Environmental Examination of Waste Plastic Recycling Industry

M. El-Hoz, Ph.D.
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Balamand
P.O.Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
mervat.elhoz@balamand.edu.lb

Abstract: The objective of this study is to ensure that environmental concerns are
integrated in all development activities of the plastic recycling factory without damaging
critical resource and ecological functions. It determines and evaluates the potential impacts
of the factory on physical and socio-economic environment. As known, not all plastics are
recyclable and only 4 types of plastic are commonly recycled. Polypropylene (PP) is one of
these types that is designated Code 5, and is used both as a plastic and as a fiber, for
practically all end uses. This study consists of evaluating the mechanical recycling of waste
PP industry that will be located in Kherbet Kanafar village in Lebanon. At the recycling
plant, the local used and broken crates are shredded into small pieces, cleaned and turned
into pellets, then they are mixed with the already recycled pellets and processed in two
steps extrusion and injection molding to form the desired crates product for food packaging
in one size (50x50x50)cm3. Virgin plastic pellets may be added at a ratio depending on the
desired quality of the end product. The water used to cool the process is recycled back into
the system. The factory is a small industry that will produce 1500 crates per day to be sold
in the domestic market. This technology for manufacturing packaging containers is new to
Lebanon but is internationally proven and has been successfully implemented at numerous
factories. The principal indicators of environmental examination are air, noise, water
pollution and the quantities of solid waste generated. Scoping and identification of these
indicators are executed and the findings reveals that activities during construction and
operation of the proposed study is not expected to have significant negative effect on the
environment, poses no major challenge that cannot be addressed and indicates that it is
likely to result to significant socio-economic impacts. Recycling PP will certainly benefit
the current situation through the saving of resources and the reduction in the impacts
caused from current dumps and landfills in the country. However, a comprehensive
environmental management plan (EMP) has been developed, which when adopted will
ensure that the factory processes are implemented in an environmentally sustainable
manner taking into consideration health and safety standards, policies and regulations that
govern establishment and operation of such industry.

Keywords: plastic recycling waste, initial environmental examination.

1. Introduction
Plastics have extensive benefits in terms of their light weight, durability and lower cost
relative to many other material types (Andrady & Neal 2009; and Thompson et al. 2009a).
They are made up of long chain molecules called polymers. Various types of polymers
can be made from hydrocarbons derived from coal, natural gas, oil and organic oils which
are transformed into materials with desirable properties. The production of plastics has
increased markedly over the last 60 years. The rise of virgin plastics prices made the
plastic product manufacturers or consumers look for alternative resources to survive in a

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competitive business market, which made recycled plastics as a promising solution
(Rajendran, 2012). Plastics are used in a number of applications on a daily basis and are
excellent materials for packaging in the world today (Al-Salem, 2009). Yet some plastic
items end up in the waste stream after a single use only or a short time after purchase
(Dewil et al., 2006). However, current levels of their usage and disposal generate several
environmental problems. Recycling is one of the most important actions currently
available to reduce these impacts such as avoiding exploration, mining and transportation
of natural gas and oil in their upstream processes (Perdon, 2004; JCR, 2006); reducing the
quantity of residues in landfills (Pacheco, 2012; and Rajendran, 2012), reducing of carbon
dioxide (CO2) from the energy needed in the industrial plants to convert raw materials to
plastic pellets (Rajendran, 2012), reducing the spread of diseases, contamination of soil,
air and water bodies (Lavee, 2007; Pacheco and Ronchetti, 2003). In addition, recycling
represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today (WBCSD 2000,
and Hopewell, 2009). It is widely recognized as a valuable contribution to sustainable
waste management when increasing cost and decreasing space of landfills are forcing
considerations of alternative options for waste plastic disposal (Zia et al., 2007).

