AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS ABSTRACTS OF

STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF TEACHING AND EDUCATION

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

By

Arranged by:

1. INDAH MEYLISA 1601070096

2. LILIS NUR INDAHSARI 1601070027
3. MIFTAHUL CHOIRI 1601070156
4. NOVI SETYOWATI 1601070037
5. SITI NURMALA SARI 1601070124
6. VINNA NARALITA 1601070055

STATE ISLAMIC INSTITUTE OF METRO

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
2019
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Language is an important part of our lives, because it relates to how

we handle our social lives. Language is not only for linguists, students,

lecturers, but also for business men, politician, lawyer, marketing, and other

aspects that need language as a medium to communicate. One of the medium

to communicate is a book or paper in professional journal. Use various

languages in paper in professional journals around the world encourages

people to use the process of translation to provide paper in professional

journals that are translated from one language to another. Translation has a

purpose as a way to communicate as a way of spreading information, stories,

experiences, and most of all knowledge.

Furthermore, translation is a medium that can help us get the data or

awareness. Many different papers in professional journals are now being

translated and distributed in different countries, including Indonesia,

especially with English as the source language. We differ from science,

history, music, religion, business and economics, biography and memoir, etc.

When you review any article, such as dissertation, in a professional journal,

you will see that each paper starts with an abstract. The abstract is a brief

summary of a scientific paper's most important points, as Day notes that an

abstract should be viewed as a mini version of the paper.1 With the huge

1
R. A. Day, How to Write Published and A Scientific Paper (Phoenix: The Oryx Press 1998).
 volume of scientific literature, abstracts allow practitioners to stay up-to-date.

It is also a brief summary of a research article, dissertation, study, conference

proceeding or any in-depth examination of a specific topic and is often used

to help the reader quickly determine the intent of the document. When used,

at the start of a manuscript or typescript, an abstract sometimes appears.

Moreover, Houghton says that an abstract can be defined as a

summary of the information in a document.2 An abstract is a critical part of a

scientific paper. Many professionals read abstracts from around the world.

These abstracts from around the world have varied of languages. To make

professionals read and understand the abstracts easier, the author usually

translates the abstracts from the source language into English. In relation with

this study, the writer studies some students’ thesis abstracts in State Islamic

Institute of Metro that are written in two languages, English and Bahasa

Indonesia. The thesis authors write the abstracts in Bahasa Indonesia and then

they are translated into English. In translating the abstracts, they are

transferring information from source language to target language, they should

produce equivalent text so that the readers can understand and determine

whether they need to read the document in its entirely.

A translator may use a variety of translation procedures that vary in

significance depending on both the source language and the target language

contextual factors. Among the factors involved in translation such as form,

meaning, style, proverbs, idioms, etc., this paper will focus on abstract

translation procedures in general.

2
B Houghton, Scientific Periodicals: Their Historical Development, Characteristics, and
Control (Hamden: Shoe String Press., 1975).
 Bassnett Susan stated translation involves the rendering of a source

language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that (1) the

surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the

structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely

that the TL structures will be seriously distorted.3 Meanwhile, Translation as

stated by Newmark is rendering the meaning of a text into another language

in the way that the author intended the text. From the definition stated, the

writer found that translation is a process which is aimed to find meaning

equivalence in the target language. The activity of translation has a long-

standing tradition and has been widely practiced throughout history, but in

our rapidly changing world its role has become of paramount importance.

Translation's position here is very important in promoting science

production in Indonesia. Translation becomes very important as most of the

text on science and technology from developed countries is written in foreign

language, particularly English. Because reconsidering the balance of content

and the translation product is very important, because if it is not tuned, multi-

interpretation will result in the inadequate product eventually.

