Sustainability 09 01925 v2

sustainability
Article
Model to Assess the Quality of Magmatic Rocks for
Reliable and Sustainable Constructions
Mihaela Toderaş 1 , Roland Iosif Moraru 2, * ID
, Ciprian Danciu 1 , Grigore Buia 3 and
Lucian-Ionel Cioca 4,5 ID
1 Mining Engineering, Surveying and Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Mines,
University of Petrosani, 20 University Street, 332006 Petrosani, Romania;
toderasmihaela@yahoo.com (M.T.); danciu_ciprian@yahoo.com (C.D.)
2 Management and Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Mines, University of Petrosani,
20 University Street, 332006 Petrosani, Romania
3 Environmental Engineering and Geology Department, Faculty of Mines, University of Petrosani,
20 University Street, 332006 Petrosani, Romania; grigbuia@yahoo.com
4 Industrial Engineering and Management Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 10 Victoriei Blv. Street, 550024 Sibiu, Romania; lucian.cioca@ulbsibiu.ro
5 Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei, 54, Sector 5, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
* Correspondence: roland_moraru@yahoo.com; Tel.: +40-723-624-105
Received: 27 September 2017; Accepted: 17 October 2017; Published: 24 October 2017
Abstract: Geomechanical assessment of rocks requires knowledge of phenomena that occur under
the influence of internal and external factors at a macroscopic or microscopic scale, when rocks are
submitted to different actions. To elucidate the quantitative and qualitative geomechanical behavior
of rocks, knowing their geological and physical–mechanical characteristics becomes an imperative.
Mineralogical, petrographical and chemical analyses provided an opportunity to identify 15 types
of igneous rocks (gabbro, diabases, granites, diorites, rhyolites, andesites, and basalts), divided into
plutonic and volcanic rocks. In turn, these have been grouped into acidic, neutral (intermediate) and
basic magmatites. A new ranking method is proposed, based on considering the rock characteristics
as indicators of quantitative assessment, and the grading system, by given points, allowing the
rocks framing in admissibility classes. The paper is structured into two parts, experimental and
interpretation of experimental data, showing the methodology to assess the quality of igneous rocks
analyzed, and the results of theoretical and experimental research carried out on the analyzed rock
types. The proposed method constitutes an appropriate instrument for assessment and verification of
the requirements regarding the quality of rocks used for sustainable construction.
Keywords: igneous rock; aggregate; physical–mechanical characteristics; exploitation; conformity;

safety level
1. Introduction
Since the dawn of civilization, rocks have been used for construction purposes. In time, the use of
rocks under a variety of forms became increasingly complex, as a reflection of cultural and historical
trends of the human society [1,2].
On the Romanian territory, the natural occurrence of useful rocks is widely spread on the foreland
zone and on the Carpathian structures. These rocks have multiple uses in constructions and various
other civil/industrial sectors. Besides being used as raw material in buildings, roads and a variety of
miscellaneous engineering works, depending on their petrographic type, these useful rocks are also
used for ornamental/decorative purposes [2–4].
Given their wide spectrum of utilizations, the interest for mapping new reserves and prospective
areas of useful rocks becomes crucial. This interest is enhanced by the rapid development of the
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925; doi:10.3390/su9101925 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 2 of 21
construction industry, with special emphasis on terrestrial transportation infrastructures [5,6]. To acquire
the desired construction quality of the terrestrial transportation infrastructures, a thorough understanding
of the used materials and their behavior under heavy traffic and weathering factors is required.
The construction, rehabilitation and maintenance of road infrastructures involve the utilization
of significant quantities of natural materials, where the natural aggregates play the most important
role. Advanced construction technologies together with the quality of rocks, natural aggregates
and other road construction materials, drive the achievement of well-built terrestrial transportation
infrastructures. In the particular case of aggregates, the diversity of the raw material as a source,
the various capabilities of manufacturing facilities, and the market demand present a wide diversity,
with direct repercussion on the quality of the aggregates.
Accordingly, the rigorous characterization of the original aggregate quality becomes a paramount
aspect in building reliable terrestrial transportation infrastructures. Additionally, based on the variation of
raw material and manufacturing facilities, the aggregate characterization becomes a necessary periodic,
reiterative step, aimed to bridge the construction needs and the available material. The adequate
utilization of each type of aggregate is dictated by the chemical, mineralogical–petrographical and
physical–mechanical properties of the source rock.
The periodic analysis of the source rocks and aggregates is managed through specific standards that
stipulate threshold values of the physical and mechanical properties specific for each utilization field.
Given all the considerations above, the current paper represents a comprehensive geo-mechanical
study of the magmatic rocks from the Southern Apuseni Mountains, rocks represented by a wide range
of varieties, such as gabbro, diabase, granite, rhyolite, and basalt used in raw or manufactured form
for civil engineering construction and ornamental/decorative works.
2. Geology of Southern Apuseni Mountains

The Apuseni Mountains are located between cross aisles of Mures and Somes, representing the
largest and most complex subdivision of Occidental Carpathian [7–9]. They represent an internal arch in
relation to Southern and Eastern Carpathian; they close westward the Transylvania Depression. Southern
Apuseni represent central compartment of Occidental Carpathians, including a particularly complex area
as tectonic and lithology. Morphologically, Southern Apuseni Mountains are delimited between Mures
River and the alignment formed by the settlements Bârzava-Mădrizeşti–Hălmagiu-Câmpeni on the
south and to the north of Roşia Montană-Sălciua-Ocoliş [10]. Southern Apuseni Mountains are also
known as the Ore Mountains.
Although as a major structural geological unit, Apuseni Mountains have a particular position that
deviates from the sinuous direction of the Alpino-Carpathian-Balkanides-Caucasian chain, they have
resulted from the evolution of a rifting zone that occurred in the Transylvanian—Pannonian microplate.
This was divided into two blocks—Pannonian block and Transylvanian block—by means of a breakage
that occurred long before the Medium Jurassic. The geologic processes that led to the building of
structural-genetic unit of the South Apuseni from Mountains Apuseni were influenced by behavior of
edge of Pannonian block, which also resulted in the North Apuseni. The South Apuseni has evolved
from a labile area of the Alpino-Carpathian geosyncline before Medium Jurassic (Dogger), in which
there were many geological events. Due to these geological events, from stratigraphical point of view,
in the structure of South Apuseni Mountains can be distinguished the following litho-structural-genetic
units [11]: pre-alpine crystalline massifs (crystalline schist); ophiolitical magmatit; sedimentary
pre-laramic; laramic magmatit; Neogene vulcanite; and post-laramic sedimentary from inter-mountain
depressions (see Figure 1).
Actual tectonic arrangement of the South Apuseni Mountains is closely linked to their geological
evolution in the framework of central and southeast Europe Alpine area [12]. In this context, the South
Apuseni Mountains represent the suture or the scar of a labile area, which in its development has known
a phase of expansion accompanied and followed by particular geotectonic processes, which can include:
magmatic basic activity, processes of shortening the crust, subduction, oceanic crust consumption, etc.
which cancan 2017,

Sustainability
which include: magmatic basic
9, 1925
include: magmatic basic activity,
activity, processes
processes of
of shortening
shortening the
the crust,
crust, subduction,
subduction, oceanic
oceanic
3 of 21
crust consumption,
crust consumption, etc. etc.
Figure 1.
Figure1. Geological map
Geologicalmap
1.Geological of
mapof Apuseni
ofApuseni Mountains
ApuseniMountains (according
Mountains(according to Mutihac,
(according to
to Mutihac, 1990).
1990).
Figure Mutihac, 1990).
3. Characterization of
3. of Studied Magmatic
Magmatic Rocks from from South Apuseni
Apuseni
3. Characterization
Characterization ofStudied Studied Magmatic Rocks Rocks from South
South Apuseni
Magmatic rocks form
Magmatic form one of of the three
three major groups
groups of rocks,
rocks, resulting from from cooling and and
Magmatic rocks rocks form one one of thethe three majormajor groups of of rocks, resulting
resulting from cooling
cooling and
solidification of magma
solidification magma insideinside the
the crust
crust or nearnear the surface;
surface; relative
relative toto the
the solidification
solidification time,
time, these
solidification of magma inside the crust oror near thethesurface; relative to the solidification time, thesethese
rocks
rocks
rocks are
are classified
classified as
as follows:
follows: volcanic
volcanic rocks
rocks stratified
stratified or
or eruptive,
eruptive, with
with fine
fine grain
grain (acidic
(acidic rocks and
rocks and
are classified as follows: volcanic rocks stratified or eruptive, with fine grain (acidic rocks and basic
basic rocks that
basic that includes
includes mainly
mainly basalts) and and plutonic massive
massive characterized
characterized by by the
the presence
presence of
rocks rocks
that includes mainly basalts)basalts)
and plutonicplutonicmassive characterized by the presence of crystals of
of
crystals
crystals of larger
of larger size as compared
size as compared to the first category (acidic rocks category that includes granite,
larger size as compared to the firstto the first(acidic
category category (acidic
rocks rocksthat
category category thatgranite,
includes includesand granite,
basic
and basic
and basic rocks
rocks as
as gabbro—a
gabbro—a classification
classification of igneous
igneous rocks
rocks waswas performed
performed in in 1966
1966 byby Mason
Mason andand
rocks as gabbro—a classification of igneous of rocks was performed in 1966 by Mason and taken up by
taken up
taken up by
by other
other researchers
researchers [13,14]),
[13,14]), classification
classification performed
performed basedbased on the the mineral
mineral composition
composition
other researchers [13,14]), classification performed based on the mineralon composition and relative to
and
and relative to way of formation of these rocks (see Figure 2).
wayrelative to wayofofthese
of formation formation of these
rocks (see Figure rocks
2). (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Schematic position of main magmatic rocks depending on their mineralogical composition
Figure
Figure 2.
2. Schematic
Schematicposition
positionof
ofmain
main magmatic
magmatic rocks
rocks depending
depending on
on their
their mineralogical
mineralogical composition
composition
(according to Mason (1966) cited by Beauchamp).
In Southern
In Southern Apuseni
Apuseni are
are known
known associations
associations of
of igneous
igneous rock
rock formed
formed in
in three
three distinct
distinct phases
phases of
of
In
the alpineSouthern
alpine cycle Apuseni
cycle [15]: are known
[15]: Jurassic–Cretaceous associations
Jurassic–Cretaceous lower
lower magmaticof igneous
magmatic rocks, rock formed
rocks, equivalent
equivalent of in three
of ophiolite distinct
ophiolite magmatic
magmatic
the
phases
rocks; of the alpine cycle
Paleocene–Upper [15]: Jurassic–Cretaceous
Cretaceous magmatic, lowerofmagmatic
equivalent laramic rocks, equivalent
magmatic rocks; ofNeogene–
and ophiolite
rocks; Paleocene–Upper Cretaceous magmatic, equivalent of laramic magmatic rocks; and Neogene–
magmatic rocks; Paleocene–Upper Cretaceous magmatic, equivalent of laramic magmatic rocks;
and Neogene–Quaternary magmatic rocks, equivalent of Neogene effusive rocks. In the characterization
of Southern Apuseni, the ophiolite magmatic rocks represented by basalts, andesite, dacite and even
rhyolites form a huge mass that extends over a length of 190 km between Aries Valley and town of
Zăbalţ on Mureş Valley; these rocks can reach a maximum width of 40 km. In Southern Apuseni,
laramic magmatism manifested by lava is represented by occurrences of basaltic andesites from
Măgura Brănişca and Măgura Sârbi. In genetic point of view, Neogene–Quaternary volcanism from
Southern Apuseni falls into two types, acidic and respectively intermediate calc-alkaline.
3.1. Mineralogical and Petrographical Characterization of Igneous Rocks Analyzed

All the rocks presented in this study were analyzed at both macroscopic and microscopic level
to determine the mineralogical and petrographical properties necessary for the further study of
parameters defining the geo-mechanical behavior of the rock.
