UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN SPANISH
INSTITUTE
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY (Hons.)
IN APPLIED ELECTRONICS

ANALOG CIRCUIT APPLICATION 2

(SAB24803)

MINI PROJECT
(ACTIVE FILTER DESIGN TECHNIQUES)

Lecturer: ASSOC. PROF. BASIR BIN SAIBON

Prepared By:

Student Name: ID: Group:

MOHD NAZMI BIN ABDULLAH SALOJI 54215117183
S15-4
NUR ALYA HANA BINTI ABDUL MUTALIB 54215117096
Active Filter Design Techniques

To design this active filter for second-order low pass filter (LPF) Sallen-Key topologies for
Butterworth, Bessel and Tschebyscheff, the calculation are needed to set the value of
component in the active filter design which is by using the second order filter coefficient
table for each filter type as show in figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Second Order Coefficient Table

Filter Design step
1. Choose a value of high cut-off frequency
2. Choose the value of C1 less than 1uF
3. Calculate the value for R1, R2, and C2

Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter

Figure 2 : General Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter

Unity-gain topology in Figure 2 is usually applied in filter designs with high gain accuracy,
unity gain, and low
 Transfer function for the unity-gain circuit in figure 2

 The coefficient comparison between this transfer function and Equation

 Given C1 and C2, the resistor values for R1 and R2 are calculated through:

 In order to obtain real values under the square root, 𝐶2 must satisfy the following
condition:-
4(𝑏1 )
𝐶2 ≥ 𝐶1 ×
𝑎12
BESSEL’s Coefficient Calculation

𝐴𝑜 = 1
𝑎1 = 𝜔𝑐 𝐶1 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 1.3617
𝑏1 = 𝜔𝑐2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 0.618

Assume that fc = 20kHz because the

𝐶1 = 0.5𝜇𝐹 1 question did not provide the value
of fc.
𝑓𝑐 = 20𝑘𝐻𝑧

2
4𝑏1
𝐶2 ≥ 𝐶1 ×
𝑎12
4(0.618)
𝐶2 ≥ 0.5𝜇𝐹 ×
(1.3617)2
𝐶2 ≥ 0.67𝜇𝐹

(1.3617 × 0.67𝜇𝐹) − √(1.3617)2 (0.67𝜇𝐹)2 − 4(0.618)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(0.67𝜇𝐹)

𝑅1 =
4𝜋(20𝑘𝐻𝑧)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(0.67𝜇𝐹)

0.9𝜇𝐹 − √0.83𝑝𝐹 − 0.83𝑝𝐹

=
84.19𝑛𝐻𝑧
= 10.84Ω

(1.3617 × 0.67𝜇𝐹) + √(1.3617)2 (0.67𝜇𝐹)2 − 4(0.618)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(0.67𝜇𝐹)

𝑅2 =
4𝜋(20𝑘𝐻𝑧)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(0.67𝜇𝐹)

72.62𝑛𝐹 + √0.83𝑝𝐹 − 0.83𝑝𝐹

=
84.19𝑛𝐻𝑧
= 10.84Ω
BUTTERWORTH’s Coefficient Calculation

𝐴𝑜 = 1
𝑎1 = 𝜔𝑐 𝐶1 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 1.4142
𝑏1 = 𝜔𝑐2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 1

𝐶1 = 0.5𝜇𝐹
` 1
𝑓𝑐 = 20𝑘𝐻𝑧

4𝑏1
𝐶2 ≥ 𝐶1 ×
𝑎12
2
4(1)
𝐶2 ≥ 0.5𝜇𝐹 ×
(1.4142)2
𝐶2 ≥ 1𝜇𝐹

(1.4142 × 1𝜇𝐹) − √(1.4142)2 (1𝜇𝐹)2 − 4(1)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(1𝜇𝐹)

𝑅1 =
4𝜋(20𝑘𝐻𝑧)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(1𝜇𝐹)

1.4142𝜇𝐹 − √2𝑝𝐹 − 2𝑝𝐹

=
0.126𝜇𝐻𝑧
= 11.22Ω

(1.4142 × 1𝜇𝐹) − √(1.4142)2 (1𝜇𝐹)2 − 4(1)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(1𝜇𝐹)

𝑅2 =
4𝜋(20𝑘𝐻𝑧)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(1𝜇𝐹)

1.4142𝜇𝐹 + √2𝑝𝐹 − 2𝑝𝐹

=
0.126𝜇𝐻𝑧
= 11.22Ω
TCHEBYSHEFF’s coefficient Calculation

𝐴𝑜 = 1
𝑎1 = 𝜔𝑐 𝐶1 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 1.065
𝑏1 = 𝜔𝑐2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 1.9305