Translation is not merely changing words, but also transferring of

culture equivalence with the culture of the original language and the recipient

of that language as well as possible and implement it according to the

recipient language. The better translation must be accepted by all people in

logic and based on fact; thus, the message contained in the source language

can satisfy the target-language reader with the information within. Prochazka

3
Susan Bassnett, Translation Studies, third (New York: Routledge, 2002).
in Garvin’s A Prague School Reader on Esthetics, Literary Structure and

Style defines a good translation in terms of certain requirements which must

be made by the translator, namely (1) “He must understand the original word

thematically and stylistically”; (2) “he must overcome the differences

between the two linguistic structures”; and (3) “he must reconstruct the

stylistic structures of the original work in his translation.”4

The process of translation has become central in the new millennium,

in which cultural exchanges have increased, awareness has grown and global

interaction has escalated. Whether for science, medical, technical, economic,

legal, cultural or literary purposes, human communication today is heavily

dependent on translation, and consequently there is also increasing interest in

the field. Translation appears as the significant scope by virtue of language to

overcome the language boundaries that make the communication process

better. The language border distracts the process of absorbing information,

especially when it comes to gaining information from scientific research,

books, or papers, or even an abstract column as the front display for brief

acknowledgement of the research.

Furthermore, in this thesis, the writer will analyze the translation

procedures found in translating abstracts of students’ thesis of Social Sciences

and Political faculty from Bahasa into English. In teaching and education

Faculty, the students will make the abstract in Bahasa Indonesia and they

translate it into English. The writer will collect some abstracts from students

who have finished writing their thesis.

4
P Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (New York: Prentice Hall, 1984).
 This study focuses on analyzing procedure since every translator has

different ways in doing translation based on the theory which the translator

relies upon. By analyzing the translation procedure, the writer would be able

to find out the perspective of the author in doing the translation of the abstract

which will affect the quality of the translation itself

The main problem in translating abstract of undergraduated thesis is

the procedures used in translating abstract is not appropriate. The procedures

could not deliver the meaning or the main discussion. Frequently, the

researcher found that the procedures of translating abstract is changed the

meaning and do not equivalent. The survey will be conducted by using simple

random sampling, the data of the abstract will randomly choose 10 abstract of

undergraduated thesis. As the supporting data the researcher will interview

some author of these undergraduated thesis.

The researcher conducts the data pre-research by interviewing ten

students of Islamic Education Department. Based on the interview of data

pre-research the researcher get the data about the most common procedures

used. The data is as the following; the most dominant procedure used in

translated thesis abstracts of Teaching and Education faculty is Literal

Translation with six students approve to this statements (60%), followed by

equivalence with one student approves to this statements (10%), borrowing

with one student approves to this statements (10%), modulation with one

students approves to this statements (10%), transposition with one students

approves to this statements (10%).

 The problems of students in translation at IAIN Metro need to be

followed in terms of disclosures related to the quality of translating. One

component that supports the quality of translation is the process of

translating. The process of translation does not only translate words from the

source language (SL) into target language (TL), but also considers the

element and meaning contained from SL. Before conducting translation, a

translator need to know both the source and the target language well, then

decided the technique or procedure that will be used to translate the text. If

those steps are followed, then a good translation will be produced. A good

translator will try to translate the text of SL into TL without reducing the

purpose and meaning from the SL.

Translation procedures provide some ways to deal with the problems

which often occur in the translation process so translator can avoid

mistranslation and misunderstanding. The following are the translation

procedures often used by translator in overcoming translation difficulties

proposed by Vinay-Darbelnet. Those procedures are as follows, (1)

Borrowing, (2) Calque, (3) Literal translation, (4) Transposition, (5)

Modulation, (6) Equivalence, (7) Adaptation.

B. Problem Identification

From the background of the study above, the researcher identifies the

problem below:

1. The lack understanding of the author about procedures in translating,

so that the result does not optimal.

 2. The author finds the difficulties to choose the best translating

procedures.

C. Problem Limitation

In this research, the researcher limits the problem in discussing translation

procedures used in translate abstract of undergraduated thesis of the students

in the teaching and education faculty. The abstract used in the research is

from the library of IAIN Metro.

Furthermore, the researcher will get the data not only simply by analyze

the abstract or observation but also interview that will be done by conduct an

interview with the writer of these abstracts. The researcher chooses 10

abstracts of undergraduated thesis of the students in teaching and education

faculty. The researcher focuses on the procedures used in translating the

abstract of the undergraduated thesis and the difficulities that the students

faced in translating the abstract of undergraduated thesis.

D. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the study above, the researcher identifies

the problem on the students’ translation procedures in the abstractas follows:

1. What do the translation procedures the students choose to translate the

abstract?

2. Why is the students getting difficulties to translate the abstract?

E. Objective and Benefits of Study

1. The Objective of the study

Related to the problem above, the researcher states some objective to

answer those problems.

a. To find out translation procedures that used to translate the abstract of

the students` proposal.

b. To solve the problem about the difficulties to translate the abstract.

2. The benefit of the research as follows :

a. For the readers

Which are provides further insight with more accurate information

and trustworthy. In the next research will be beneficial for readers.

b. For the other researcher

This research is expected as a contribution for the other researcher to

conduction further studies.

c. For the institution

Add a list of references for future researchers associated with the

study are in line with translation of the abstract

d. Prior Research

Tesya Pratiwi in her thesis entittled Translation Technique In The

Translation of Lauren Kate’s Novel “Torment” Into Bahasa Indonesia

“Tersiksa” By Fanny Yuanita. The data which is used in her thesis is taken

from Lauren Kate’s novel “Torment” and the translation “Tersiksa” which is

translated by Fanny Yuanita. The dominant technique which appeared in text

is 21,79 % sentences with literal translation, then 18,58 % sentences with

modulation, 18,58 % sentences with transposition, 15,38 % sentences with

calque, 15, 38 % sentences with equivalence, and the last 12,17 % sentences

with adaptation.

Mei Shara Defani Nasution in her thesis in analyzing legal terms

found the most dominant procedure used in translating Indonesian Motor

Vehicle Insurance is transposition has the persentage with 26 occurences

(42,62%), followed by literal translation with 21 occurences (34,42%),

borrowing with 9 occurences (14,75%), equivalence with 3 occurences (4,

91%) and adaptation with 2 occurences (3, 27%).

Sari (2014) in her research “Translation Procedures Applied in

Subtitling English Idioms The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey Movie into

Indonesian” applied Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory in analyzing translation

procedures of the subtitle. The result of the study shows that equivalence

procedure is applied in 97.01% of the data, adaptation procedure is applied in

2.24% of the data, and literal translation procedure is applied in 0.75% of the

data. The research also helps the writer in understanding how to apply the

translation procedures in the translated text.

The first up to the third studies help the writer in understanding how

to apply the translation procedures in the translated text. The previous

research and the writer’s research have similarity which is using Vinay and

Darbernet’s theory in analyzing translation techniques. Yet, they have

difference in data and data resource.

 CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL REVIEW7

A. Definition of Translation

Translation is the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and

then makes the translation product become equivalent. Communicating the

same message in another language also called as translation. The text to be

translated is called the source text, and the language it is to be translated into

is called the target language; the final product is sometimes called the target

text. Jeremy stated the term translation itself has several meanings: it can

refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated)

or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as

translating). The process of translation between two different written

languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source

text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a

written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target

language or TL).5

There are some definitions of translation that are suggested by the

experts. In this chapter the writer discusses them more clearly about the

translation`s definition, some definitions of translation may be different as

many experts expresses their own thought or idea about the definition of

translation. Newmark in his book A Textbook of Translation states

Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the

5
Jeremy Munday, Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications, second (New
York: Routledge, 2008).
 way that the author intended the text.6 Here, Newmark said that translation

was the way to find the equivalence of meaning from source text into target

text. Thus we may say that we reconstructing or reproducing the meaning

inside the source language text into the form of target language text.

Mildread states Translation is basically a change of form.7 Based on

Mildred stated translation is a change of form, when people speak, people are

referring to actual word, phrases, clause, sentences and paragraph etc, which

are spoken or written. The form refers to surface structure of a language. It is

both in form of the written and spoken language (people write or speak). In

the translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of

target language.

In the Theory and Practice of Translation, Nida and Taber states that

Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest

natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning

and secondly in terms of style.8

Based on the definition above can be concluded that in reproducing or

transferring the message, there is an equivalent relationship between SL and

TL. Nida also stated about style. It refers to the stylistic of linguistic aspect.

The translator needs to pay attention to the style of source language in order

to maintain the naturalness the target language in the target text. So the target

readers could easily understand the content of the text.