The mineralogical and petrographical study was achieved based on the analysis of thin sections
examined with a polarizing microscope. Based on the macroscopic and microscopic analyses, a detailed
description of these rocks is presented (see Table 1).
3.2. Chemical Composition of Magmatic Rocks Analyzed

The chemical composition of rocks was determined based on analysis performed on 15 samples.
The chemical analysis aimed to identify the main oxides, with emphasis on silica dioxide,
as an indicator of the acid, basic or neutral type of the analyzed magmatites. The chemical
analysis was performed in the Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Petrosani, using an XRF
spectrometer (X-ray fluorescence). The alkali–ggregate reaction emphasizes the reactivity and partial
harmfulness of aggregates containing one or more forms of the silica dioxide with lower crystallization
(opal, chalcedony, tridymite, and cristobalite) and volcanic glass rich in silica dioxide. The need of
testing the reaction alkali–ggregate is dictated by concrete, which comes in permanent or temporary
contact with water or, generally, with a humid environment [2,3,16]. Testing of the alkali–ggregate
reaction was performed in conformity with standard STAS 5440-70:
1. To determine the reduction of sodium hydroxide solution Rc, Equation (1) was used:
f · (V3 − V2 ) × 1000
Rc = [mmol/dm3 ] (1)
V1
where Rc represents the reduction of the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution,

in mmol/dm3 ; f is the factor of chlorhydric acid utilized during titration 0.05 n; V 2 is the
volume of chlorhydric acid 0.05 n utilized for titration of analyzed sample in cm3 ; V 3 is the
volume of chlorhydric acid 0.05 n utilized for titration of witness sample, in cm3 ; and V 1 is the
volume of diluted solution, in cm3 (20 cm3 ).
2. The quantity of silica dioxide from the filtered sodium hydroxide solution was determined with
Equation (2):
( A1 − A2 ) × 1000 × 1000
Sc = [mmolSiO2 /dm3 ] (2)
5 × 60.06
where: Sc is the concentration of dissolved silica dioxide in mmol/dm3 ; A1 is the concentration
of silica dioxide in g, in 100 cm3 diluted solution; A2 is the concentration of silica dioxide in g,
in 100 cm3 witness solution, diluted; and 60.06 is the molecular mass of silica dioxide, in g.
Based on the reaction alkali–ggregates, observations are drawn regarding the suitability of using
aggregates with cements to attenuate or annihilate the reactivity. These observations are used in the
particular case of the aggregates used to mix cements, which will face continuous contact with water
or a moist environment [16]. The results following this analysis are given in Table 2, while the noxious
character of the aggregates is determined based on the diagram in Figure 3 and classification in Table 3.
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Table 1. Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of magmatic rocks types analyzed.

Table 1. Macroscopic
Table and
1. Macroscopic microscopic
and characterization
microscopic of of
characterization magmatic rocks
magmatic types
rocks analyzed.
types analyzed.
Macroscopic Analysis Microscopic Analysis
Macroscopic Analysis
Macroscopic Analysis Microscopic
Microscopic Analysis Analysis
Macroscopic
MacroscopicAnalysis
Analysis Structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic-granular, Microscopic
porphyritic.
Microscopic Analysis
Analysis
Şoimuş Granite—sample number number 1 Structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic-granular, porphyritic.
Şoimuş Granite—sample
Şoimuş Granite—sample number 1 1 Structure:
Structure:
Rock texture:
Structure: holocrystalline,
holocrystalline,
unoriented
holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic-granular,
hypidiomorphic-granular,
(massive), compact.
hypidiomorphic-granular, porphyritic.porphyritic.
porphyritic.
Şoimuş
ŞoimuşGranite—sample
Sampling location:
Granite—sample number
Șoimuș, Arad1District.
number 1 Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
Sampling location:
Sampling location: S, oimus
Șoimuș, , , Arad
Arad District.
District. Rock
Rock texture:
texture:
Mineralogical
Rock texture: unoriented
unoriented
composition;
unoriented (massive),
(massive),
quartz,
(massive), compact.
orthose,compact.
compact. plagioclase feldspar, biotite, opaque minerals, sericite, kaolinite.
Sampling
Samplinglocation:
Geological location:Șoimuș,
structure: Arad
tardi-orogenic
Șoimuș, AradDistrict.
(Banatitic)
District. magmatism. Mineralogical composition; quartz, orthose, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, opaque minerals, sericite, kaolinite.
Geological structure:
Geological structure: tardi-orogenic
tardi-orogenic (Banatitic)
(Banatitic) magmatism.
magmatism. Mineralogical
Mineralogical
Quartz: (32.5%)
Mineralogical composition;
composition;
appears as
composition; quartz, quartz,
crystalsorthose,
quartz, with orthose,
orthose, plagioclaseplagioclase
non-geometric,
plagioclase feldspar, feldspar,
biotite,
xenomorphic
feldspar, biotite,
opaque
contours
biotite, opaque opaque
minerals,
and variable
minerals, minerals,
sericite,
dimensions,
sericite, sericite,
kaolinite. between
kaolinite. kaolinite.
0.2/0.1 mm and
Rock type:
Geological magmatic,
structure: plutonic, and
tardi-orogenic acidic.
(Banatitic) Quartz: (32.5%) appears as crystals with non-geometric, xenomorphic contours and variable dimensions, between 0.2/0.1 mm and
RockGeological
type:
Rock type:
structure:
magmatic,
magmatic,
tardi-orogenic
plutonic,
plutonic, andand acidic.magmatism.
(Banatitic)
acidic.
magmatism. Quartz:
Quartz:
Quartz: (32.5%)
2.3/1.8(32.5%)
mm. The
(32.5%) appears
appears
quartz
appears as crystals
aspresents
crystals
as crystals with
random
with with non-geometric,
non-geometric,
feldspar
non-geometric, xenomorphic
inclusions, xenomorphic
rarely
xenomorphic contours
intergrown
contours contours
and variable
with
and and
orthose
variable variable
dimensions,
and forming
dimensions, dimensions,
between
between 0.2/0.1
micrographic, between
mm
0.2/0.1 mm 0.2/0.1 mm and
andand
Rock type:
Rock magmatic,
structure:
type: plutonic,
holocrystalline,
magmatic, plutonic, andand
acidic.
granular hypidiomorphic, slightly
acidic. 2.3/1.8 mm. The quartz presents random feldspar inclusions, rarely intergrown with orthose and forming micrographic,
Rock structure:
Rock structure: holocrystalline,
holocrystalline, granular
granular hypidiomorphic,
hypidiomorphic, slightly 2.3/1.8
2.3/1.8 mm.
myrmekitic
2.3/1.8 mm.
TheThe
mm. The
quartz quartz
structures.
quartzpresents
In presents
random
several
presents random
feldspar
occurrences,
random feldsparfeldspar
inclusions,
the inclusions,
rarely
submillimeter
inclusions, rarely rarely
intergrown
crystals areintergrown
intergrown with
grouped
with as awith
orthose
orthoseand orthose
forming
mosaicated
and forming and forming
micrographic,
arrangement. micrographic, myrmekitic
Orthose
micrographic,
Rock structure:
porphyritic
Rock holocrystalline,
structure: holocrystalline, granular
hypidiomorphic, slightly
slightly myrmekitic structures. In several occurrences, the submillimeter crystals are grouped as a mosaicated arrangement. Orthose
slightly porphyritic
porphyritic structures.
myrmekitic
(27.3%) appears
myrmekitic In several
structures. occurrences,
In several
hypidiomorphic,
structures. In severaloccurrences,the submillimeter
thethe
allotriomorphic,
occurrences, submillimeter crystals
crystals
rarely idiomorphic.
submillimeter areare
crystals grouped
grouped
Crystals’
are as
asaaasmosaicated
mosaicated
dimensions
grouped a mosaicated arrangement.
arrangement.
vary between Orthose
0.3/0.2 Orthose
arrangement. mm (27.3%) appears
and 2.7/1.7
Orthose
porphyritic
Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
porphyritic (27.3%) appears hypidiomorphic, allotriomorphic, rarely idiomorphic. Crystals’ dimensions vary between 0.3/0.2 mm and 2.7/1.7
Rock texture:unoriented
Rock texture: unoriented (massive),
(massive), compact.
compact. hypidiomorphic,
(27.3%)
mm. appears
This
(27.3%) appears allotriomorphic,
hypidiomorphic,
mineral presents
hypidiomorphic, incipient torarely
allotriomorphic,
sometimes
allotriomorphic, idiomorphic.
rarely
advanced
rarely Crystals’
idiomorphic.
idiomorphic. dimensions
states ofCrystals’
mineralogical
Crystals’ varyvary
dimensions between
alteration.
dimensions between0.3/0.2
Plagioclase
vary between 0.3/0.2mmmm
feldspar
0.3/0.2 and
mm 2.7/1.7
andand
(26.2%) is mm. This mineral
2.7/1.7
2.7/1.7
Rock texture:
Color:
Rock unoriented
white-greyish,
texture: unoriented (massive),
with compact.
slight pink
(massive), hue.
compact. mm. This mineral presents incipient to sometimes advanced states of mineralogical alteration. Plagioclase feldspar (26.2%) is
Color: white-greyish,
Color: white-greyish, withwith slight
slight pinkpink
hue.hue. mm.presents
represented
mm.This
This incipient
by presents
mineral
mineral to sometimes
its presents
acidic variety
incipient
incipient toadvanced
(albite);
sometimes
to sometimes states
the crystals,
advanced of mineralogical
mostly
advanced hypidiomorphic
states alteration.
of mineralogical
states of mineralogical Plagioclase
andalteration.
rarely idiomorphic,feldspar
Plagioclase
alteration. present
Plagioclase (26.2%)
feldspar
feldspar is represented
dimensions
(26.2%) is is
(26.2%) by its acidic
Mineralogical
Color: white-greyish, with
composition: slight
with pink
quartz,
slight pinkhue.
orthoclase
hue. and plagioclase represented by its acidic variety (albite); the crystals, mostly hypidiomorphic and rarely idiomorphic, present dimensions
Mineralogical composition:
Mineralogical composition: quartz,
quartz, orthoclase
orthoclase and plagioclase
and plagioclase variety
between(albite);
represented
represented by by the
its its
0.4/0.3 acidic
mm crystals,
variety
and
acidic 2.5/1.5
variety mostly
(albite);
mm. hypidiomorphic
the
Similar
(albite); crystals,
the to themostly
crystals, orthose,
mostly and
the rarely
hypidiomorphic idiomorphic,
plagioclase
hypidiomorphic and rarely
feldspar
and present
presents
rarely dimensions
idiomorphic, present
different
idiomorphic, presentbetween
statesdimensions 0.4/0.3 mm and 2.5/1.5 mm.
ofdimensions
mineralogical
feldspars, biotite,
Mineralogical secondary
composition: quartz, orthoclase
minerals.
quartz, orthoclaseandand
plagioclase
plagioclase between 0.4/0.3 mm and 2.5/1.5 mm. Similar to the orthose, the plagioclase feldspar presents different states of mineralogical
feldspars, biotite,
feldspars, biotite, secondary
secondary minerals.
minerals. Similar
between
between to themm
0.4/0.3
alteration.0.4/0.3 orthose,
Biotite mmand
does
and the
2.5/1.5
not plagioclase
mm.
exceed
2.5/1.5 mm.Similar
4.5% feldspar
from
Similar to the
allthe
to presents
orthose,
mineral different
thethe
plagioclase
components;
orthose, itstates
plagioclase appears of in
feldspar
feldsparmineralogical
presents
the
presents mass alteration.
rockdifferent states
fresh
different Biotite
or partially
states of todoes
of mineralogical not exceed 4.5% from all
totally
mineralogical
feldspars,
Reactionbiotite,
to secondary
acids: none of minerals.
the
feldspars, biotite, secondary minerals. rock components reacts with dilute alteration. Biotite does not exceed 4.5% from all mineral components; it appears in the rock mass fresh or partially to totally
Reaction
Reaction to toacids:
acids:nonenone of the
of the rockrock components
components reactsreacts with
with dilute mineral
alteration.
alteration.components;
Biotite
limonitized. does
Biotite notnot
does it appears
exceed
exceed4.5% infrom
4.5% the
from rock
all all masscomponents;
mineral
mineral fresh or partially
components; it appearsto totally
it appearsin the
in thelimonitized.
rock mass
rock fresh
mass or partially
fresh to totally
or partially to totally
HCl to acids:
Reaction
Reaction none
to acids: noneof the
of therock components
rock components reacts with
reacts dilute
with dilute limonitized.
dilute
HCl HCl Denomination
limonitized.
