Pre-Test

1. Every written English sentence must contain

what three elements? A subject, a verb and a
punctuation.

2. An article in English grammar, is: A word telling

“which one” or “how many”./An adjective.

3. When does “what” really mean “which”? When

there are a large number of possibilities.

4. The present perfect tense: Demonstrates our

current state of experience.

5. Miss Thailand is very charming.

VERY=ADVERB

6. Every student but one passed the mid-term exam.

BUT=PREPOSITION

7. We’ll leave as soon as the rain stops. AS SOON

AS=The beginning of adverbial clause./A
conjunction.

8. What part of speech is used to describe the

characteristics or condition of a person, place or
thing? An adjective.

9. What part of speech modifies, clarifies, limits or

defines the characteristics, conditions or actions
shown in a sentence? An adverb.

10. In reported speech, wherein the speech does not

relate to a present condition, what tense period must
the main verb of all clauses be in? Past.
—TWO APPROACHES TO TEACHING
LANGUAGE—

1. Language use
→ communicating using the language (immersion,
unconscious)
2. Language form of analysis
→ by learning the lexicogrammar—the words and
grammatical structures—of the target language
(applying the rule)

—Definition of Grammar Suitable for both

Approaches—

Three Levels Included

1. Subsentential or morphological level – the level

below that of the sentence (words, phrases)
● subsentential level: past progressive be (past
tense) + base form of verb + -ing
(morphology) was/were + walk + -ing = was/were
walking

2. Sentential or syntactic level – would describe

the syntax of the English sentence or its word order
● sentential level: One basic word-order rule in
English is that verbs normally follow (syntax)
subjects and come before adverbials.
Ex. She was walking home from the school that day.
subject verb adverbials

● Sentence-level grammars would also indicate the

placement of the be verb in questions.
Ex. Was she walking home from school that day?

3. Suprasentential level
● one discourse rule is that narratives often begin
with the (discourse) present perfect tense as a scene
setter.” Then the past and past progressive tenses
are used to relate the specific actions that occurred
in an episode.
Ex. She has never been so lucky as she was one day
present perfect past
last May. She was walking home from school when
past progressive
she ran into a friend
past