As known, not all plastics are recyclable. Only 4 types of them are commonly recycled. In
1988, the Society of the Plastics Industries (SPI) developed the polymer identification
code assigned each of these polymers a code number from 1 to 6 to specify the type of
polymer used in its manufacture process, and focused on the plastic packaging commonly
found in the residential waste stream (UNEP, 2009; and JRC-IPTS, 2013). Code 5
designates polypropylene (PP) that is one of the most versatile of the plastic polymers.
Polypropylene is a semi-rigid, hard but flexible; translucent; strong, tough, and has a good
chemical and heat resistance, and waxy surface; have high melting point and used, both as
a plastic and as a fiber, for practically all end uses. Its flexibility means that
polypropylene can be processed using practically all thermo-plastic methods.
Polypropylene is manufactured in a variety of grades for different applications and
processing methods. Aurrekoetxea et al. (2011), studied its physical properties change
according to recycling times. His work showed that the mechanical properties remain
almost constant up to successive four recycling steps, showing a decreasing tendency
from the fifth cycles. About 60% of polypropylene is used for packaging, and about 80%
of the packaging is used for food contact purposes (RONZ, 2004). The main sources of
waste polypropylene are municipal, commercial, agriculture and industrial. Products made
of PP degrade slowly in landfills and take approximately 20-30 years to get completely
decomposed (EPA, 2008). Burning PP can discharge venoms like dioxins and vinyl
chloride, and this makes a serious issue to consider. Recycling Polypropylene is the best
available option in our hand to handle this situation in an eco-friendly and cost effective
way and will help preserving petroleum products as PP is a petroleum based product. It
can be recycled in a variety of ways depending on its type, package design and product
type.

Plastics recycling include four categories: primary (mechanical reprocessing into a

product with equivalent properties, secondary (mechanical reprocessing into products
requiring lower properties, tertiary (recovery of chemical constituents) and quaternary
(recovery of energy) (Aznar et al., 2006; SubsTech, 2006; Zia et al., 2007). Each method
provides a unique set of advantages that make it particularly beneficial for specific
locations, applications or requirements, but high potential is given to be mechanically
recycled. The purpose of mechanical recycling is to process post-consumer plastics and
recover a secondary raw material for the production of new items (Pearson, 1996).

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Mechanical recycling was promoted and commercialized all over the world back in the
1970s and can only be performed on single polymer plastic, e.g. PE, PP, PS, etc. (Al-
Salem, 2009). The more complex and contaminated the waste, the more difficult it is to
recycle it mechanically, therefore, separation, washing and preparation of plastic waste
are all essential to produce high quality, clear, clean and homogenous end products
(Rajendran 2012; Ha, and Kim, 2012; and Mastellone, 1999)

2. Methodology
The study was carried out in accordance with the Lebanese environmental examination
guidelines for category B projects. The principal procedures used in carrying out the IEE
study are briefly explained below:
1. General Information about the Project.
2. Policy, legal and administrative frameworks
3. Description of the environment surrounding the project
4. Description of the Plastic Process project
5. Identification of potential environmental impacts of the project
6. Environmental Management Plan

2.1 General Information about the Project

This study is comprised the environmental examination of the construction and operation
of a plastic recycling factory (PRF) to recycle local agriculture waste plastic crates that
comes from the post-consumer market and plastic pellets that will be brought from local
parties or imported from overseas. The project will be built and operated by the proponent.
This factory will start operation as a small business in plastic recycling service in Lebanon
with small capital intensity, low regulation, and low barriers to entry. The expected plastic
products, which are mainly crates for the food industry in Lebanon, are highly needed and
the demand is growing up with time in a promising manner.

2.2 Policy, Legal And Administrative Frameworks

Municipal solid waste (MSW) makes up more than 80% of the total solid waste stream.
The main sources of MSW are households, commercial establishments, restaurants, hotels,
and street cleaning operations. The composition of solid waste can be summarized as
follows: organics 50 %, paper and cardboard 17%, plastics 13%, metals 6%, glass 4%, and
others 10%. Nearly 85% of the 13% plastic waste are thermoplastics mainly polypropylene
(PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density
polyethylene (LDPE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Landfilling and dumping are
currently the major methods of disposal of MSW in the country. The problem of waste
disposal is directly related to the increase in waste production and the lack of suitable
landfill locations.