𝐶1 = 0.5𝜇𝐹 1
𝑓𝑐 = 20𝑘𝐻𝑧

4𝑏1
𝐶2 ≥ 𝐶1 × 2
𝑎12
4(1.9305)
𝐶2 ≥ 0.5𝜇𝐹 ×
(1.065)2
𝐶2 ≥ 3.4𝜇𝐹

(1.065 × 3.4𝜇𝐹) − √(1.065)2 (3.4𝜇𝐹)2 − 4(1.9305)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(3.4𝜇𝐹)

𝑅1 =
4𝜋(20𝑘𝐻𝑧)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(3.4𝜇𝐹)

3.621𝜇𝐹 − √13.11𝑝𝐹 − 13.13𝑝𝐹

=
0.427𝜇𝐻𝑧
= 8.15Ω

(1.065 × 3.4𝜇𝐹) − √(1.065)2 (3.4𝜇𝐹)2 − 4(1.9305)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(3.4𝜇𝐹)

𝑅2 =
4𝜋(20𝑘𝐻𝑧)(0.5𝜇𝐹)(3.4𝜇𝐹)

3.621𝜇𝐹 + √13.11𝑝𝐹 − 13.13𝑝𝐹

=
0.427𝜇𝐻𝑧
= 8.81Ω
Multisim Schematic
Results Schematic Simulation

 BESSEL (-3db roll off)

 BUTTERWORTH(-3db roll off)

 TSCHEBYSCHEFF (-3db roll off)

 BESSEL

fc = 20kHz (that we assume)

fc = 19.976kHz (that we get from simulation)

To find error tolerance between them, we need to minus fc that we assume with fc
that we get from simulation.

20kHz – 19.967kHz = 0.033 kHz

Therefore, error tolerance for BESSEL is ± 0.033kHz.

 BUTTERWORTH

fc = 20kHz (that we assume)

fc = 20.036kHz (that we get from simulation)

20kHz – 20.036kHz = -0.036 kHz

Therefore, error tolerance for BUTTERWORTH is ± 0.036kHz.

 TSCHEBYSCHEFF

fc = 20kHz (that we assume)

fc = 19.989kHz (that we get from simulation)

20kHz – 19.989kHz = 0.011 kHz

Therefore, error tolerance for TSCHEBYSCHEFF is ± 0.011kHz.

 BESSEL(-40db/Decade)

 BUTTERWORTH(-40db/Decade)

 TSCHEBYSCHEFF (-40db/Decade)
  At the cut- off frequency, fH, the gain is 0.707. 3db down from its 0 Hz level. After fH
(f >fH) the gain rolls off at a frequency rate of 40 db/decade. Hence, the slope of the
‘response after, fHis -40 db/decade.

Signal for gain factor

 BESSEL
 BUTTERWORTH

 TSCHEBYSCHEFF
Discussion

Filter response Comment

The Tschebyscheff response provide the steepest transition
between passband and stopband and therefore require the fewest
stage

Tschebyscheff
The drawback of this filter are:
 Ripple in passband
 Poor step response
 High sensitivity to component variation
The Butterworth response is a good compromise between number
of component and other characteristic like step response and
component tolerance sensitivity. The Butterworth is often called
Butterworth
the ‘maximally flat’ response because it offer the steepest
transition between passband and stopband while still avoiding
peaking
The Bessel filter offers the shallowest transition between
passband and stopband and therefore requires the mststage.

However it otherwise has excellent characteristic

 Great step response
Bessel
 Excellent group and phase delay
 Low sensitivity to component variation

Note that if the stopband and passband are too close together, a
Bessel solution may not be possible.
Conclusion

In a conclusion, Sallen-Key topology is a better choice. The Sallen-Key is a non-inverting

circuit, which may make it preferable over the MFB, but this is not the only potential
advantage. Other that, Sallen-Key topology is better if: gain accuracy is important, a unity-
gain filter is used, pole-pair Q is low (for example, Q < 3) .

At unity-gain, Sallen-Key topology inherently has excellent gain accuracy. This is because
the op amp is used as a unity-gain buffer. With the MFB topology, gain is determined by the
R2 /R1 resistor ratio. The unity-gain Sallen-Key topology also requires fewer components
two resistors versus three for the MFB. The Sallen-Key topology may also be preferable for
high-Q, high-frequency filter sections