Report

On

BFSK: Binary Frequency Shift Keying

( Digital Communication Techinques )

Submitted by

Somya(1704305)

Kumari Akanksha(1704538)

Sapna Shah(1704684)

​B.Tech Programme in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

School of Electronics Engineering

Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University
Bhubaneswar, India

November 2019
ASTRACT
Modulation and Demodulation is a key feature in wireless communication for data transmission. Digital
modulation techniques play an efficient role in performing modulation process. Binary Shift Keying
(BSK) is one of the existing techniques. Demodulation is the inverse operation of modulation performed
to retrieve the original data signal. BSK technique includes Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK),
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK).Here we intend to
demonstrate the BFSK modulation and demodulation technique. MATLAB is used to implement the
proposed technique of BFSK which was successfully simulated on the platform for checking functional
verification. The output for the successfully executed MATLAB code is also shown.
INTRODUCTION
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is
transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK
(BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this
scheme, the "1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is called the space frequency. A BFSK signal
can be expressed as:

Where, m(t) =0 or 1, binary message T =bit duration A, fc, 0 are the amplitude, frequency and phase
of the sinusoidal carrier signal.

TRANSMITTER:
Binary FSK Modulator
The FSK modulator block diagram comprises of two oscillators with a clock and the input binary
sequence. Following is its block diagram.
The two oscillators, producing a higher and a lower frequency signals, are connected to a switch along
with an internal clock. To avoid the abrupt phase discontinuities of the output waveform during the
transmission of the message, a clock is applied to both the oscillators, internally. The binary input
sequence is applied to the transmitter so as to choose the frequencies according to the binary input.

RECEIVER:

Binary FSK Demodulator

There are different methods for demodulating a FSK wave. The main methods of FSK detection
are ​asynchronous detector​ and ​synchronous detector​. The synchronous detector is a coherent one,
while asynchronous detector is a non-coherent one.

Asynchronous FSK Detector

The block diagram of Asynchronous FSK detector consists of two band pass filters, two envelope
detectors, and a decision circuit. Following is the diagrammatic representation.

The FSK signal is passed through the two Band Pass Filters (BPFs), tuned
to ​Space​ and ​Mark​ frequencies. The output from these two BPFs look like ASK signal, which is given
to the envelope detector. The signal in each envelope detector is modulated asynchronously.

The decision circuit chooses which output is more likely and selects it from any one of the envelope
detectors. It also re-shapes the waveform to a rectangular one.
Synchronous FSK Detector

The block diagram of Synchronous FSK detector consists of two mixers with local oscillator circuits,
two band pass filters and a decision circuit. Following is the diagrammatic representation.

The FSK signal input is given to the two mixers with local oscillator circuits. These two are connected
to two band pass filters. These combinations act as demodulators and the decision circuit chooses
which output is more likely and selects it from any one of the detectors. The two signals have a
minimum frequency separation.

For both of the demodulators, the bandwidth of each of them depends on their bit rate. This
synchronous demodulator is a bit complex than asynchronous type demodulators.

MERITS:
1.)One of the major advantage is that its better noise immunity due to which probability of error
reduces.

2.)It rejects unwanted signals that are weaker than the desired signals.

3.)It is used in long distance communication.

4.)Frequency shift keying is used to send teletype and can also be used to send radio control signals.

5.)There are no abrupt phase changes as the envelope is constant.

DEMERITS:
1.)The major disadvantage is its high bandwidth requirement. Therefore, it is extensively used in
low speed modems having bit rates below 1200 bits/sec.
2.) Coherent FSK is not used in practice due to the difficulty in generating two reference
frequencies close together at the receiver.

3.) The FSK is not preferred for the high speed modems because with increase in speed, the bit rate
increases as the telephone lines have a very low bandwidth, it is not possible to satisfy the bandwidth
requirement of FSK at higher.
APPLICATIONS:
● They are used in point to point military communication.

● FSK is used in caller id and remote metering.

● They are used in car alarm systems and garage door openers.

● They are used in security systems.

● They are used in smoke alarm systems.

MATLAB CODE:
clc ​%for clearing the command window
close ​all​ ​%for closing all the window except command window
clear ​all​ ​%for deleting all the variables from the memory
fc1=input(​'Enter the freq of 1st Sine Wave carrier:'​);
fc2=input(​'Enter the freq of 2nd Sine Wave carrier:'​);
fp=input(​'Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):'​);
amp=input(​'Enter the amplitude (For Both Carrier & Binary Pulse Message):'​);
amp=amp/2;
t=0:0.001:1; ​% For setting the sampling interval
c1=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc1*t);​% For Generating 1st Carrier Sine wave
c2=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc2*t);​% For Generating 2nd Carrier Sine wave
subplot(4,1,1); ​%For Plotting The Carrier wave
plot(t,c1)
xlabel(​'Time'​)
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​)
title(​'Carrier 1 Wave'​)
subplot(4,1,2) ​%For Plotting The Carrier wave
plot(t,c2)
xlabel(​'Time'​)
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​)
title(​'Carrier 2 Wave'​)
m=amp.*square(2*pi*fp*t)+amp;​%For Generating Square wave message
subplot(4,1,3) ​%For Plotting The Square Binary Pulse (Message)
plot(t,m)
xlabel(​'Time'​)
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​)
title(​'Binary Message Pulses'​)
for​ i=0:1000 ​%here we are generating the modulated wave
​if​ m(i+1)==0
mm(i+1)=c2(i+1);
​else

mm(i+1)=c1(i+1);
​end
end
subplot(4,1,4) ​%For Plotting The Modulated wave
plot(t,mm)
xlabel(​'Time'​)
ylabel(​'Amplitude'​)
title(​'Modulated Wave'​)
INPUT:
Enter the freq of 1st Sine Wave carrier:10
Enter the freq of 2nd Sine Wave carrier:30
Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):5
Enter the amplitude (For Both Carrier & Binary Pulse Message):4

OUTPUT:

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

The MATLAB code for BFSK modulation was successfully executed and the required output waveform
was obtained.
CONCLUSION:

We studied the different properties of BFSK modulation and demodulation.The differences between
coherent and non-coherent demodulation was also studied along with proper block diagrams.We also
studied about the merits,demerits and various applications of BFSK modulation.MATLAB code for the
same was also successfully executed and the required output waveform was obtained.

REFERENCES:
[1] Ijettjournal.org. (2019). [online] Available at:
http://ijettjournal.org/volume-4/issue-6/IJETT-V4I6P169.pdf [Accessed 3 Nov. 2019].

[2] ​En.wikipedia.org. (2019). ​Frequency-shift keying.​ [online] Available

at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying [Accessed 3 Nov. 2019].

[3] Lathi, B. and Ding, Z. (n.d.). ​Modern digital and analog communication systems​.

[4] Haykin, S. (2014). ​Digital communication systems.​ New York, N.Y. [etc.]: Wiley.

STUDENT SIGNATURES

Sl.no NAME ROLL.NO SIGNATURE

1. SOMYA 1704305
2. KUMARI AKANKSHA 1704358
3. SAPNA SHAH 1704684

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE:

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