The waste stream in Lebanon is steadily increasing in volume, especially with regards to
municipal, industrial, and hazardous solid waste. With increasing pressure to reduce waste
going to landfill, recycling of materials in general is moving up the political agenda. In
2006, Ministry of Environment (MoE) and Council for Development and Reconstruction
(CDR) prepared a waste management strategy for the entire country and expects the
building of several waste management facilities in each service area (Sweep-Net, 2010).
Little of this strategy had been achieved by 2010 and at the same time, the composition of
waste streams is also becoming more complex and varied, containing increasing amounts
of plastics, chemicals, electronics as well as toxic materials. Therefore, the Council of

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Ministers decided to amend and complement the SWM strategy from 2006 and explore the
feasibility of waste-to-energy (WTE) plants in large cities, and to expand private sector
participation in waste management (MoE, 2011).  In recent years several initiatives towards
greening the solid waste management sector have been supported by the government,
international organisations, NGOs and private sector enterprises for waste management is
growing   driven by the overall increase in waste generation, rising political awareness to
better manage waste to avoid environmental and public health hazards. As a result, few
private companies for metals and cardborad recycling centres have been started, with one
plastic recycling company for plastic compounds used in insulation sheeting, cables and
building materials.

Imported waste such as shredded cardboard, plastic and metals leftovers, is new in the
country and regulated under the international industrial classification for such
establishments. There is no specific legislation framework concerning recycling industry
production such as stamped with an inspection legend and proper label in Lebanon   and
standards should be established through a consultation process to ensure that they are
amended to match current science, technology and risks.

The Ministry of Environment issued Decree 444 for the Protection of the Environment.
The aim of this decree requires an EIA report for investment projects, which may create
adverse environmental effects as a result of their planned activities. Within this decree, the
types of projects are classified for full EIA (Category A) based on the volume and nature
of industries and their level of pollution. Since this project is a small industry, it falls under
Category B where only Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required.

2.3 Description of the Surrounding Environment

The data and information about industrial profile were collected during literature review
and field investigation.
During the field investigation, observations on the biophysical and socio-economic
environments including the proposed project site, observations of soil types, topography,
vegetation type, current land use, habitat condition, and jurisdictional waters were
recorded. In addition, the site status quo, accessibility to the site and availability of
electrical power were assessed.   Moreover, interview with the factory owner and some
stakeholders in the area were made. In addition, a standard questionnaire was designed to
evaluate the capacity of the plastic recycling factory. The questions were written in a
simple way to be understood by the factory. The first part of the questionnaire includes
questions about industry address. The second part includes the origin of the recyclable
plastic materials. The subsequent questions were about the steps of the recycling process,
which provides information on the final recycled product. The type of recycled plastic was
determined, whether PET, PVC, HDPE, LDPE, or PP. There was a direct question on what
kind of final product the recycler produces, and recycling capacity. Data were collected
from the questionnaire and were compiled into tables and graphs to facilitate the analyses.

The site and its surrounding area is rural agriculture in all directions and is not considered
as a significant agricultural land within the definition adopted by the government, and the
proposed factory at this location will not result in the loss of significant agricultural land.  
The area is characterized by a flat, open bush land.

The location and scale of the works are very important in predicting the environmental
impacts. This process of impact prediction is the core of the Initial Environmental

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Examination process. The project is located in Khirbet Kanafar village that lies 68
kilometers away from the capital of Lebanon. It rises 1090 meters above sea level at
Latitude: 33° 39' 39" N, and Longitude: 35° 44' 42" E. The number of inhabitants is
estimated at 4,000. It is boarded   by Kefraya to the North, Joub Jannine to the East,
Saghbine to the south and the Western Mountain Chain to the West.   It is 9.8km north of
Qaraoun lake, and approximately 1.5km east of Litani River.   The proposed factory is
approximately 2-3 kilometres south east of the residential outer fringe of Khirbet Kanafar.    

The annual average low temperature in Bekaa based on El-Qaraoun weather station is
18°C in July and August, with monthly variations ranging from 2°C in January to 34°C in
July. Days with temperatures below 0°C are very seldom.   Rainfall occurs on 80 to 90 days
a year and is about 700-800 mm per year. The geology is made of conglomerates of the
Eocene and Neogen-Quaternary, forming alluvions and colluvions soils.   Available water
includes rivers and springs.    
 
2.4 Description of the Mechanical Recycling Plastic Processes
The factory has approximately 525 m2 of work space, with 6m maximum height of the
infrastructure (hangar). It comprises the factory, administration building, 7 staff members
and parking area for 4 cars.