Denomination rock:
limonitized. rock: Adamelitic
Adamelitic Granite.
Granite.
HCl
HCl Denomination rock: Adamelitic Granite.
Denomination
Denomination rock: Adamelitic
rock: Adamelitic Granite.
Granite.
Granite
Granite
Granite Plagioclase feldspar and orthoclase withwith
equalequal
proportions, quartzquartz
crystalized at a lateratstage, partially corroding the feldspar crystals
Granite
Granite Plagioclase
Plagioclase feldspar
feldspar and
and orthoclaseorthoclase
with equal proportions,
proportions, quartz crystalized crystalized
at a later stage, apartially
later stage, partially
corroding corroding
the feldspar the feldspar crystals
crystals
Structure:
Plagioclase feldsparandandorthoclase
holocrystalline, with
granular
orthoclase equal
with proportions,
hypidiomorphic,
equal proportions,quartz crystalized
slightly
quartz at aatlater
porphyroidic.
crystalized stage,
a later partially
stage, corroding
partially corrodingthethe
feldspar crystals
feldspar crystals
Şoimuş Granite—sample number 2 Structure: holocrystalline,
Structure: holocrystalline, granular hypidiomorphic,
granular slightly porphyroidic.
hypidiomorphic, slightly porphyroidic.
Şoimuş Granite—sample number 2 2 Structure:
Texture:holocrystalline,
Structure: unoriented
(massive),
compact.
hypidiomorphic, slightly porphyroidic.
slightly porphyroidic.
Şoimuş
Şoimuş Granite—sample
Granite—sample
Sampling
Şoimuş location: Șoimoș,
Granite—sample number
number Arad2District.
number 2 Texture:
Texture:unoriented
unoriented (massive), compact.
(massive), compact.
Sampling location: Șoimoș, Arad District. Texture:
Texture:unoriented
Mineralogical
composition;
(massive), compact.
quartz, orthose, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, opaque minerals, secondary minerals.
compact.
Sampling
Sampling location:
location:
Geological S oimos
Șoimoș,
structure:
, Arad, Arad
tardi-orogenic
, District.
District.
Sampling location: Șoimoș, Arad District. (Banatitic) magmatism. Mineralogical
composition; quartz, orthose,
quartz, plagioclase
orthose, feldspar,
plagioclase biotite, opaque
feldspar, biotite,minerals,
opaque secondary
minerals, minerals.
secondary
Geological structure: tardi-orogenic (Banatitic) magmatism. Mineralogical
Quartz (33.2%)
lacks
composition; quartz,
completelyquartz, orthose,
geometric
orthose,plagioclase
contour
plagioclase feldspar,
and occupiesbiotite,
feldspar, opaque
the interstices
biotite, opaque minerals,
between
minerals, secondary
feldspars.
secondary minerals.
Quartz crystalminerals.
minerals. dimensions do
Geological
Geological
Rock type:
Geologicalstructure:
structure: tardi-orogenic
tardi-orogenic
magmatic,
structure: (Banatitic)
(Banatitic)
plutonic, acidic.
tardi-orogenic magmatism.
magmatism.
(Banatitic) magmatism. Quartz
Quartz(33.2%) lackslacks
(33.2%) completely
completelygeometric contourcontour
geometric and occupies
and the interstices
occupies the between
interstices feldspars.
between Quartz crystal Quartz
feldspars. dimensions do dimensions do not
crystal
Rock type: magmatic, plutonic, acidic. Quartz
Quartz(33.2%)
not exceed a lacks
(33.2%) maximum
lacks completely
of 1.5 mm,
completely geometric
geometric contour
with the contour andand
majority occupies
of thethe
submillimeter
occupies interstices between
dimensions.
interstices Thefeldspars.
between quartz Quartz
crystals
feldspars. crystal
appear
Quartz asdimensions
crystal mosaicated
dimensions do do
Rock
Rock type:
type:
Rock magmatic,
magmatic,
structure:
type: plutonic,
plutonic,
holocrystalline,
magmatic, plutonic, acidic.
acidic.
hypidiomorphic
acidic. granular, slightly notexceed
exceedaa maximum
maximum ofof1.5 1.5mm,
mm, with
with thethe
majority
majorityof submillimeter
of submillimeterdimensions. The quartz
dimensions. The crystals
quartz appear
crystals as mosaicated
appear as mosaicated arrangement
Rock structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic granular, slightly arrangement
notnot
exceed
exceed or intergrown
a maximum
a maximum of 1.5
of 1.5 with
mm, mm, orthose,
with thethe
with asmajority
myrmekite.
majority Orthose (37.5%)
of submillimeter
of submillimeter appears
dimensions.
dimensions. Theless frequently
quartz
The quartzcrystalswith geometric,
appear
crystals appear idiomorphic
as mosaicated
as mosaicated
Rock
Rock structure:
structure:
porphyroidic.
Rock structure: holocrystalline,
holocrystalline,
holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic
hypidiomorphic
hypidiomorphic granular,
granular, slightly
granular, slightly arrangement
or intergrownor intergrown
with with
orthose, orthose,
asorthose, as
myrmekite.myrmekite.
Orthose Orthose (37.5%)
(37.5%) appears
appears less
less frequently
frequently with
with geometric,
geometric, idiomorphic
idiomorphic
porphyroidic. arrangement
contours,
arrangement or intergrown
and ormore
intergrown with
frequently withorthose,
as as myrmekite.
hypidiomorphic
as myrmekite.andOrthose (37.5%)
xenomorphic
Orthose appears
crystals.
(37.5%) less
The
appears frequently
orthose
less with
crystals
frequently geometric,
dimensions
with geometric, vary between contours, and more
idiomorphic
idiomorphic
porphyroidic.
Rock texture:
porphyroidic. unoriented (massive), compact. contours, and more
frequently asmore frequently as hypidiomorphic
hypidiomorphic and xenomorphic and xenomorphic
crystals. crystals.
The orthose Thecrystals
orthose crystals
dimensions dimensions vary between
vary between 0.2/0.1 mm and 2.0/1.5 mm.
Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact. contours,
contours,andand
0.2/0.1 mm more
and frequently
2.0/1.5 mm. The
frequently as hypidiomorphic
asorthose presentsand
hypidiomorphic xenomorphic
mostly
and incipient
xenomorphic crystals.
states of The
crystals. orthose
mineralogical
The orthosecrystals dimensions
alteration;
crystals vary
sporadically,
dimensions varybetween
advanced
between
Rock
Rock texture:
texture:
Color:
Rock unoriented
unoriented
white-greyish,
(massive),
slight pink hue,
(massive), compact.
compact.
dotted.
compact. 0.2/0.1
The mm and 2.0/1.5
orthose presents mm. The orthose
mostly incipientpresents
states mostly
of incipient states
mineralogical of mineralogical
alteration; sporadically,alteration; sporadically,
advanced advancedalteration is also observed.
mineralogical
Color: white-greyish, slight pink hue, dotted. 0.2/0.1 mm
0.2/0.1 mm andand
mineralogical 2.0/1.5
alteration
2.0/1.5mm. isThe
mm. also
Theorthose
observed.
orthosepresents
Somemostly
presents crystal
mostlyincipient
contours
incipientstates
are of mineralogical
corroded
states by finelyalteration;
of mineralogical crystallized
alteration;sporadically,
quartz. advanced
Plagioclase
sporadically, feldspar
advanced
Mineralogical
Color:
Color: slight
composition;
white-greyish,
white-greyish, slight pink
slight pink
quartz,
hue,
pink hue, dotted.and orthoclase
plagioclase
dotted.
hue, dotted. mineralogical
Some alteration is also observed. Some crystalcrystallized
contours arequartz.
corroded by finely crystallized quartz. Plagioclase offeldspar
Mineralogical composition; quartz, plagioclase and orthoclase (25.3%)crystal
mineralogicalconsists
mineralogical contours
alteration isare
is also
of hypidiomorphic
alteration corroded
observed.
also bySome
Some
crystals
observed. finely
crystal
of albite contours
and
crystal areare
corroded
oligoclase,
contours Plagioclase
frequently
corroded by by
finely
developed
finely feldspar
from (25.3%)
crystallized
crystallized quartz.
average
quartz. consists
Plagioclase
to Plagioclase hypidiomorphic
feldspar
large crystals (0.5/0.4
feldspar crystals of
Mineralogical
composition;
feldspar, biotite,
Mineralogical opaque and
composition; quartz,
quartz,
secondary
quartz, plagioclase
plagioclase and
andand
minerals.
plagioclase orthoclase
orthoclase
orthoclase (25.3%) consists of hypidiomorphic crystals of albite and oligoclase, frequently developed from average to large crystals (0.5/0.4
feldspar, biotite, opaque and secondary minerals. albite
(25.3%)
mm and
(25.3%) and
consistsoligoclase,
of mm).
0.3/1.8
consists frequently
hypidiomorphic
The feldspar
of hypidiomorphic developed
crystals
presentsof albite
crystals from
different
of albite average
andand
oligoclase,
states to frequently
large
of mineralogical
oligoclase, crystals
frequently (0.5/0.4
developed
alteration,
developed from
suchmm as
from and
average 0.3/1.8
to large
sericitization
average mm).
crystals
and
to large The feldspar
(0.5/0.4 presents different
(0.5/0.4
kaolinization.
crystals
feldspar,
feldspar,
Reactionbiotite,
biotite,
feldspar, to opaque
opaque
acids:
biotite, noneand
opaque ofand
andthe secondary
secondary minerals.
minerals.
rock components
secondary reacts with dilute
minerals. mm and 0.3/1.8 mm). The feldspar presents different states of mineralogical alteration, such as sericitization and kaolinization.
Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute mm states
Biotite
mm of
andanddoesmineralogical
0.3/1.8 mm).
not
0.3/1.8 TheThe
exceed
mm). alteration,
feldspar
4.5% from
feldspar thesuch
presentsmass
presents asofsericitization
different states
all components,
different states ofand kaolinization.
of mineralogical
appearing
mineralogical alteration,
as fresh Biotite
or such
alteration, does
partially
such astonot exceed
as sericitization
totally 4.5%
and from the mass of all components,
kaolinization.
limonitized.
sericitization and kaolinization.
Reaction
Reaction
HCl. to
Reactiontoacids:
acids:
to acids:none
none
none of the
of the the
rockrock components
components
rock components reactsreacts
with
reacts with
dilute
with dilute Biotite does not exceed 4.5% from the mass of all components, appearing as fresh or partially to totally limonitized.
HCl. appearing
Biotite does
Denomination
Biotite doesnotas
not fresh
exceed
rock:
exceed or 4.5%
4.5% partially
from
Porphyiroidicfromtheto totally
mass
Granite.
the mass oflimonitized.
of all components,
all components, appearing
appearing as fresh
as freshor partially
or partially to totally limonitized.
to totally limonitized.
dilute
HCl.HCl.
HCl. Denomination rock: Porphyiroidic Granite.
Denomination
Denomination
Denomination rock: rock:
rock: Porphyiroidic
Porphyiroidic
Porphyiroidic Granite. Granite.
Granite.
Porfiroid Granite
Porfiroid Granite Porphyiroidic granite. Orthose with twins (macles), phenocryst within metastasis mass of quartz and plagioclase
Porfiroid
Porfiroid Granite
Porfiroid Granite
Granite Porphyiroidic granite. Orthose with twins (macles), phenocryst within metastasis mass of quartz and plagioclase
Porphyiroidic granite.
