Covalent bonds – sharing of electrons essential for attaching to the spindle fibres that

Ionic bonds – transfer of electrons originate from the centrosomes.

DNA – blueprints of life
Prophase – chromosome condense, spindle
------------------------------------------------
fiber forms
Spherical – ideal shape of an isolated cell
Metaphase – nuclear membrane breaks,
Nerve cells – longest cell
shortest and thickest double stranded
----------------------------------------------- chromosome line up at the equator
Cytoplasm – most active region of the cell Anaphase - phase of migration, centromeres
ER – transport of materials divide: so that each chromosome become
Ribosomes – protein synthesis separate chromatids
Golgi Bodies – packaging center Telophase – phase of reconstruction
Lysosomes – break down food particles ----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------ Geologic Time Scale
Diffusion – net movement of particles from ----------------------------------------------------------
greater to lesser concentration Genus epithet | Species Epithet
Osmosis – diffusion of water or solvents Aquino Aquinoa Aquinoi
through a semi-permeable membrane from Garcia Garciaea Garciae
lower osmotic pressure to greater osmotic Tan Tania Tanii
pressure Baler Balera Balerii
Hypertonic – O.P. greater than cell,
----------------------------------------------------------
plasmolysis(P), Crenation (a)
Two kingdom system – Aristotle
Hypotonic – O.P. lower than cell
Three kingdom system – Ernst Haeckel
turgidity(P), hemolysis(a)
Four kingdom system – H.F. Copeland
Isotonic – O.P. equal, balanced eq.
Five kingdom system – R.H. Whittaker
-----------------------------------------------------
Eight Kingdom – C. Woese
PSII – non cyclic P680 = ATP
PSI – cyclic P700 = NADPH
Dark Reaction – light independent, Melvin
Calvin(prof) Andrew Benson [Calvin-Benson
Cycle]  thylakoid to stroma
-----------------------------------------------------

Interphase – preparatory stage

G1 – growth of cell, RNA and protein synth.
S – most critical period; DNA synth and
replication takes place; centriole reproduction
G2 - completion of DNA synth
*Chromosome become 2 identical chromatids
joined in centromere
Mitosis
Karyokinesis – division of nucleus
Cytokinesis – division of cytoplasm

The kinetochore is a large protein complex that

forms on centromeric DNA. This complex is