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Aladin
Aladin
This chapter consists of the theoretical frameworks ofthestudy thatsupport the analysis, the previous
study which is used as reference and also theresearch method.
This subchapter consists ofthereviews of related theories which areusedto analyze the object of this
research. This research usesMasculinity StudyfromJohn Beynonand Bergara
et al.
Aladdin (1992)
and
2.1.1 Masculinity
apple on male and vagina, breast and uterus on female. Gender is more complex.Gender are Masculine
and Feminine and they refer to a set of values thatconstructed by society and functionsas a reference of
how man and womenshould behave(Annisa, 2010, p. 8). Therefore,Masculinity is a set of
behavior,language, practice and believesof how men shoulddress andbehave (Abumere,2013, p. 42;
Bhasin, 2004, cited in Annisa 2010, p. 8).Beynon (2002, p. 2)writes,
never float free of culture:on the contrary, it is the child of culture, shaped,expressed differently at
different times in different circumstances
”.
In line withBeynon, Bhasin (2000, p. 2) uses the term socio-cultural to explain the mutabilitynature of
gender. Moreover, Morgan (1992 cited in Beynon 2002, p. 7) illustratesgender into a scheme called as
Gender Map;
In short, this Gender Map explains that there couldbeeitherMasculine orFeminine qualities in a
biological body of man and the possibility to beHeterosexual or Homosexual. Therefore, Gender is
socially, not biologicallyconstructed and it is changeable.Since gender is a social construction, it
maycome in a different stereotype depends on the
society,buttraditionally,mencastsasrational, strong, protective, and decisive;besides women areemotion
al(irrational), weak, nurturing, and submissive(Tyson, 2006, p. 85).In the society,
sentences like ‘boys do not cry’ or ‘that is for girls’ are how the stereotype about
punishmentwordfor thosewho failed to fit the standard of Masculinity.Since the 1990s, many researches
are conducted in the field of Masculinity.One of them is Hegemonic Masculinity proposed by R. W.
Connell. HegemonicMasculinity is intended to explain how and why traditional Masculinity ismaintained
(Connell and Messerschmidt, 2005, 832). According to Connell,traditional Masculinity is maintained by
power achievedthrough culture,institutions, and persuasion. In line with that,Bergara
et al.
(2010, p. 27) explainsthat to talk about traditional Masculinity is also to talk about power to exercise
it.The power men are endowed has maintained their dominances in both public
anddomestic area that cause gender inequality.This tendency islegitimatedby thepower
of Androcentrism viewand Patriarchalcultural system.Androcentrism isthe view that believes that what
is good for men is good for humanity besidesPatriarchy is men power and domination over
women(Bergara
et al.
et al.
-culturalconstraints that act on men and women, placing them in asubordinate position to men and
manifesting in three basic areas of relationship; abuse within intimate relationships, sexual assault in
10
n’s failure todevelop their emotional relation. Barker (2000, p. 243) states that “What men
to be focused on physical development activity like sport andheavytask, and tomeet masculinity
standards, men have to ignore their emotional needs that affecttheir inability to communicate their
feeling.
1.New Male
The idea to reconstruct men roles and the hegemonic definition of traditionalMasculinity has been
developed since the First Wave FeministMovement, or even long before that. Therefore, many men
have started toreconstruct themselves into the idea of New Male. Braught on his Thesis (2010, p.7)
discovered that men in the New Male concept was depicted by media at thetime as fit, firm (hard-
bodied) with alpha male qualities as well as sensitive andromantic. However, there are many
pointsof viewsofhow thetrend of Masculinity changed. Beynon (2002, p. 98) believes that there is no
morecommon excuse about the origin of the New Male concept. However, he argues in