Porphyiroidic Orthose
granite. with
Orthose twins
with (macles),
twins phenocryst
(macles), within
phenocryst metastasis
within mass
metastasis of quartz
mass andand
of quartz plagioclase
plagioclase
Porphyiroidic granite. Orthose with twins (macles), phenocryst within metastasis mass of quartz and plagioclase
Table 1. Cont.
Sustainability 9, 1925
2017, 9, 1925 6 of6 21
of 21
Structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic-granular, partially porphyroidic.
Structure:
holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic-granular,
hypidiomorphic-granular, partially partially
porphyroidic.
porphyroidic.
Săvârșin
Săvârs Granite—sample number
, inGranite—sample
Granite—sample number 3 Texture:holocrystalline,
unoriented (massive), compact.
Săvârșin number 3 3 Structure:
Structure:
Texture: holocrystalline,
unoriented
hypidiomorphic-granular,
(massive), hypidiomorphic-granular,
compact.
partially porphyroidic.
partially porphyroidic.
Sampling
Săvârșin
Săvârșin location:Săvârs
Granite—sample Săvârșin,
Granite—sample Arad
number
number 3 District.
3 Texture:
Mineralogical
Texture:
unoriented
unoriented composition;(massive),
(massive), quartz,
compact.
compact.
orthoclase feldspar (orthose), acid plagioclase feldspar, biotite, zircon, opaque minerals,
Sampling location: in, Arad
Sampling location: Săvârșin,, Arad District. District. Texture:
Mineralogical unoriented
composition; (massive),
quartz, compact.
orthoclase feldsparfeldspar
(orthose),(orthose),
acid plagioclase feldspar, biotite, zircon,biotite,
opaquezircon,
minerals,
Geological
Sampling
Sampling structure:
location:
location: epeirogenic
Săvârșin, Arad
Săvârșin, Arad subsequent
District. banatitic
District. banatitic (laramide) Mineralogical
sericite,
Mineralogical kaolinite, composition;
limonite.
composition; quartz, quartz,
orthoclaseorthoclase
feldspar (orthose), acid acid plagioclase
plagioclase feldspar, feldspar,
biotite, zircon, opaque opaque minerals, sericite,
minerals,
Geological
structure: epeirogenic
epeirogenic subsequent
subsequent banatitic
(laramide) Mineralogical
sericite, kaolinite, composition;
limonite. quartz, orthoclase feldspar (orthose), acid plagioclase feldspar, biotite, zircon, opaque minerals,
magmatism.
Geological
Geologicalstructure: epeirogenic
structure: epeirogenic subsequent
subsequent banatitic (laramide)
banatitic (laramide) kaolinite,
Quartz
sericite, limonite.
(25.6%)
kaolinite, appears
limonite. as crystals with non-geometric, xenomorphic contours, and variable dimensions between 0.2/0.1 mm and
(laramide)
magmatism. magmatism. sericite,
Quartz kaolinite,
(25.6%) appears limonite.
as crystals with non-geometric, xenomorphic contours, and variableanddimensions between 0.2/0.1between
mm and 0.2/0.1 mm and
Rock
magmatism.type:
magmatism. magmatic, plutonic,
plutonic, and acidic. Quartz
2.0/1.7
Quartz (25.6%)
mm.
(25.6%) Small
appearsappears
dimension as crystals
as crystals crystals
with with
are non-geometric,
usually
non-geometric, encountered
xenomorphic xenomorphic
between contours,
feldspar
contours, and interstices,
variable variablebetween
sometimes
dimensions dimensions
as a mosaicated
0.2/0.1 mmmm andand
Rock
Rock type:
type: magmatic,
magmatic, plutonic, andand acidic.
acidic. Quartz
2.0/1.7 mm.(25.6%) appears
SmallSmall
dimension as crystals
crystals with
are non-geometric,
usually encountered xenomorphic contours,
between feldspar and variable
interstices, dimensions
sometimes between
as asometimes
mosaicated 0.2/0.1
Rock
Rock
Rock structure:
type: magmatic,
type: holocrystalline,
magmatic, plutonic,
plutonic, granular
andand
acidic. hypidiomorphic,
acidic. slightly 2.0/1.7
arrangement.
2.0/1.7 mm. mm.
Small dimensiondimension
crystals crystals
are are encountered
usually usually encountered
between between
feldspar feldsparsometimes
interstices, interstices,as a mosaicated as a mosaicated arrangement.
Rock
Rock structure:
structure: holocrystalline,
hypidiomorphic, slightly 2.0/1.7 mm. Small dimension crystals are usually encountered between feldspar interstices, sometimes as a mosaicated
arrangement.
porphyroidic.
Rock structure:
Rock structure:holocrystalline,
holocrystalline,granular
granularhypidiomorphic,
hypidiomorphic, slightly
slightly Orthose (33.5%)isisrepresented
Orthose (33.5%)
arrangement. represented by by hypidiomorphic,
hypidiomorphic, idiomorphic,
idiomorphic, and subordinately
and subordinately allotriomorphic
allotriomorphic crystals. The crystals.
crystalsThe
maycrystals may present
porphyroidic. arrangement.
Orthose (33.5%)twins
is represented by hypidiomorphic, idiomorphic, and subordinately allotriomorphic crystals. The crystals may presents fresh or
porphyroidic.
porphyroidic. unoriented (massive),
(massive), compact. bisynthetic
present
Orthose bisynthetic
(33.5%) (macles),
is represented bywith
twins (macles), dimensions
with dimensions
hypidiomorphic, varying
varying
idiomorphic, between
between
andand 0.2/0.1 mmallotriomorphic
0.2/0.1 mm
subordinately and2.5/1.5
and 2.5/1.5
mm. mm.The The
orthose
crystals. orthose
The mineral
mineral
crystals presents
may
Rock
Rock texture:
texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
compact. Orthose
present (33.5%)
bisynthetic is represented
twins (macles), by hypidiomorphic,
with dimensions varying idiomorphic,
between subordinately
0.2/0.1 mm allotriomorphic
and 2.5/1.5 mm.consists crystals.
The orthose The
mineralcrystals
presentsmay
Color:
Rock
Rock white-greyish,
texture: unoriented
texture: unorientedslight pink
(massive), hue.
(massive),compact.
compact. incipient
present to advanced
fresh bisynthetic
or bisynthetic
incipient totwins
twins states
advanced
(macles), of mineralogical
states
with of mineralogical
dimensions alteration.
alteration.
varying Plagioclase
betweenPlagioclase
0.2/0.1 mmfeldspar
feldspar
andand (35.0%)
(35.0%)
2.5/1.5 mm.consists
TheThe mainly
mainly
orthose of hypidiomorphic
ofmineral
hypidiomorphic
mineral presents and
Color:
white-greyish, slight
slight pink
pink hue.hue. present
fresh or incipient to advanced (macles),
states ofwith dimensions
mineralogical varying
alteration. between 0.2/0.1
Plagioclase mm
feldspar 2.5/1.5
(35.0%) mm.
consists orthose
mainly of presents
hypidiomorphic
Mineralogical
Color: composition:
white-greyish, slight
slight quartz,
pink hue.
pink hue.orthose, acidic plagioclase idiomorphic
and
fresh oridiomorphic
incipient crystals.
crystals.
to advanced The The plagioclase
plagioclase
states crystals present
crystals present
of mineralogical dimensions
dimensions
alteration. Plagioclase between
between
feldspar 0.5/0.4
0.5/0.4 mm
mmconsists
(35.0%) and and
2.4/1.6
mainly2.4/1.6
mm. ofThis mm. Thisismineral
mineral
hypidiomorphic an is an acid
Mineralogical
composition: quartz,
quartz, orthose,
orthose, acidicacidic plagioclase
plagioclase and fresh or incipient
idiomorphic to advanced
crystals. The states
plagioclase of mineralogical
crystals present alteration.
dimensionsPlagioclase
between feldspar
0.5/0.4 (35.0%)
mm and consists
2.4/1.6 mainly
mm. This ofmineral
hypidiomorphic
is an
feldspars,
Mineralogical
Mineralogical biotite, accessory
composition:
composition: minerals.
quartz, orthose,
quartz, acidic
orthose, plagioclase
acidic plagioclase andplagioclase,
acid plagioclase,
idiomorphic
and idiomorphic slightly
crystals. zoned.
slightly
crystals.Thezoned. Similar
Similarto
plagioclase
The plagioclase tothe
the orthose,
crystals orthose,
present thedimensions
the plagioclase
plagioclase
dimensions feldspar
feldspar
between presents
presents
0.5/0.4 mmmm various
various
andand degrees
degrees
2.4/1.6 mm. of ofmineral
mineralogical
mineralogical
This mineral is an alteration. Biotite
feldspars,
feldspars, biotite,
biotite, accessory
accessory minerals.
minerals. acid plagioclase, slightly zoned. Similar to thecrystals
orthose, present
the plagioclase between
feldspar 0.5/0.4
presents various 2.4/1.6
degrees mm.
of This
mineralogical is an
Reaction tobiotite,
acids: none ofminerals. does not exceed 4.0%zoned.
from theSimilar
mass ofthe
all components, appearing as presents
fresh orasvarious
partially to totally limonitized.
feldspars,
Reaction
Reaction
biotite,
feldspars,
to
to acids:
acids:
accessory
none
none of the
accessory
of the the
rock
rock components reacts with dilute
minerals.
rock components
with dilute acidalteration.
plagioclase,
acid Biotite
plagioclase, does
slightly
slightlynot exceed
zoned.Similar 4.0%to from
the
to the mass
orthose, theof
orthose, allplagioclase
the components,
plagioclase feldsparappearing
feldspar presents fresh
alteration. Biotite does not exceed 4.0% from the mass of all components, appearing as fresh or partially to totally limonitized.
or partially
degrees
various of to
degrees totally limonitized.
mineralogical
of mineralogical
HCl. to acids:
Reaction
Reaction none of the rock components reacts with dilute Denomination
Denomination rock:
rock: Săvârs
Săvârin , in4.0%
GraniteGranite
dilute
HCl. HCl.to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute alteration.
alteration.
Denomination
Biotite does
Biotite doesnot
rock: Săvârșin
exceed
not exceed
Granite
from
4.0% fromthethe
mass of all
mass components,
of all components, appearing
appearingas fresh or partially
as fresh or partiallyto totally limonitized.
to totally limonitized.
HCl.
HCl. Denomination
Denomination rock:
rock:Săvârin
Săvârin Granite
Granite
Săvârşin Granite
Săvârşin Granite
Săvârşin
Săvârşin Granite
Granite
Săvârşin Granite Banatitic granite with porphyroidic structure
Banatitic
Banatitic granite
granite with with porphyroidic
porphyroidic structurestructure
Banatitic granite
Structure:
Banatitic with
granite porphyroidic
holocrystalline,
with structure
granular
porphyroidic hypidiomorphic.
structure
Structure: holocrystalline, granular hypidiomorphic.
Șoimoș Diorite—sample number 4 Structure:
Structure:
Texture:holocrystalline,
granular compact.
granular hypidiomorphic.
hypidiomorphic.
hypidiomorphic.
Șoimoș Diorite—sample number 4 Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
SȘoimoș
, oimos
Sampling
Șoimoș Diorite—sample
location: Șoimoș,
, Diorite—sample
Diorite—sample number
number
number 44
Arad4 District. Texture: unoriented
Mineralogical
Texture: unoriented
Texture: composition;
(massive), compact.
intermediate
(massive),compact.
compact. plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes (augite and diopside) biotite, quartz, opaque minerals,
Sampling location: Șoimoș, Arad District. Mineralogical composition; intermediate plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes (augite and diopside) biotite, quartz, opaque minerals,
Sampling
Geological
Sampling
Sampling location:
structure:
location:
location: S,Șoimoș,
oimos
Șoimoș, , , Arad
Arad
tardi-orogenic
Arad District.
District.
District. Mineralogical
limonite.
