STATIC & ROTATORY EQUIPMENTS(ELECTRICALS)

SUMMARY of Session on 16/11/10

Earthing: The meaning of Earthing or Grounding means to connect the electrical

equipment to the general mass of Earth by a wire of negligible resistance.

Body Resistance

Fully Dry- 70Kohm to 100Kohm/cm2 Wet Body- 700ohm to 1000ohm/cm2

In case of wet body if touches a live part current flowing through body will be very
high.

Skin resistance is very high but internal resistance is low because blood contains
various minerals which are in ionized form gives low resistance path.

Effect of shock on body

1-2mamp No Sensation

8mamp+- 2 Tolerable

25-30mamp Shock (if continuous for some time)

Voltage for these values depend on skin condition if skin is wet then 80-90V is
sufficient for severe shock.

Person dies because of misbehaviour of heart and breathing system. Best way to
recover from shock is to give oxygen i.e. Artificial Respiration.

Earthing is done to protect human body by discharging of current to earth.

Earth resistance expected at different voltage

V<1000V---6ohm V<36Kv---2ohm V>36Kv---0.5ohm

Earthing should be done at two point in case if one get open ckt. Other remains

Earthing can be done by two ways Pipe Earthing, Plate Earthing.

Equipments at different voltage level have different earthings at minimum prescribed

distance.

FUSE

Fuse is a current sensing device connected in circuit for protection. It get melt in
case of short circuit due to high temperature.

It is connected in phase in series with the equipment.

PRINCIPLE OF INDUCTION MOTOR

The principle of operation of the induction machine is based on the generation of a

rotating magnetic field.

In a three phase induction machine, there are three sets of windings — phase A winding,
phase B and phase C windings.

These are excited by a balanced three-phase voltage supply. This would result in a balanced
three phase current.

When currents flow through the coils, they generate mmfs. these mmfs generate magnetic
flux, which is proportional to the mmf. The net result as we have seen is a travelling flux
wave.

The flux pattern is varying sinusoidally in space, This sinusoidal variation of the flux linkage
produces a sinusoidal induced emf in the rotor coil. If the coil is short circuited, this induced
emf will cause a current flow in the coil as per Lenz’s law.

The rotor will experience a force and as it free to move its start rotating.

It try to catch the speed of flux but cannot catch it as the energy supplied to rotor is
not equal to the stator, it gets reduce due to reluctance of air gap between rotor and
stator.

Synchronous Speed Ns=120f/p

NOW in Induction motor Standstill Current is higher than running Current because
motor has to overcome inertia, Air friction

Induction motor starting current is 5 to 7 times of Full load current.

STARTER

Starter is a device which limits starting current (exception of D.O.L starter) and
thereby limits voltage dip.

High current at start can be reduced by

(i) By increasing rotor resistance - used in Rotor resistance starter

(ii) Applying reduced voltage - used in all other types

Submitted to Submitted By

Prof H. Khare Purushottam Saxena

P51044 PEM 5th Batch