At the recycling plant, the compounding process for the local post-consumer waste plastic
crates involves cutting them into small pieces, which is then washed and cleaned,
extruding the mix at about 150-200°C to form a new plastic, and then cutting the new
plastic into small pellets. Depending on their quantity, they are mixed with the already
recycled pellets and used as the input materials. These materials are then processed in two
steps extrusion and injection moulding. In extrusion, the PP pellets are fed into the hopper
of the extruder, molten and extruded through a mould by single or twin screws to obtain an
optimum blend composition and form a moulded product. In injection molding, the heated
molten PP is injected into a mold to solidify and form the product desired for food
packaging products (crates) in one size (50x50x50) cm, (1/5 kg weight). Injection Molding
along with extrusion ranks as one of the prime processes for producing plastics articles. It
is a fast process and is used to produce large numbers of identical items from high
precision engineering components to disposable consumer goods. In the process
production cycle, the left over and cutaway scrap is produced and duplicated in each cycle.  
No additives will be used during the process. When formed to their new shape they must
then be cooled to solidify them. The water used to cool the extruder is recycled back into
the system. Figure 1 shows the plastic recyclig process.   Processing equipment and
production installations are cleaned and disinfected periodically to comply with legal
hygiene requirements. The frequency can vary considerably depending on the processes.
 
The factory will produce 1500 crates per day. To improve the quality of the final
manufactured products, virgin plastic pellets may be added at a certain ratio depending on
the desired quality of the end product. The products will be sold in the domestic market.
This technology for manufacturing packaging containers is new to Lebanon but is
internationally proven and has been successfully implemented at numerous factories. This
factory will be a pilot project with no competition in the plastic recycling market since
there is no factory in West Bekaa engaged in the manufacture of such products.   Total
investment will be around $350,000. After installation the plant is expected to operate with
its full capacity. The ingredients of the product of this company are recycled pellets. Data

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on actual production of this plant could not be obtained since the factory has not been
started yet.

Figure 1: Plastic Recyclig Process

On the other hand, it is very important to have a customer ready to purchase the product to
achieve a sensible economic and environmental practice. Nevertheless, mechanical
recycling opens an economic and viable route for plastic recovery, especially for the case
of crates and rigid plastics.

2.5 Identification, Assessment and Mitigation Of Potential Environmental Impacts

The development of plastic recycling factory project activity causes a range of
environmental impacts on a number of receptors (land, water and air).   The environmental
examination were identified and a scoping matrix (Table) indicating the main
environmental examination and attempting to quantify their respective effects was set. The
environmental impacts have been grouped as affecting the physical environment and the
human environment during the site construction and operation phases. Based on the
scoping matrix, the quantification of most likely environmental impacts caused by the
proposed undertaking are evaluated using the following:
 Negative minimal impact
 No Impact
 Positive Impact

2.5.1 Impact during Construction Phase

The impact of the proposed construction of PRF activity on environment (air, water, noise,
land and socio-economic) is predicted in this section. The proposed construction activity
may cause some impacts on the surrounding environment unless other wise proper
environmental management plan is adopted. Activities like site preparation, approach
road, excavation, drilling, blasting, foundation, deployment of machinery, transportation,
dumping are taken up during construction phase. The likely impacts on the environment
due to these activities are listed in Table 1 while Table 2 shows a summary of qualitative
impacts during construction.

Table 1 Impact during Construction Phase

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Construction Phase (Site work Activity) Environmental Impact
 Cleaning and grading Negligible due to low wind speed and small
area involved
 Preparatory work on the project’s Dust, soil erosion, wastewater generation and
implantation area noise
 Foundation work, distribution networks, Dust, visual and noise pollution
paved areas, etc.
 Mechanical equipment assembly Dust, noise and visual impact
 Material and equipment transportation Dust, noise and visual

Table 2: Summary of Qualitative Impacts during Construction

Parameter Impact
Positive No Impact Negative
(Minor)
1. Air quality X
2. Noise X
3. Traffic X
4. Hydrology and water quality X
5. Wastewater effluents X
6. Solid waste X
7. Flora X
8. Fauna X
9. Cultural Heritage and Social X
Infrastructure
10. Socio-Economic X

In addition, the site will have temporary networks for water supply, sewage and electrical
power to ensure the proper construction work. In all of the construction site’s area, the
above mentioned networks, despite temporary, will strictly abide by all applicable
regulations and norms.