Mineralogical
composition;
composition; intermediate
intermediate
intermediate plagioclase
plagioclase
plagioclasefeldspar, feldspar,
feldspar,pyroxenes pyroxenes
pyroxenes(augite (augite
andand
(augite and
diopside) diopside)
biotite,
diopside) quartz,
biotite, biotite,
opaque
quartz, opaquequartz, opaque minerals,
minerals,
minerals,
Geological structure: tardi-orogenic (Banatitic) magmatism. limonite.
Geological
Rock type:
Geological
magmatic,
structure:
structure: tardi-orogenic
tardi-orogenic
tardi-orogenic (Banatitic)
plutonic, intermediate.
magmatism.
(Banatitic) magmatism. limonite.
Plagioclase
limonite.
limonite. feldspar (60.0%) consists of hypidiomorphic crystals and very rarely, subordinately, idiomorphic and xenomorphic
Rock type: magmatic, plutonic, intermediate. Plagioclase feldspar (60.0%) consists of hypidiomorphic crystals and very rarely, subordinately, idiomorphic and xenomorphic
Rock
Rock type:
Rock
type: magmatic,
structure:
magmatic, plutonic,
holocrystalline,
plutonic, intermediate.
granular
intermediate.hypidiomorphic. Plagioclase
crystals.
Plagioclase
PlagioclaseThe feldspar
mineral
feldspar
feldspar (60.0%)(60.0%)
appears
consists
(60.0%) consists
fresh,
consistsof with of hypidiomorphic
polysynthetic
hypidiomorphic twins
crystals crystals
(macles)
and very and
and very
crystals
rarely, rarely, subordinately,
between
subordinately, 0.2/0.1 mm and
idiomorphic idiomorphic
1.5/1.0
and mm. and
xenomorphic The xenomorphic crystals.
Rock
Rock type:
structure: magmatic, plutonic,
holocrystalline, intermediate.
granular hypidiomorphic. crystals. The mineral appears fresh, withofpolysynthetic
hypidiomorphic twins crystals and
(macles) very
and rarely,
crystals subordinately,
between 0.2/0.1 idiomorphic
mm and 1.5/1.0 and xenomorphic
mm. The
Rock
Rock structure:
Rock texture:
structure:
Rock holocrystalline,
unoriented
holocrystalline,
structure: (massive),
granularcompact.hypidiomorphic.
hypidiomorphic. The mineral
plagioclase
crystals. TheThe
crystals. appears
sporadically
mineral
mineral appearsfresh,
appears with
contains
fresh, with
fresh, polysynthetic
submillimeter
polysynthetic
with polysynthetictwins
crystals
twins of (macles)
twinsaugite
(macles)andand
and
(macles) crystals
opaque
crystals
and between
minerals.
between
crystals 0.2/0.1
Augite
0.2/0.1
between (30.0%)
mmmm
0.2/0.1 mm
andis and
found
1.5/1.0
and 1.5/1.0
in the
mm.
1.5/1.0 mm.The mm.
rock
The The plagioclase
mass
Rock texture: unoriented (massive),granular
compact.hypidiomorphic. plagioclase sporadically contains submillimeter crystals of augite and opaque minerals. Augite (30.0%) is found in the rock mass
Rock texture:
Color:
Rock texture:
Rock unoriented
greyish,
unoriented
slightly(massive),
dotted.
(massive), compact.
compact.
compact. sporadically
as
plagioclase
plagioclase contains
hypidiomorphic,
sporadically
sporadically submillimeter
idiomorphic
contains
contains and
submillimetercrystals
xenomorphic
submillimeter ofcrystals.
crystals augite
of augite
crystals of and opaque
Augite
and
augite crystals
opaque
and minerals.
opaque dimensions
minerals. Augite
vary
Augite
minerals. (30.0%)
between
(30.0%)
Augite (30.0%) is found
is0.3/0.2
found
is found mm inand
in the
in the
rock
the rock
2.0/1.0
mass
rock mass
mm. as
mass
Color: greyish, slightly dotted. as hypidiomorphic, idiomorphic and xenomorphic crystals. Augite crystals dimensions vary between 0.3/0.2 mm and 2.0/1.0 mm.
Color:
Color: greyish,
Mineralogical
greyish, slightly
composition:
slightly dotted.
dotted. plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes. as hypidiomorphic,
Augite appears fresh
hypidiomorphic,
as hypidiomorphic, idiomorphic
and presents
idiomorphic
idiomorphic and
andand xenomorphic
unidirectional
xenomorphic
xenomorphic crystals.
cleavage
crystals. for
Augite
crystals. Augite
crystals
crystals
Augite crystals
sectioned
dimensions
crystals dimensions
parallel
dimensions varywith Zvary
between
vary between between
axis0.3/0.2
and 0.3/0.2
bidirectional
0.3/0.2mmmm and mm
(89°)
2.0/1.0
and and 2.0/1.0 mm.
for
mm.
2.0/1.0
Color: greyish,
Mineralogical slightly
composition: dotted.
plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes. Augite appears fresh and presents unidirectional cleavage for crystals sectioned parallel with Z axis and bidirectional (89°) for mm.
Mineralogical
Reaction
to composition:
acids: plagioclase
none ofplagioclase
the feldspar,
rock components
feldspar, pyroxenes.
reacts with dilute
pyroxenes. Augite
crystals
Augite appears
sectioned
appears
Augite appears fresh fresh
andand
fresh and
perpendicular presents
presents
presents unidirectional
onunidirectional
axis Z. Biotite,
unidirectional cleavage
diopside
cleavage
cleavage forforand forsectioned
crystals
quartz,
crystals
crystals sectioned
finelyparallel
sectioned crystalized,parallel
with
parallel do not
Z axis
with with
exceed
and Z2%axis andtotal
from
bidirectional bidirectional
(89°)rock
forfor (89◦ ) for crystals
Mineralogical
Reaction to acids:composition:
none of the rock plagioclase feldspar,
components pyroxenes.
reacts with dilute crystals sectioned perpendicular on axis Z. Biotite, diopside and quartz, finely crystalized, do notZexceed
axis and
2%bidirectional
from total rock (89°)
Reaction
HCl. to
Reaction
Reaction toacids:
acids:
to acids: none
nonenone of
of the
of the
rock
the rock
rock components
components
components reactsreacts
with
reacts with
dilute
with dilute sectioned
components.
crystals perpendicular
sectioned
crystals Opaque
sectionedperpendicular onon
minerals
perpendicular axis
(6%)
axis
on Z. Z.Biotite,
consist
axis Biotite,
Z. diopside
of finely
diopside
Biotite, diopside and
crystalized
and quartz,
quartz,
and finely
magnetite,
finely
quartz, crystalized,
non-uniformly
crystalized,
finely do do
crystalized, donot
not not
distributed
exceed exceed
within
2%
exceed 2%
from
2% the from
rock
total
from total
mass.
rock
total rock rock components.
HCl. components. Opaque minerals (6%) consist of finely crystalized magnetite, non-uniformly distributed within the rock mass.
dilute
HCl.HCl.
HCl. Opaque
components.minerals
Denomination
components. Opaque
Opaque (6%)
rock:minerals consist
Augitic
minerals(6%)
(6%)of consist
Diorite. finely
consist crystalized
of finely magnetite,
crystalized
of finely crystalized non-uniformly
magnetite,
magnetite,non-uniformly
non-uniformlydistributed
distributed
distributedwithin
within
within the
the rock
rock
the mass.
mass.
rock mass.
Denomination rock: Augitic Diorite.
Denomination
Denomination
Augitic
rock: Augitic
Auitic Diorite. Diorite.
Diorite.
Augitic Diorite
Augitic Diorite
Augitic Diorite
Augitic Diorite Şoimoş diorite, fresh, with augite containing inclusions of opaque minerals
Augitic Diorite Şoimoş diorite, fresh, with augite containing inclusions of opaque minerals
Şoimoş diorite,
Şoimoş fresh, with
diorite, augite containing inclusions of opaque minerals
Şoimoş diorite,fresh,
fresh,with
withaugite containing
augite inclusions
containing of opaque
inclusions minerals
of opaque minerals
Table 1. Cont.
Sustainability
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925
2017, 9, 1925 7 of7 21
of 21
Sustainability 2017, 9,Macroscopic
1925 Analysis Microscopic Analysis 7 of 21
Căzănes
Căzănești , ti Gabbrou—sample
Gabbrou—sample
Căzănești Gabbrou—sample number number
number 5 55 Structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic and allotriomorphic.
Structure:
Structure:holocrystalline,
hypidiomorphic andand allotriomorphic.
allotriomorphic.
Sampling
Sampling
Căzănești
Sampling location:
location: Căzănes
Căzănești,
Gabbrou—sample
location: Căzănești, ti,Drocea
Drocea
,Drocea
number 5Mountains,
Mountains, Hunedoara
Mountains, Hunedoara Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.and allotriomorphic.
Căzănești Gabbrou—sample number 5 Texture:
Texture:unoriented
Structure: unoriented (massive),
holocrystalline, compact.
hypidiomorphic
(massive), compact.
Hunedoara
District.
District. District. Căzănești,
Sampling location: Drocea Mountains, Hunedoara Structure: holocrystalline,
Mineralogical composition;hypidiomorphic
basic and allotriomorphic.
plagioclase feldspar, augite, olivine, secondary minerals, saussurite. Basic plagioclase feldspar
Sampling location: Căzănești, Drocea Mountains, Hunedoara Mineralogical composition;
Texture: unoriented
Mineralogical composition; basic
(massive), plagioclase
basiccompact.
feldspar, augite, olivine,
augite, secondary
olivine, secondary minerals,
minerals,saussurite.
saussurite.Basic plagioclase
Basic plagioclase feldspar
feldspar
Geological
District. structure:
Geological structure: alpine
alpine
alpine ophiolitic
ophiolitic
ophiolitic eruptivism
eruptivism
eruptivism (initial).
(initial).
(initial). Texture:
consistsunoriented
ofthe (massive),
thecomposition;
series compact.
District.
Rock type: magmatic, plutonic, basic.eruptivism (initial).
consists of
consists the
Mineralogical
of series
series of of Labrador-bytownite-anortite,
of Labrador-bytownite-anortite,
basic plagioclase feldspar,
Labrador-bytownite-anortite, with 65% with
augite,
with 65% 65%The
anortite.
olivine,
anortite. anortite.
secondary
The The
plagioclase plagioclase
feldspar
minerals,
plagioclase feldspar
appears
saussurite.
feldspar appears as medium
Basic appears
as plagioclase
medium as
andand medium
largely and largely
largely
feldspar
Rock type:
Geological
Rock type:magmatic,
structure:
magmatic, plutonic,
alpine basic.
ophiolitic
plutonic, basic. Mineralogical
developed, composition;
presenting basic
variousplagioclase
stages feldspar,
of augite,
saussuritization olivine, secondary minerals, saussurite. Basicaggregate
Geological structure: alpine ophiolitic eruptivismand
(initial). developed,
consists of
developed, presenting
the seriesvarious
presenting ofvariousstages
stages of saussuritization
Labrador-bytownite-anortite,
of saussuritization 65% alteration,
alteration,
with anortite.
alteration, Therespectively
respectively
respectively transformation
plagioclase transformation
into
feldspar
transformation a fine
appears
into a fineas into a fine
medium
aggregate aggregate
consisting
and of of consisting of
largely
consisting
Rock
Rock
Rockstructure:
structure:
structure: holocrystalline,
holocrystalline,
type: magmatic, plutonic,
hypidiomorphic
basic.
hypidiomorphic andand consists of the seriesepidote,
of Labrador-bytownite-anortite, with 65% anortite.
Rock type: magmatic, plutonic, basic.
zoisite,
zoisite,
developed,
zoisite, clinozoisite,
clinozoisite,
presenting
clinozoisite, epidote,
albite,
various
epidote, albite,
stages
albite, ofzeolites
zeolites andand and
sericite.
saussuritization
zeolites sericite.
