not significant
is concerned. This shows that the computed F value of 33.59 is greater than the tabular
significant difference among treatments as to the level of pomelo oil used in terms of
color is concern. Furthermore, the null hypothesis which states that there is no
Table 3 B
NS Not significant
concerned. This shows that the computed F value of 17.93 is greater than the tabular
significant difference among treatments as to the level of pomelo oil used in terms of
odor is concern. The null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference
rejected.
Table 3 C
concerned. This shows that the computed F value of 133.67 is greater than the tabular
significant difference among treatments as to the level of pomelo oil used in terms of
texture is concern. The null hypothesis which states that there is no significant
moisturizer is rejected.
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Table 4 A
Mean Difference on the Evaporation Rate between Treatments
Replication
Treatments R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Total Mean
1-3 min 4-6 min 7-9 min 10-12 min 13-15 min
T1 4 3 3 2 1 13 2.6
T2 4 3 3 2 2 14 2.8
T3 5 4 3 3 2 17 3.4
As revealed in the table above, Treatment 3 obtained the highest mean score of
3.4 followed by Treatment 2 with mean rating of 2.8 and Treatment with 2.6 mean rating
being the lowest among all treatments. All treatments were rated as SATISFACTORY.
Among treatments, treatment 3 has been observed the fastest evaporation rate.
Table 4 B
Analysis of Variance of the Evaporation Rate among Treatments
The table shows the analysis of variance of mean score in terms of the
evaporation rate. Since the computed F value of 11.19 is larger than the tabular value of
difference on the evaporation rate among three treatments. Hence, the level of the
ingredients has a significant difference when it is applied to the mixture. This rejects the
null hypothesis.
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CHAPTER V
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation of the
study.
SUMMARY
This study was conducted to determine the acceptability of Pomelo peel oil as
skin moisturizer.
terms of:
a. Color,
b. Odor,
c. Texture ?
a. Color,
b. Odor,
c. Texture ?
3. Is there any significant difference among the treatments of Pomelo peel oil as
skin moisturizer ?
The study made use of the experimental method of research. The experimental
manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any changes in other
variables.
Findings
The findings of the study were presented corresponding to and in the same
Color. Treatment 2 was the most observed being VERY SATISFACTORY with a
mean rating of 4.37, followed by treatment 3 with 2.93 mean rating rated as
SATISFACTORY.
Treatment 2 having the highest weighted mean among three treatments means
that most of the respondents agreed about the color of mixture while there has been a
close relation between treatments 1 and 3 in terms. This means that the amount pomelo
oil in treatment 2 is suitable and pleasing to eye unlike the two treatments.
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Odor. Treatment 2 was the most observed being VERY SATISFACTORY with a
mean rating of 4.37 followed by treatment 1 with 3.1 mean rating rated as
SATISFACTORY.
Since treatment 2 was rated as very satisfactory by the respondents, this means
that among treatments, respondents believed that the smell of mixture is very likeable.
Texture. As shown in the table above, treatment 2 was the most observed,
being VERY SATISFACTORY with a mean rating of 4.03 followed by treatment 3 with
3.9 mean rating rated as VERY SATISFACTORY while treatment 2 with a mean rating
Treatment 2 got the highest mean rating in terms of texture with a close relation
to treatment 3. This only shows that the texture is comparable to commercial skin
moisturizer.
UNLIKELY (6.67%).
percent followed by LIKELY with 13.3%. Some of them or 10% agreed that the mixture
terms of color with UNLIKELY and EXTREMELY LIKELY rating with 16.67% and 6.67%
respectively.
Among all treatments, treatment 2 got the highest percentage of 66.67% with
of the total respondents, followed by both LIKELY and MODERATELY LIKELY having
followed by LIKELY with 9 or 30% of the respondents. Only one or 3.33% of the
Only treatment 2 was agreed by the respondents as extremely likely with the
highest percentage. This can on only mean that the level of ingredients is more
Treatment 2 rated by the respondents as SOFT with 50%, followed by MILD with
20%, then STICKY with 16.67%, VERY STICKY with 10% and the lowest is
Treatment 3 was rated as VERY STICKY with 40% total of respondents followed
by MILD with 26.67% then STICKY with 16.67%, EXTREMELY STICKY with 10 and
terms of TEXTURE having the highest percentage. This means among treatments,
Color. The computed F value of 33.59 is greater than the tabular value of 3.10 at
among treatments as to the level of pomelo oil used in terms of color is concern.
Furthermore, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference
rejected.
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Odor. The computed F value of 17.93 is larger than the tabular value of 3.10 at
among treatments as to the level of pomelo oil used in terms of odor is concern. The
null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between treatments
Texture. The computed F value of 133.67 is greater than the tabular value of
difference among treatments as to the level of pomelo oil used in terms of texture is
concern. The null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between
rejected.
obtained the highest mean score of 3.4 followed by Treatment 2 with mean rating of 2.8
and Treatment with 2.6 mean rating being the lowest among all treatments. All
Among treatments, treatment 3 has been observed the fastest evaporation rate.
The computed F value of 11.19 is larger than the tabular value of 3.11 at 5% and
evaporation rate among three treatments. Hence, the level of the ingredients has a
significant difference when it is applied to the mixture. This rejects the null hypothesis.
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Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
in terms of color, odor and texture with the different level of pomelo oil used.
4. As to the evaporation rate, treatment 3 is the most observed having the fastest
treatment to evaporate.
Recommendations
Based fro the results of the study, the researchers hereby recommend the
following:
1. Pomelo (citrus maxima) fruit which is very abundant in the locality should be
used for homemade skin moisturizer as it does not pose no danger to skin because of
determine what part of the plant is the most effective for other cosmetics use.
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encouraged so that the community will be aware of its use and benefits.