6
Newmark, A Textbook of Translation.
7
Mildred L and Larson, Meaning-Based Translation, second (Maryland: University Press of
America, 1986).
8
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Boston:
Brill, 2003).
 Larson in Meaning-Based Translation states that Translation consists

of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and

cultural context of the source language, analyzing it in order to determine its

meaning, then reconstructing the same meaning using the lexicon and

grammatical structure which appropriate in the receptor language and its

cultural context. From the Larson’s explanation above, it can be concluded

that translation is not an easy task to do, because every language has its own

ways and grammatical structure to say some terms that might be different

with another language. In translation there are many processes and procedures

that must be mastered and known such as, studying the source text, analyzing

it, and reconstructing the meaning.

From the four translation experts above, it can be concluded that

translation is the task that deals with two different kinds of language. The first

is the source language (SL), which is the language to be translated, and the

second is target language (TL) or the form of the language that become the

target. Translation does not only change the form but translation is a process

of transferring the meaning from source language (SL) to target language

(TL), the important thing in translation is the way to find the equivalent

meaning in source language (SL) to target language (TL). In translation

process, there are some steps that must be done, studying the source text,

analyzing it, and reconstructing the meaning. So, a translator must know

about the process and procedure in translation.

B. The Procedures in Translating

In translating the text, there are some processes that the translator has

to go through to make the translation appropriate with the original text.

According to Larson when translating a text, the translator’s goal is an

idiomatic translation which makes every effort to communicate their meaning

of the SL text into the natural forms of the receptor language. 9 Furthermore,

Larson states that translation is concerned with the study of the lexicon,

grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the

SL text, which is analyzed in order to determine its meaning. The discovered

meaning is then re-expressed or reconstructed using the lexicon and

grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its

cultural context. Larson simply presents the diagram of the translation

process, as follows;

Source Language Receptor Language

Text to be Translated Translation

Discover the Meaning Re-express the Meaning

MEANING

Translation Process (Larson 1984 :4)

9
L, Meaning-Based Translation.
C. Procedures of Translation

Vinay and Darbelnet carried out a comparative stylistic analysis to

describe translation shifts (small linguistic changes occurring in translation of

Source Language to Target Language). This model is developed from

taxonomies by proposing detailed lists of the categories for describing small

linguistic changes in a specific translation pair.

The categorization of translation procedures given by Vinay and

Darbelnet is very comprehensive. There are two main translation strategies,

direct and oblique translation, covering all together seven concrete

procedures.10 Direct and oblique translation in some degree are correspondent

to literal and free translation respectively, one of the difference for their

theory from the theories in pre-linguistics period is that Vinay and Darbelnet

use detailed categories to substitute for macro-level’s literal and free.

The two general translation strategies identified by Vinay and

Darbelnet are direct translation and oblique translation, which hark back to

the ‘literal vs. free’ division discussed in.

1. Direct Translation

Indeed, ‘literal’ is given by the authors as a synonym for direct

translation. The two strategies comprise seven procedures, of which

direct translation covers three:

a. Procedure 1: Borrowing

Borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. Borrowing:

The Source Language word is transferred directly to the Target

10
Lili Ni, ‘For “Translation and Theories”’, English Language Teaching, Vol 2 (2009).
 Language.11 For instance, in order to introduce the flavor of the

source language (SL) culture into a translation, foreign terms may be

used, e.g. “dollars” and “party” from American English, Mexican

Spanish food names “tequila” and “tortillas” and so on. Some well-

established, mainly older borrowings are so widely used that they are

no longer considered as such and have become a part of the respective

TL lexicon. In English such words as “menu” and “hangar” are no

longer considered to be borrowings. The decision to borrow a SL

word or expression for introducing an element of local color is a

matter of style and consequently of the message.

b. Procedure 2: Calque

Calque: This is ‘a special kind of borrowing’ where the SL

expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation. For

example, the French calque ‘Compliments de la Saison’ for the

English ‘Compliments of the Season’.12 A calque is a special kind of

borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of

another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The result is

either (i) a lexical calque, as in the first example, below, i.e. a calque

which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a

new mode of expression; or (ii) a structural calque, as in the second

example, below, which introduces a new construction into the

language .