Olivine
sericite. (20%)
alteration,
Olivine is The
Olivine
(20%)
plagioclase
is(20%)
represented
respectively
represented
feldspar appears
istransformation
represented
by by by
hypidiomorphic,
into
hypidiomorphic,
as medium and
hypidiomorphic,
idiomorphic
a fine aggregateand
idiomorphic
largely
idiomorphic
consisting
and of and
allotriomorphic.
allotriomorphic.
Rock structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic and
allotriomorphic. developed, presenting
allotriomorphic various
crystals, stagesdimensions
with of saussuritization alteration, respectively transformation into amostly
fine aggregate consisting of where only the
Rock texture:
structure: holocrystalline, hypidiomorphic and allotriomorphic
allotriomorphic crystals,
zoisite, clinozoisite, with
epidote,
crystals, dimensions
with albite, zeolites
dimensions andbetween
between
between 1.5/0.5
sericite. mm
1.5/0.5 1.5/0.5
andand
Olivine
mm mm
0.5/0.1
(20%) and
is
0.5/0.1mm. 0.5/0.1
The
represented
mm. The mm.
mineral The
appears mineral
by hypidiomorphic,
mineral appears appears
mostlyfresh,
idiomorphic
fresh, mostly
where
where only
and fresh,
the
only the
Rock
Rock
Rocktexture:
allotriomorphic.
texture: unoriented
unoriented
(massive),
(massive), compact.
compact.
compact. zoisite, clinozoisite,
contourless epidote,
olivine albite,opacitization
presents zeolitesandandserpentinization.
sericite. Olivine Augite
and 1.5/0.5 (20%) is(8%)
serpentinization. represented
Augite (8%)byhypidiomorphic
hypidiomorphic,
consists idiomorphic
of hypidiomorphic and
andonlyallotriomorphic crystals
allotriomorphic. contourless
contourless olivine
allotriomorphic presents
crystals,
olivine presents opacitization
with dimensions
opacitization between
and mm and
serpentinization. 0.5/0.1
Augite (8%)consists
mm. The
consists ofmineral
of appears
hypidiomorphic and
mostly
andallotriomorphic
fresh, where
allotriomorphic the
Color:
Color:
Color:dark
Rockdark dark gray,
gray,
texture: black-greenish.
black-greenish.
unoriented
gray, (massive), compact.
black-greenish. allotriomorphic
with dimensions crystals, with
below 1dimensions
mm. The between
cleavage 1.5/0.5
is mm and 0.5/0.1 mm. The mineral appears mostly fresh, where only the
Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact. crystals with
contourless
crystals withdimensions
olivine below
presents
dimensions 1 mm. TheThe
opacitization
below 1 mm. cleavage
and is unidirectional
unidirectional
serpentinization.
cleavage Augite
is unidirectional for
for for crystals
crystals
(8%) sectioned
sectioned
consists
crystals parallel
parallel with
of hypidiomorphic
sectioned parallel Z
withwith
and
Z Zallotriomorphic
crystallographic
crystallographic
crystallographic axisaxis axis and
Mineralogical
Mineralogical
Color: dark composition;
gray, basicbasic
black-greenish.
composition; basic plagioclase
plagioclase
feldspar, augite,
feldspar, augite,
augite, contourless olivine ◦ ) for crystals
presents opacitization and serpentinization.
Color: dark gray, black-greenish. andbidirectional
bidirectional
crystals
and (89
(89°)
with dimensions
bidirectional forfor
(89°) crystals
below
crystals 1 sectioned
sectioned
mm.
sectioned perpendicular
Theperpendicular
cleavage ZAugite
on on on
is unidirectional
perpendicular
(8%) consists
Z crystallographic
crystallographic
for crystals
Z crystallographic axis. ofOpaque
hypidiomorphic
axis.
sectioned
axis. OpaqueOpaque
minerals
parallel
minerals
andfinely
are
with are
allotriomorphic
minerals arecrystallized
finely crystallized
crystallized
Z crystallographic
finely axis and
olivine,
olivine, oxide
oxide
Mineralogical minerals,
minerals,
composition;secondary
secondarybasic minerals.feldspar, augite,
minerals.
olivine, oxide minerals, secondaryplagioclase minerals. crystals with dimensions
non-uniformly below 1 mm. The cleavage is unidirectional for crystals sectioned parallel with Z crystallographic axis
Mineralogical composition; basic plagioclase feldspar, augite, andand bidirectionaldispersed
non-uniformly
non-uniformly dispersed
(89°)
dispersed into
into
for crystalsthe
into the rock
rock
sectioned
the rock mass.
mass. perpendicular on Z crystallographic axis. Opaque minerals are finely crystallized
mass.
Reaction
Reaction
olivine,to
acids:
oxide acids: none
none
minerals,
none of
of the
of the
rock
secondary
the rock
rock components
components
minerals.
with
reacts with with
dilute
dilute and bidirectional
Denomination (89°)
rock:forGabbro
crystals sectioned
with perpendicular on Z crystallographic axis. Opaque minerals are finely crystallized
olivine,HCl.
oxide minerals, secondary minerals. Denomination
and non-uniformly
Denomination rock: Gabbro
rock: dispersed
Gabbro with into
with theolivine
olivine andand
rock
olivine and slightly
slightly
mass.
slihtl mineralized
mineralizedmineralized
augite.
augite. augite.
dilute
HCl.
Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute
HCl. and non-uniformly dispersed into the rock mass.
Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute Denomination rock: Gabbro with olivine and slihtl mineralized augite.
HCl. Denomination rock: Gabbro with olivine and slihtl mineralized augite.
HCl.
Basic plagioclase
Basic plagioclasefeldspar, olivine andandaugite, with geometric (idiomorphic) contour
Gabbro
Gabbro with
Gabbro
with olivine
with and
olivine
olivine augite
and
and augite
augite Basic plagioclasefeldspar,
feldspar, olivine
olivine augite,
and with
augite, geometric
with (idiomorphic)
geometric contour contour
(idiomorphic)
Basic plagioclase feldspar, olivine and augite, with geometric (idiomorphic) contour
Gabbro
Roșia with
Montană olivine and
Rhyolite—sample augite number 6 6 Structure:
Structure:
Basic semicrystalline
plagioclase semicrystalline
feldspar, (hypocrystalline),
olivine (hypocrystalline),
and augite, withporphyry-vitreous
porphyry-vitreous
geometric (idiomorphic) contour
RosRoșia
Gabbro Montană
with olivine Rhyolite—sample
and augite number
, ia Montană Rhyolite—sample number 6 Structure:
Texture:
Structure:
Texture: semicrystalline
unoriented
semicrystalline(massive), (hypocrystalline),
compact.
(hypocrystalline),
compact. porphyry-vitreous
porphyry-vitreous
Sampling
Sampling location:
Roșia Montană location: Roșia Montană,
Rhyolite—sample
Roșia Montană, Alba
AlbaDistrict.
number 6
District. Structure: semicrystalline (hypocrystalline), porphyry-vitreous
Sampling
Roșia Montanălocation: Ros , ia Montană,
Rhyolite—sample Alba
number 6 District. Texture:
Mineralogical unoriented
composition;
Texture: unoriented
Mineralogical (massive),
potassium
(massive),
composition; compact.
orthoclase
compact.
potassium orthoclase feldspar,
feldspar, quartz,
quartz, plagioclase
plagioclase feldspar, main
feldspar, mainrock mass
rock massas volcanic
as volcanic glass andand
glass
Geological
Sampling
location:
structure: neogenic
Roșia
neogenic eruptivism,
Montană, Alba
eruptivism, represented
District.
represented by by
rooted
rooted Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
Geological
Sampling structure:
location: Roșianeogenic
Montană, eruptivism,
Alba represented by
District. Mineralogical
microlites,
Mineralogical
microlites, opaque composition;
minerals
composition;
opaque minerals potassium
(pyrite),
potassium
(pyrite),secondary orthoclase
minerals
orthoclase
secondary feldspar,
(argillite
feldspar,
minerals quartz,
(argillite quartz,
minerals, plagioclase
sericite
plagioclase
minerals, andand
feldspar,
sericite feldspar,
calcite).
main Themain
rock
calcite). The mass rock
orthoclase
as mass
feldspar
volcanic
orthoclase asglass
volcanic
feldspar and glass and microlites,
(50.4%),
(50.4%),
bodies,
bodies,lava
Geological flows,
lavastructure:
flows, explosive volcanic
neogenic
explosive breccia
eruptivism,
volcanic and pyroclastics.
represented
breccia and by rooted Mineralogical composition; potassium orthoclase feldspar, quartz, plagioclase feldspar, main rock mass as volcanic glass and
pyroclastics.
rooted
Geologicalbodies,
structure:lava neogenic
flows, explosive
eruptivism, volcanic breccia
represented by rooted in opaque
most cases,
microlites,
in most minerals
appears
opaque
cases, appears(pyrite),
as
minerals
as secondary
idiomorphic
(pyrite),
idiomorphic and minerals
hypidiomorphic
secondary
and (argillite
minerals
hypidiomorphic minerals,
crystals,
(argillite
crystals, sometimessericite
minerals,
sometimes with and
sericite
withandcalcite).
bi-synthetic
calcite).
bi-synthetic The
macles
The orthoclase
(twins)
orthoclase
macles (twins)and feldspar
with
feldspar
and with (50.4%), in most cases,
various
(50.4%),
various
Rock
Rock type:
bodies, type:magmatic,
lava neovolcanic
flows, explosive
magmatic, effusive,
volcanic
neovolcanic acid.
breccia
effusive, and pyroclastics.
acid. microlites, opaque minerals (pyrite), secondaryvary minerals (argillite minerals, sericite and calcite).macles
The orthoclase feldspar (50.4%),
and
bodies,pyroclastics.
lava flows, explosive volcanic breccia and pyroclastics. appears
degrees
in most
degrees ofasalteration.
cases,idiomorphic
of alteration.
appearsTheTheas and dimensions
crystals hypidiomorphic
idiomorphic
crystals crystals,
between
and hypidiomorphic
dimensions vary between sometimes
0.4crystals,
and
0.4 6 mm
and with
while
6sometimes
mm while bi-synthetic
the orthoclase,
with
the heavily
bi-synthetic
orthoclase, (twins)
argillized
macles
heavily (twins)and
argillized and
andwith
andwith various
variousdegrees of
substituted
substituted
Rock
Rock structure: semicrystalline
type: magmatic,
structure: semicrystalline (hipocrystaline),
neovolcanic(hipocrystaline),porphyry–
effusive, acid. porphyry– in most cases, appears as idiomorphic andvary
hypidiomorphic crystals,
Rock type:magmatic,
Rock type: magmatic, neovolcanic
neovolcanic effusive,
effusive, acid. acid. byalteration.
calcite,
degrees
by calcite, Theidiomorphic
contain
ofcontain crystals
alteration. The dimensions
idiomorphic andand
crystals hypidiomorphic
dimensions between
hypidiomorphicvarycrystals 0.4
between ofand
crystals 0.4 6 sometimes
pyrite.
andmm
of pyrite. while
Quartz
6 mm
with
the
(20.6%)
while
Quartz
bi-synthetic
orthoclase,
the
(20.6%)presents macles
heavily
laced
orthoclase,
presents andand
heavily
laced
(twins)
rounded and
argillized
argillized
rounded
with
contour
and
various
andsubstituted
contoursubstituted
duedueto to by calcite,
vitreous.
Rock structure: semicrystalline (hipocrystaline), porphyry–
vitreous. degrees of alteration. The and
crystals dimensions vary between 0.4 and 6Quartz
mmexceed
while the orthoclase, heavily argillized andcontour
substituted
Rock
Rock structure:semicrystalline
structure: semicrystalline (hipocrystaline),
(hipocrystaline), porphyry– thecontain
bycorroding
the calcite,idiomorphic
corroding of the
contain
of volcanic
theidiomorphic
volcanic hypidiomorphic
glass. The
and
glass. quartz
hypidiomorphic
The quartz crystals
crystal
crystal of
dimensionspyrite.
crystals
dimensionsof do not
pyrite.
do (20.6%)
Quartz
not exceed5 mm. presents
(20.6%)
5 mm. presents laced
Plagioclase laced
Plagioclase and
feldspar
and rounded
feldspar does
rounded
doesnot exceed
contour
not exceed 2%due
due
2% to
to the corroding of
Rock texture:
vitreous.