2.5.2 Environmental Impacts during Operational Activities

Recycling appears to be the most popular option for reducing packaging waste. Plastics
recycling is a development industry for smaller businesses, and this development is
established to continue. The commonly encountered indicators of environmental
examination that will be addressed in this section and the basic precautions to be taken at
this small business are: air emission, traffic, noise, wastewater generation, solid waste,
biological environment, visual impact, socio-economic, and public health & machinery
safety and are covered. Table 5.3 presents a summary of the qualitative of these impacts
during operation.

In this project, the major sources of air emissions are plastic granules warming/melting,
gases from different machines coming from the project’s vent or stack and emitted through
a single point source into the atmosphere. The traffic impact does not contribute to
congestion of the existing main and access roads since traffic generated during the
operational phase is minimal and PRF accommodates parking. Operational noise is not
expected to exceed noise levels permitted and would not be noticeable beyond the plant
site boundary. Inside the factory, noise might exceed MOE limits impacting on the workers
and would require hearing protection for workers. Wastewater in the production process of
plastic industry mainly is the cooling water, but it is recycled nearly 100%. There is a very

270
little wastewater from flushing and cleaning, the washing of the machines and the
personnel daily household uses that are directly discharged into the provided sealed septic
tank. No groundwater contamination is considered to be significant as the site is composed
of clay soil with low permeability and the depth of onsite well is more than 120 m.   The
project would result in the generation of municipal solid waste by the operation workers
during the operation period. The plastic wastes generated from mold process are recycled
into the production route.   The factory is located adjacent to the access road. , and will be
visible from there only. However, this segment of the access road does not have any scenic
designation in proximity to the project site. In addition, a greenbelt plan will be developed
around the factory that will minimize visual impacts along this road. Plastic recycling
makes a contribution to the creation of new green jobs and skills development in the
region.

Table 3: Summary of the Qualitative Impacts during Operation

Parameter Impact
Positive No Impact Negative
1. Air emission X**
2. Traffic X*
3. Noise and vibration X*
4. Wastewater generation X*
5. Solid waste X*
6. Biological environment X
7. Visual impact X*
8. Socio-economic X
9. Public health & machinery safety X*
* Minor impact

The findings reveals that activities of the proposed study is not expected to have significant
negative effect on the environment, poses no major challenge that cannot be addressed and
indicates that it is likely to result to significant socio-economic impacts. Recycling of PP
will certainly benefit the current situation through the saving of resources and a reduction
in the impacts caused from dumps and landfills in the country.

2.6 Institutional Requirements & Environmental Management Plan

Through environment, producing a recycled plastic (crates) for the agriculture packaging in
Lebanon using extrusion and thermoforming technology is considered an environmentally-
sounded and friendly. In addition, the introduction of plastic recycling products is a totally
pro-environment additive that deserves appreciation and support. On the other hand,
through job creation which shall accrue as a result of establishing the factory will improve
the local community’s living standards (including the consultant, contractor, suppliers of
materials, employers and thus the economy of the area). However, from an environmental
management perspective, this alternative will be beneficial in the sense that any negative
impacts associated with the project will be avoided.

However, the mitigation measures set and the means of monitoring and surveillance and
institutional procedures that will be taken through the construction and operation of the
project would abandon the negative environmental impacts or mitigate to acceptable levels.
In addition, a comprehensive environmental management plan (EMP) has been developed,
which when adopted will ensure that the factory processes are implemented in an

271
environmentally sustainable manner taking into consideration health and safety standards,
policies and regulations that govern establishment and operation of such industry.

In this project, the operational impacts will be manageable. No impossible impacts are
predicted providing that the EMP is implemented. It is important to mention that the
mitigation measures are carried out according to the environmental examination process
and in line with the Lebanese guidelines.

The EMP matrix will have much in common for many other projects that have a similar
scale of works and types of location. It was prepared taking into account the low capacity
of the SPF. It provides details of the mitigation measures recommended for the identified
impacts, and the responsibility of the proponent. The proponent responsibility has been
specified for the purpose of the implementation and the supervision. The matrix is
supplemented with a monitoring plan for the key parameters. Table 4 presents the
mitigation and management plans matrix for the factory.

