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CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND SEREACH METHOD

This chapter consists of the theoretical frameworks ofthestudy thatsupport the analysis, the previous
study which is used as reference and also theresearch method.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

This subchapter consists ofthereviews of related theories which areusedto analyze the object of this
research. This research usesMasculinity StudyfromJohn Beynonand Bergara

et al.

,Social Reconstructionism from TheodoreBrameld, Movie StudiesfromGiannettias well as Sociological

Approachto

analyze and interpret about men roles in Disney’s

Aladdin (1992)

and

Aladdin and the Return of Jafar (1994)

2.1.1 Masculinity

First of all, it is necessary to differentiate between gender and sex.Commonly,

we identify sex as biological characteristics like penis and Adam’s

apple on male and vagina, breast and uterus on female. Gender is more complex.Gender are Masculine
and Feminine and they refer to a set of values thatconstructed by society and functionsas a reference of
how man and womenshould behave(Annisa, 2010, p. 8). Therefore,Masculinity is a set of
behavior,language, practice and believesof how men shoulddress andbehave (Abumere,2013, p. 42;
Bhasin, 2004, cited in Annisa 2010, p. 8).Beynon (2002, p. 2)writes,

“If ‘maleness’ is biological, then masculinity is cultural. Indeed, masculinity can

never float free of culture:on the contrary, it is the child of culture, shaped,expressed differently at
different times in different circumstances

”.
In line withBeynon, Bhasin (2000, p. 2) uses the term socio-cultural to explain the mutabilitynature of
gender. Moreover, Morgan (1992 cited in Beynon 2002, p. 7) illustratesgender into a scheme called as
Gender Map;

Figure 2.1 Morgan’s Gender Map

In short, this Gender Map explains that there couldbeeitherMasculine orFeminine qualities in a
biological body of man and the possibility to beHeterosexual or Homosexual. Therefore, Gender is
socially, not biologicallyconstructed and it is changeable.Since gender is a social construction, it
maycome in a different stereotype depends on the
society,buttraditionally,mencastsasrational, strong, protective, and decisive;besides women areemotion
al(irrational), weak, nurturing, and submissive(Tyson, 2006, p. 85).In the society,

sentences like ‘boys do not cry’ or ‘that is for girls’ are how the stereotype about

being Masculine is established. Consequently, those who un-masculine would be

seen as ‘flawed’ or evenlabeled as ‘sissy’ which is a

punishmentwordfor thosewho failed to fit the standard of Masculinity.Since the 1990s, many researches
are conducted in the field of Masculinity.One of them is Hegemonic Masculinity proposed by R. W.
Connell. HegemonicMasculinity is intended to explain how and why traditional Masculinity ismaintained
(Connell and Messerschmidt, 2005, 832). According to Connell,traditional Masculinity is maintained by
power achievedthrough culture,institutions, and persuasion. In line with that,Bergara

et al.

(2010, p. 27) explainsthat to talk about traditional Masculinity is also to talk about power to exercise
it.The power men are endowed has maintained their dominances in both public
anddomestic area that cause gender inequality.This tendency islegitimatedby thepower
of Androcentrism viewand Patriarchalcultural system.Androcentrism isthe view that believes that what
is good for men is good for humanity besidesPatriarchy is men power and domination over
women(Bergara

et al.

, 2010, p. 27).Moreover, Darwin (1999, p. 1) identifies Patriarchy as avariation of Hegemonicideology;an

ideology that legitimated the domination of one group to another.Hence, a man domination is
maintained because of it is taken for granted as itdeserves.Inevitably, women are the most
disadvantages. For instance, in
many journals and writings about men, there is always a discussion about violenceagainst women.
Bergara

et al.

(2010, p. 37) states,

“...the assaults suffered by women as a consequence of socio

-culturalconstraints that act on men and women, placing them in asubordinate position to men and
manifesting in three basic areas of relationship; abuse within intimate relationships, sexual assault in

social life and harassment in the work place”.

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In fact, according to lakilakibaru.or.id, Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan terhadapWanita (Komnas

Perempuan) informs that every year, violence against women inIndonesia is increased drastically. For
instance, in 2004, there were 14.020 cases.This number rises to approximately 6,233 cases from 2003.
This numberincreased up to 216.156 cases in 2012 in detail that 4.305 cases are domesticviolence and
1.085 cases are couple abused (CATAHU Komnas Perempuan,2012, p. 1). To many experts, violence
against women is seen as me

n’s failure todevelop their emotional relation. Barker (2000, p. 243) states that “What men

repress, or fail to acquire, is the emotional autonomy necessary for the

development of closeness”. For Barker, boys in patriarchal family are accustomed

to be focused on physical development activity like sport andheavytask, and tomeet masculinity
standards, men have to ignore their emotional needs that affecttheir inability to communicate their
feeling.

1.New Male

The idea to reconstruct men roles and the hegemonic definition of traditionalMasculinity has been
developed since the First Wave FeministMovement, or even long before that. Therefore, many men
have started toreconstruct themselves into the idea of New Male. Braught on his Thesis (2010, p.7)
discovered that men in the New Male concept was depicted by media at thetime as fit, firm (hard-
bodied) with alpha male qualities as well as sensitive andromantic. However, there are many
pointsof viewsofhow thetrend of Masculinity changed. Beynon (2002, p. 98) believes that there is no
morecommon excuse about the origin of the New Male concept. However, he argues in