11
Munday, Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications.
12
Munday.
 Example:

English-Indonesian calque
Normal school Sekolah normal
Assistant manager Asisten manajer
Tabel 1 The Example of Translation Process Calque

c. Procedure 3: Literal Translation

Literal translation is ‘word-for-word’ translation, which Vinay

and Darbelnet describe as being most common between languages of

the same family and culture. Their example is ‘I left my spectacles on

the table downstairs’ which becomes ‘J’ai laissé mes lunettes sur la

table en bas.’

Literal translation is the authors’ prescription for good

translation: ‘literalness should only be sacrificed because of structural

and metalinguistic requirements and only after checking that the

meaning is fully preserved’. But, say Vinay and Darbelnet the

translator may judge literal translation to be ‘unacceptable’ because it:

a) gives a different meaning;

b) has no meaning;

c) is impossible for structural reasons;

d) ‘does not have a corresponding expression within the

metalinguistic experience of the TL’;

e) corresponds to something at a different level of language.13

Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text

into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which

13
Munday.
 the translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the

linguistic servitudes of the TL.

Example:

Source Language : I wear red hat.

Target Language : Saya memakai merah topi.

2. Oblique Translation

In those cases where literal translation is not possible, Vinay and

Darbelnet say that the strategy of oblique translation must be used. This

covers a further four procedures:

d. Procedure 4: Transposition

The method called transposition involves replacing one word

class with another without hanging the meaning of the message. In

translation there are two distinct types of transposition: (i) obligatory

transposition, and (ii) optional transposition.14

The structure shifts found in translating English text into

Indonesian text belong to obligatory transposition due to the

difference of language structure.

Example:

1. Source Language : mechanical engineering (adjective)

Target Language : teknik mesin (noun)

2. Source Language : for the pursuit of happiness (noun)

Target Language : untuk mengejar kebahagiaan (verb)

14
Munday.
e. Procedure 5: Modulation

Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change

in the point of view.15 This change can be justified when, although a

literal, or even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct

utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.

Example:

1. Source Language : You are going to have a child.

Target Language : Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak.

2. Source Language : I cut my finger.

Target Language : Jariku tersayat.

f. Procedure 6: Equivalence

Equivalence is particularly useful in translating idioms and

proverbs (the sense, though not the image, of ‘comme un chien dans un jeu

dequilles’ [lit. ‘like a dog in a game of skittles’] can be rendered as ‘like a

bull in a china shop’).We have repeatedly stressed that one and the same

situation can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic

and structural methods. In such cases we are dealing with the method

which produces equivalent texts. In general, proverbs are perfect examples

of equivalences

Source Language : feel the force of my fist, frozen fiend!

Target Language : Dir werde ich einheizen, du scheusal!

15
Munday.
 The method of creating equivalences is also frequently applied to idioms.

For example, “To talk through one’s hat” and “as like as two peas” cannot

be translated by means of calque.

g. Procedure 7: Adaptation

This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in

the source culture does not exist in the target culture. With the seventh

method we reach the extreme limit of translation: it is used in those cases

where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is

unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have a new situation

that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore, be

described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence.

Example:

Source Language : as white as snow

Target Language : seputih kapas

D. Abstract

An abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the

essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the

objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a research project; has a brief,

non-repetitive style. Day argues an Abstract should be viewed as a mini

version of the paper. The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of

the main sections of the paper: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results,
 and Discussion.16 The Abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be

designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. The Abstract should

be typed as a single paragraph.

The Abstract should (1) state the principal objectives and scope of the

investigation, (2) describe the methods employed, (3) summarize the results,

and (4) state the principal conclusions. The importance of the conclusions is

indicated by the fact that they are often given three times: once in the

Abstract, again in the Introduction, and again (in more detail probably) in the

Discussion. Most or all of the Abstract should be written in the past tense,

because it refers to work done. The Abstract should never give any

information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the

literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as

modification of a previously published method).

Although an abstract appears as the first section of a paper, it should

be written last. You need to have completed all other sections before you can

select and summarize the essential information from those sections, an

abstract involves boiling down the essence of a whole paper into a single

paragraph that conveys as much new information as possible.