3. Conclusion
Plastic recycling process is the best way to economically reduce PP waste since
mechanical recycling encompasses the lowest input of energy and resources, and is most
appropriate for the higher purity waste streams of thermoplastic polymer. From the
practical application point of view, and for the recycling method to be successful, it should
be stressed that byproducts resulting from the mechanical treatment should have similar
properties of commercial grade plastics with respect to the type and monomer origin.

This study showed that the potential minor impacts are manageable through proper policy,
and good supervision practices. No adverse negative impacts are envisaged if project
activities are carried out as designed. Positive long term impacts are envisaged due to
introduction of proper management techniques and green recycling technology.    

To achieve the environmental benefits from the factory, it requires an effective network for
waste recycling and collection that can provide reliable supplies for the recycling business.
Consequently, a public–private partnership should be developed so that the stakeholders, in
this case, the local government, should closely collaborate with the informal sector.
Government policies could play a key role in managing and maintaining this network.

Lebanon as a country has a big shortage of such facilities hence the construction of the
proposed development goes a long way in solving part of the huge problem of affordable
industrial establishments and saving the environment.   Therefore, the growth of recycling
technologies, investment in infrastructure, the establishment of sustainable markets and
participation by industry, government and consumers are all considered priorities of the
highest level. It is recommended that the government enacts more regulations that
encouraged recycling, in doing that, it would have a greater return, producing new jobs and
a greater tax collection.

As a conclusion, this study finds that the PP recycling factory is a feasible and sustainable
option from the engineering, environmental, and socioeconomic points of view.

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Table 4: Environmental Mitigation and Management Plan for the PRF during Operational
Phase
Environmental Mitigation Measures Monitoring
concern and
Responsibility
MM
Air Quality  Monitor PM10 as indicators Yearly basis,
 Regular maintenance and servicing of equipment Proponent
 Equip ventilator in the manufacturing area in order
to improve work conditions such as to reduce the
room temperature.
 To define the working places which need ventilator
Noise  Creating noise barriers around noisy equipment and Proponent
operations
 Using silencers and sound-absorbent materials
whenever possible
 Acoustic designs checking and plan
 Workers equipped with ears' protectors.
 In case of exceptional noise levels arise during any
phase of work, the measures to reduce the noise
include:
□ regulating the accuracy of the machines,
□ regularly maintain machines,
□ Isolate machines such as air press machine,
□ Use personal protection equipment.
Traffic  Construction of onsite parking Proponent
Solid waste  Waste management arrangements of all project Yearly check on
disposal activities waste
 Maintain a clean and secure area management
 Proper on-site storage, adequate collection & Proponent
waste disposal
 Regular daily disposal of municipal solid waste
generated
 Separate solid wastes to types
 Recycle faulty products, residue, trimming and
PP bag packaging plastic
Wastewater  Regular inspection and once filled should be Monitoring of
emptied according to the Lebanese regulations. follow ups,
Proponent
reduce % of  Select processing technology parametes such as
faulty products processing temperature, blowing air flow, cooling
(1-5%) water flow, raw material flow coresponding to
product (shape, size and plastic type)
Heat Flow  Install air conditioning
increase  Provide good ventilation

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Table 4: Environmental Mitigation and Management Plan for the PRF during Operational
Phase (continued)
Environmental Mitigation Measures Monitoring
concern and
Responsibility
MM
Machinery Some issues are common to most or all of these Continuous
safety machines, whereas other requirements are more check,
machine specific. Proponent
Extruder and Injection Molding
 Many parts of the equipment will be hot. To
prevent burns, these parts should be insulated or
protected.
 There is also a risk of molten plastic being
ejected. Use protective clothing, and equipment
 Whatever the age of the machinery, refer to
manufacturers’ operating manuals and train staff
in safe operating procedures.
 Feed openings and discharge points to and from
dangerous parts (rotors, cutters, blades and
screws) should be safeguarded so that operators
cannot reach these parts.
Public Health  Implementing health and safety standards Regular
 Use protective clothing, and equipment, monitoring to
 Implement safety regulations, ensure that they
 Prevent unauthorized access to the facility, comply with
 Keep the facilities clean occupational
 Proper training should be provided to the staff on health and
safety so that accidents can be avoided; and safety rules,
firefighting when required Proponent
MM = Mitigating Measure, Note: Locations to implement MM is in all project
 
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