Rock texture: unoriented
(massive),compact.
compact. bythe
calcite, contain idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals of pyrite. Quartz (20.6%) presents feldspar
laced anddoesrounded contour due to
porphyry–vitreous.
vitreous. from
thethe
from volcanic
total
corroding
the total glass.
massof the
mass The
of mineral
volcanic
of quartz
mineral glass.crystal
components. dimensions
This
The quartz
components. mineral
Thiscrystal
mineral doappears
not
appears
dimensions exceed
partially
do not5tomm.
partially totally
exceed Plagioclase
5sericitized
to totallymm. or calcified.
Plagioclase
sericitized feldspar
or calcified. not
TheThemain
does exceed
rock
not
main 2%
mass,
exceed
rock from
2% the total mass of
mass,
Color:
Rockwhite,
Color: texture:
white, slight
slightgray
unoriented hue.
gray (massive), compact.
hue. themineral
corroding of the volcanic glass. The quartz crystal
Rock texture:
Mineralogical
unoriented
composition:
(massive),
(massive),
potassium
compact.
compact.
orthoclase feldspar, quartz, containing
containing components.
from thefeldspars
total mass
feldspars This
phenocryst
ofphenocryst
mineral mineral
and
components.
and appears
quartz, consists
quartz, This ofdimensions
partially
mineral
consists appears
of microlites
doorthoclase
to totally
microlites of notsericitized
exceedfeldspar,
partially
5 mm.
to totally
of orthoclase
Plagioclase
or sericitized
calcified.
submillimeter
feldspar,
feldspar
The
submillimeter main
andand
or calcified.
does
rock
rarely
The
not
rarely
exceed
mass,
millimeter
main rock
2%
containing
millimetermass, feldspars
Color: white,
Mineralogical slight gray hue.
composition: potassium orthoclase feldspar, quartz, from the total mass of mineral components. This mineral appears partially to totally sericitized or calcified. The main rock mass,
Color: white,slight
Color: white, slight gray
gray hue.hue. phenocryst
pyrite crystals
containing
pyrite and
and
feldspars
crystals and quartz,
volcanic consists
glass.
phenocryst
volcanic Given
glass. and ofquartz,
Given microlites
the the of orthoclase
hydrothermal
consists
hydrothermalof metamorphism,
microlites feldspar,
metamorphism,of submillimeter
these
orthoclase minerals
these feldspar,
minerals and
present ararely
variety
submillimeter
present a millimeter
of alteration
and
variety rarely
of pyrite
degrees.
millimeter
alteration crystals and volcanic
degrees.
calco-sodic
Mineralogical
calco-sodic feldspar
feldspar (plagioclase),
composition: volcanic
potassium
(plagioclase), glass, pyrite,
orthoclase
volcanic argillite
feldspar,
glass, pyrite, quartz, containing feldspars phenocryst and quartz, consists of microlites of orthoclase feldspar, submillimeter and rarely millimeter
argillite
Mineralogical
composition: potassium
potassium orthoclase
orthoclase feldspar,
feldspar, quartz, glass.
Pyrite,
pyrite
Pyrite, Given
in crystals
most
in most the
and hydrothermal
occurrences,
volcanic
occurrences, appears
glass.
appears metamorphism,
finely
Given crystalized
finelythecrystalized these
(0.1
hydrothermal mm
(0.1 minerals
to 0.7 mm),
metamorphism,
mm to 0.7 present
rarely
mm), these
rarelya variety
exceeding
minerals
exceedingof
1.5alteration
mm.
present
1.5 mm.usually,degrees.
a variety
usually,the pyrite
ofthe Pyrite, in most occurrences,
consists
alteration
pyrite degrees.
consists
minerals,
minerals, calcite.
calco-sodic feldspar (plagioclase), volcanic glass, pyrite, argillite pyrite
calcite. crystals and crystalized
volcanic glass. Given the
quartz,
calco-sodic
Reaction
calco-sodic
minerals,to feldspar
acids:
calcite.
feldspar (plagioclase),
(plagioclase),
feldspar volcanic
phenocryst,
volcanic
glass,
partially orpyrite, glass,
totally
pyrite, of appears
argillite
calcified, solitary,
Pyrite,
of solitary, finely
inidiomorphic
most andand
occurrences,
idiomorphic (0.1
appears mm
hypidiomorphic to hydrothermal
finely
hypidiomorphic 0.7 mm),dispersed
crystals,
crystalized
crystals,rarelymetamorphism,
(0.1 mmexceeding
dispersed non-uniformly these
1.5
tonon-uniformly
0.7 mm), mm. minerals
within
rarely
present
usually,
thethe
exceeding
within the
rock 1.5
rock
a variety
pyrite
mass.
mm.
mass.
of
consists
Same
usually,
Same
alteration
pyrite
theof
pyritecan degrees.
solitary,
seldom
pyrite
can idiomorphic and
consists
seldom
Reaction to acids: feldspar phenocryst, partially or totally calcified, Pyrite, in
argillite
minerals,minerals,
presents acalcite.
strong
calcite.
reaction with diluted HCl. asmost
hypidiomorphic
appear
of solitary,
appear as
occurrences,
agglomerations
idiomorphiccrystals,
agglomerations ofappears
and dispersed
nests
of not
nests
finely crystalized
non-uniformly
exceeding
hypidiomorphic
not exceeding
(0.1 mm
dimensions
crystals, ofto
within
dispersed
dimensions
0.7
the
5ofmm.
5
mm),
rockrarely
mass.exceeding
non-uniformly
mm. within
1.5 mm. usually,
Same pyrite
the rockcan seldom
mass.
the pyriteas
Sameappear
consists
pyrite can agglomerations
seldom of nests not
Reaction to acids: feldspar phenocryst,
presents a strong reaction with diluted HCl. partially or totally calcified of solitary, idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals, dispersed non-uniformly within the rock mass. Same pyrite can seldom
Reaction
acids:feldspar
feldspar phenocryst,
phenocryst, partially
partially or totally
or totally calcified Denomination
exceeding rock:
appear as agglomerations
Denomination Rhyolite,
dimensions
rock: ofofpartially
Rhyolite, 5nests
mm. not
partiallymineralized
exceeding
mineralized and altered.
dimensions
and altered.of 5 mm.
resents a strong reaction with diluted HCl. appear as agglomerations of nests not exceeding dimensions of 5 mm.
calcified, presents
resents a strong a strong
reaction with reaction
diluted HCl.with diluted HCl. Denomination
Denomination rock: rock: Rhyolite,
Rhyolite, partially
partially mineralized
mineralized and altered.
and altered.
Denomination rock: Rhyolite, partially mineralized and altered.
Rhyolite partially
Rhyolite altered
partially andand
altered mineralized
mineralized Hypidiomorphic orthose with an an
incipient alteration stage andand
with subsub
millimeter pyrite inclusions
Hypidiomorphic orthose with incipient alteration stage with millimeter pyrite inclusions
Rhyolite partially altered and mineralized
Rhyolite partially altered and mineralized Hypidiomorphic
Hypidiomorphic orthose
orthosewith an an
with incipient alteration
incipient stage
andand
alteration with
stage andsub millimeter
with pyrite
sub pyrite
millimeterinclusions
pyrite inclusions
Rhyolite partially altered and mineralized Hypidiomorphic orthose with an incipient alteration stage with sub millimeter inclusions
Table 1. Cont.
Valea Căpitanului Andesite—sample number 7 Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry vitreous.
Valea Căpitanului
Sampling
Valea location:
Căpitanului Andesite—sample
Certej–Hondol, Valea
Andesite—sample number
number 7 Hunedoara
Căpitanului,
7 Texture:hypocrystalline,
Structure: unoriented (massive),porphyrycompact.
vitreous.
Sampling location:
District.location: Certej–Hondol, Valea Căpitanului, Structure:
Mineralogical
Texture: hypocrystalline,
unorientedcomposition: porphyry
(massive),neutral
compact. vitreous.
plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlites, volcanic glass, opaque minerals, secondary
Sampling Certej–Hondol, Valea Căpitanului, Hunedoara
Hunedoara District. neogenic eruptivism of Apuseni Mountains
Geologic structure:
District.
Texture:
minerals. unoriented
Mineralogical composition: (massive), compact.feldspar, hornblende, microlites, volcanic glass, opaque minerals, secondary
neutral plagioclase
Geologic structure:
(Metaliferi).
Geologic structure: neogenic
neogenic eruptivism
eruptivism of Apuseni
of Apuseni Mountains
Mineralogical
minerals. composition:
Plagioclase feldspar neutral
(32.5%) presents plagioclase
mostly feldspar,
idiomorphic hornblende, microlites,
and hypidiomorphic volcanic
contours, rarely glass,
zoned. The opaque minerals,
crystals have secondary minerals.
variable
Mountains
Rock type:(Metaliferi).
(Metaliferi). magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), neutral. Plagioclase
dimensions,
as
feldsparfollows:
(32.5%)(32.5%)
from presents
0.01
presents mm for mostly
mostly microlitesidiomorphic
idiomorphic andand
6.1/3.9 mmandforhypidiomorphic
hypidiomorphic phenocryst.
contours, contours,
Within
rarely the rockrarely
zoned. mass,
The zoned.
the The
plagioclase
crystals have crystals have variable
variable
Rock
Rock
Rock type: magmatic,
structure:
type: magmatic, effusive
semicrystalline
effusive (neovolcanic), neutral.
(hypocrystalline),
(neovolcanic), neutral.porphyry- dimensions,
dimensions, as follows:
feldspar exhibits various
as follows: frommm
fromstages
0.01 0.01
of formm forCrystals
alteration. microlites
microlites withand
and 6.1/3.9 mm 6.1/3.9
kaolinitized mmsericitized
and for phenocryst.
for phenocryst. Within contours, Within
the rock mass,thethe rock
completely mass,
affected
plagioclaseby the
the plagioclase feldspar
Rock structure:semicrystalline
vitreous.
Rock structure: semicrystalline (hypocrystalline),
(hypocrystalline), porphyry- exhibits various
hydrothermal
feldspar exhibits stages
metamorphism,
various of alteration.
stages ofare
alteration.Crystals
Crystalswith
also present. with kaolinitized
kaolinitized and and sericitized
sericitized contours,
contours, completely
completely affected
affected by the by the hydrothermal
porphyry-vitreous.
Rock texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
vitreous. metamorphism,
hydrothermal areappears
Hornblendemetamorphism,
(20.5%) also present.
within
are also the rock mass as idiomorphic, hypidiomorphic and allotriomorphic crystals, with
present.
Rock
Rock texture:
Color: unoriented
gray,unoriented
texture: slightly (massive),
dotted.
(massive), compact.
compact. Hornblende
dimensions
Hornblende (20.5%)
between
(20.5%) appears
0.2/0.07
appears mmwithin
within androck
the the
8.1/1.2 rock
mm.
mass as mass as sectioned
Crystals idiomorphic,
idiomorphic, hypidiomorphic
parallel
hypidiomorphic withand and allotriomorphic
crystallographic
allotriomorphic axis Z present
crystals, with crystals, with dimensions
good
Color: gray,slightly
Mineralogical
Color: gray, slightly dotted. plagioclase feldspar, hornblende,
composition:
dotted. between
dimensions 0.2/0.07
unidirectional
between mm while
cleavage,
0.2/0.07 and
mm8.1/1.2
the
andones mm.