Many abstracts are published without the complete paper itself in

abstract journals or in online databases. Thus, an abstract might serve as the

only means by which a researcher determines what information a paper

contains. Moreover, a researcher might make a decision whether to read the

paper or not based on the abstract alone. Because of this need for self-

16
Robert A Day and Barbara Gastel, How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (United
Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
contained compactness, an abstract must convey the essential results of a

paper.

According to Day and Gastel, there are two types of abstracts:

descriptive and informative. They have different aims, so as a consequence

they have different components and styles. There is also a third type called

critical, but it is rarely used.

1. Descriptive abstracts

Day and Gastel state that descriptive abstract is designed to

indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper, making it easy for potential

readers to decide whether to read the paper.17 A descriptive abstract

indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments

about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research.

It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the

purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive

abstract describes the work being abstracted. Some people consider it an

outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are

usually very short—100 words or less.

2. Informative abstracts

Day and Gastel state that informative abstract is designed to

condense the paper. It can and should briefly state the problem, the method

used to study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions.18 The

majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not critique or

evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. An informative abstract

17
Day and Gastel.
18
Day and Gastel.
includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract

(purpose, methods, scope) but also includes the results and conclusions of

the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies

according to discipline, but an informative abstract is rarely more than

10% of the length of the entire work. In the case of a longer work, it may

be much less.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Method

In this study, qualitative method will be used because the data which

is analyzed is explained descriptively. The data to be analyzed are in the form

of phrase and clause. Creswell states, Qualitative research is an approach for

exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a

social or human problem. The process of research involves emerging

questions and procedures, data typically collected in the participant’s setting,

data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the

researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data. The final

written report has a flexible structure. Those who engage in this form of

inquiry support a way of looking at research that honors an inductive style, a

focus on individual meaning, and the importance of rendering the complexity

of a situation.19

Based on this definition can be concluded that Qualitative

methodology is a procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of

written or oral language in society. The collected data is not numbers, it can

be words or description of something. This is as a result of qualitative

methods. This feature is consistent with the qualitative naming. Description is

the accurate overview of the data’s features itself.

19
John W Creswell, Research Design (London: Sage Publications Ltd., n.d.).
B. Data and Source Data

The data are the sentences containing in the abstract of the students’

undergraduated thesis of teaching and education Faculty both in English and

Bahasa Indonesia. The source data used in this research are ten abstracts from

eight departments of teaching and education Faculty issued in 2018/2019.

Source of data are taken from the IAIN Metro’s Library. Furthermore, the

researcher also conducted interview with the author of these abstract.

C. Data Collecting Method

The method of the research applied is qualitative method, which is

done by applying the library research to get data or information related to the

topic to support the ideas. The source data are the abstracts taken from the

website of USU Repository repository.usu.ac.id. After reading the data, the

data will be displayed and analyzed as using content analysis.

D. Data Analysis Method

Three steps are applied in analyzing the data. Miles and Huberman

(1994) suggest that qualitative data analysis consists of three procedures, they

are: (1) data reduction, (2) data display, (3) Conclusion drawing/verification.

First, the research started by collecting the data. Here, in this study the

data collection were done by reading the abstracts in Bahasa Indonesia and

English. The collected data were given a code, the source data are coded

alphabetically and the data are coded in numeral.

For example : 1a ( 1a is the senctence from the abstracts A)

Second, after collecting the data, reduction was done by reading the

material comprehensively and then identifying the sentences. Then the data
 were displayed. If data collection and reduction have been done, conclusion

and verification can be made depending on the data display. The researcher

will also conduct interview to gain more data from another perspectives.

In analyzing the data, Vinay and Dalbernet theory was used in order

to find out the procedures applied in translating the abtracts.

E. Data Percentage

In order to support the research and find out the most dominant

procedures of translation applied in translating the abtracts, this research is

applid a formula referring to “Educational Statisctic”. The following is the

formula calculating the percentage of the data.

Table 2 : Educational Statistic

x 100% =

X : Number of subcategory of kind of translation procedures

Y : Number of all data

N : The percentage of subcategory of translation procedures