8.1/1.2 Crystals
sectioned
mm. Crystalssectioned
perpendicular
sectioned toparallel
the same
parallel with
with crystallographic
axiscrystallographic
have clearly defined axis
axis Z present
Zbidirectional
present good good unidirectional cleavage,
cleavage
while
(124°). the ones sectioned perpendicular to perpendicular
the sameopacitization.
axistohave clearly ◦ ). Some amphibolite crystals
Mineralogical
microlitic paste.
composition: plagioclase
feldspar, hornblende,
hornblende, Some
unidirectional amphibolite
cleavage, whilecrystals
the onesexhibit partial
sectioned or total the same axisdefined
Opaque minerals
have bidirectional
(8.5%)
clearly consist
defined cleavage
bidirectional (124
of idiomorphic,
cleavage
microlitic
Reaction
microlitic paste.
to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute
paste. exhibit
(124°). Somepartial
hypidiomorphic or
and
amphibolitetotal opacitization.
xenomorphic
crystals pyrite
exhibit Opaque
crystals,
partial minerals
or total (8.5%)
non-uniformly
opacitization. consist of
distributed
Opaque idiomorphic,
within
minerals the main
(8.5%) hypidiomorphic
rock mass
consist and
(microlitic
of idiomorphic, xenomorphic
and glassy, at pyrite crystals,
Reaction
HCl. to
Reaction toacids:
acids:none
none of the
with dilute non-uniformly
44.5%).
hypidiomorphic anddistributed
xenomorphic within
pyritethe mainnon-uniformly
crystals, rock mass (microlitic
distributed and glassy,
within the at
main44.5%).
rock mass (microlitic and glassy, at
dilute
HCl. HCl. Denomination
Denomination rock:
44.5%). rock: Andesite
Andesite withwith hornblende
hornblende
Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende
Sustainability
2017,
Andesite with 9, 1925
9, 1925
hornblende 9 of9 21
of 21
Plagioclase feldspar, idiomorphic with completely altered contours (Kaolinitized and sericitized)
Plagioclase feldspar, idiomorphic with completely altered contours (Kaolinitized and sericitized)
Andesite with hornblende Plagioclase feldspar, idiomorphic with completely altered contours (Kaolinitized and sericitized)
Andesite with hornblende
Structure:
Structure: hypocrystalline,
hypocrystalline, porphyry
porphyry vitreous.
vitreous.
Structure:
Texture:
hypocrystalline,
porphyry
compact.
vitreous.
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
Texture:
Mineralogical
composition:
compact.
plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, biotite, microlitic paste, opaque minerals, kaolinite, sericite,
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, biotite, microlitic paste, opaque minerals, kaolinite, sericite,
Dealul
Dealul
Dealul Motor
Motor
Motor Andesite—sample
Andesite—sample
number
number 8 88 Mineralogical
chlorite, limonite. composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, biotite, microlitic paste, opaque minerals, kaolinite, sericite,
chlorite, limonite.
Sample
Sample
Sample location:
location:
location: Deva,
Deva,
Deva, Motor
Motor
Motor Hill,
Hill,Hill,Hunedoara
Hunedoara
Hunedoara District.
District.
District. chlorite,
Plagioclase limonite.
feldspar (24.5%) presents mostly idiomorphic contours, also zoned. Crystal dimensions
Plagioclase feldspar (24.5%) presents mostly idiomorphic contours, also zoned. Crystal dimensions areare variable,
variable, from
from 0.01
0.01 mm mm in in
Geologic
Geologic
Geologic structure:
structure:
structure: neogenic
neogenic
neogenic eruptivism
eruptivism
eruptivism from
from fromMures
Mures MuresValley.
Valley.Valley. Plagioclase
microlites feldspar (24.5%) presents mostly idiomorphic contours, also zoned. Crystal dimensions are variable, from 0.01 mm in
microlites upup to 6.1/4.5
to 6.1/4.5 mm mmforfor phenocryst.
phenocryst. The The cleavage
cleavage appears
appears distinct
distinct forfor crystals
crystals sectioned
sectioned parallel
parallel to crystallographic
to crystallographic axis
axis Z. Z.
RockRock
Rock type:
type:
type: magmatic,
magmatic,
magmatic, effusive
effusive
effusive (neovolcanic),
(neovolcanic),
(neovolcanic), neutral.
neutral.
neutral. microlites
Hornblende up to 6.1/4.5
(12.5%), similarmm to for plagioclase
the phenocryst. The cleavage
feldspar, appears appears
predominantlydistinct for crystals
idiomorphic. Thesectioned
hornblende parallel
crystalstoare
crystallographic axis Z.
Hornblende (12.5%), similar to the plagioclase feldspar, appears predominantly idiomorphic. The hornblende crystals are
Structure:
Structure:
Structure: semicrystalline,
semicrystalline,
semicrystalline, porphyry
porphyry
porphyry vitreous
vitreous
vitreous Hornblende
sectioned
sectioned
(12.5%),tosimilar
perpendicular
perpendicular
to the plagioclase
to crystallographic
crystallographic axis
axis
feldspar,
Z (basal
Z (basal
appears
sections)
sections) andand predominantly
parallel
parallel to same
to same
idiomorphic.
axis
axis (elongated,
(elongated,
The hornblende
prismatic
prismatic sections).
sections).
crystals are sectioned
In In
Texture: unoriented (massive),
compact. perpendicular
both cases, good tocleavage
crystallographic
appears axis bidirectional
distinctly,Z (basal sections)
bidirectional and
(124°) parallel
at basal toand
sections same
and axis (elongated,
unidirectional for prismatic
sections sections).
parallel with In both cases, good
both cases, good cleavage appears distinctly, (124°) at basal sections unidirectional for sections parallel with
◦ ) at basal sections and unidirectional for sections parallel with prismatic faces. Some
Color:
Color:
Color: gray.
gray.
gray. cleavage
prismatic appears
faces. Some distinctly,
crystals bidirectional
with idiomorphic (124 contours exhibit partial
prismatic faces. Some crystals with idiomorphic contours exhibit partial or or total
total opacitization.
opacitization. Biotite
Biotite doesdoes
notnot exceed
exceed 0.6%
0.6% from
from
Mineralogical
Mineralogical
composition:
composition: neutral
neutral
neutral plagioclase
feldspar,
plagioclase feldspar, crystals with idiomorphic contours exhibit partial or totalwith
opacitization. Biotite doesand
not exceed 0.6%Some
from allbiotite
rock mass components
all all
rockrock
massmass components
components and and appears
appears generally
generally fresh,
fresh, sometimes
sometimes with incipient
incipient chloritization
chloritization and limonitization.
limonitization. Somebiotite
hornblende, rarely biotite lamellae and microlitic paste. and appears generally fresh, cleavage,
sometimes with slight
incipient chloritization and limonitization. Somedobiotite lamellae, along
hornblende,
hornblende, rarely
rarelybiotite lamellae
biotite lamellae and microlitic
and paste.
microlitic paste. lamellae,
lamellae, along alongthe the unidirectional
unidirectional cleavage, present
present slight opacitization.
opacitization. Opaque
Opaque and and secondary
secondary minerals
minerals do
notnot exceed
exceed of of the unidirectional
3.5%
3.5%
Reaction to acids: slight reaction with diluted HCl, due to presence
Reaction
Reaction to
toacids:
acids:slight reaction
slight reactionwith diluted
with HCl,
diluted due
HCl, todue
presence
to allcleavage,
all
rockrock
massmass present slight
components
components andopacitization.
and consists
consists Opaque
of fine
of fine and
magnetite
magnetite secondary
crystals,
crystals, minerals
either
either as as do not
inclusions
inclusions exceed
within
within 3.5% oforall
phenocryst
phenocryst or rock mass
irregularly
irregularly components and consists of
distributed
distributed
of calcite
of calcite
presence offormed
formed on on
calcite plagioclase
plagioclase
formed on and and hornblende.
hornblende.
plagioclase and hornblende. fine
withinmagnetite crystals, eitherkaolinite
askaolinite
inclusions within phenocryst or appear
irregularly distributed within theorrock mass. Pulverulent kaolinite and
within thetherockrock mass.
mass. Pulverulent
Pulverulent and and finely
finely lamellae
lamellae of sericite
of sericite appear on on some
some plagioclase
plagioclase crystals
crystals or within
within thethe paste.
paste.
Thefinely
The
finely lamellae
finely
crystallized of sericite
crystallized calcite
calcite appear
appears
appears on
with some
with some
some plagioclase
plagioclase
plagioclase crystals
feldspars
feldspars orricher
richerwithin the paste.
in anortite
in anortite andand The finelywith
sporadically
sporadically crystallized
with calcite appears with some
hornblende.
hornblende.
plagioclase
Denomination
Denomination feldspars
rock:
rock: richer
Andesite
Andesite with inhornblende
with anortite
hornblendeand
and sporadically
and biotite.
biotite. with hornblende. Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende and biotite.
Andesite with
Andesite withhornblende
hornblende and biotite
and biotite
Andesite with hornblende and biotite Zoned plagioclase feldspar, with unaltered peripheral zones and central zones partially sericitized-kaolinitized, with biotite inclusions partially
Zoned plagioclase
Zoned feldspar,
plagioclase with
feldspar, unaltered
with peripheral
unaltered zones
peripheral andzones
central zones
and partially
central zonessericitized-kaolinitized,
partially with biotite
sericitized-kaolinitized,inclusions partially
with biotite inclusions
resorbed resorbed
resorbed
partially
Criscior Andesite—sample number Structure:
hypocrystalline, porphyry-vitreous
porphyry-vitreous
Criscior Andesite—sample number 9 9
Sampling location: Criscior, Hunedoara district. Texture:
Texture: unoriented
(massive), compact.
compact.
Sampling location: Criscior, Hunedoara district.
Mineralogical
composition: neutral
neutral plagioclase
hornblende, microlitic
microlitic vitreous
vitreous paste,
paste, opaque
opaque minerals,
minerals, secondary
secondary
Geologic
Geologic structure:
structure: tardive
tardive subsequent
subsequent magmatism
magmatism (neogenic),
(neogenic),
minerals
minerals (kaolinite,
(kaolinite, sericite,
sericite, limonite).
limonite). Plagioclase
feldspar (30.5%)
(30.5%) is represented
is represented by by idiomorphic
idiomorphic andand hipidiomorphic
hipidiomorphic crystals
crystals
second
second cycle.
cycle.
with
with incipient
incipient alteration
alteration stages.
stages. TheThe plagioclase
feldspar appears
appears mostly
mostly zoned,
zoned, with
with crystals
crystals dimensions
dimensions varying
varying between
between 0.3/0.2
0.3/0.2
Rock
Rock type:
type: magmatic,
magmatic, effusive
(neovolcanic), neutral.
neutral.
mm mmandand 2.0/1.0
2.0/1.0 mm. mm. Central
Central zones
zones of the
of the plagioclase
feldspar, with
with higher
higher anortite
anortite content,
content, appear
appear sometimes
sometimes transformed
transformed into
into
Structure:
Structure: semi-crystalline
semi-crystalline (hypocrystalline),
(hypocrystalline), porphyry-vitreous.
porphyry-vitreous.
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. kaolinite
kaolinite andand sericite.
sericite. ForFor
mostmost of the
of the cases,
cases, thethe microlitic
microlitic plagioclase
feldspar appears
appears not-altered.
not-altered. Hornblende
Hornblende (4.5%)
(4.5%) appears
appears
Color: dark gray. with
with thethe rock
rock mass
mass as as hipidiomorphic
hipidiomorphic crystals,
crystals, with
with dimensions
dimensions below
below 1 mm.
1 mm. ForFor
mostmost of the
of the cases,
cases, thethe crystals
crystals contours
contours areare
Color: dark gray.
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, opacitized;
opacitized; sometimes,
sometimes, thethe amphibole
amphibole is completely
is completely transformed
transformed into
into a secondary
a secondary product
product through
through oxy-hydration.
oxy-hydration. The
The vitreous-
vitreous-
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende,
Structure:
Texture:semicrystalline, porphyry
unoriented (massive), vitreous
compact. sectioned perpendicular to crystallographic axis bidirectional
Z (basal sections)
Texture: both cases, good cleavage appears distinctly, (124°)and parallel
at basal to same
sections andaxis (elongated, prismatic
unidirectional for sectionssections).
parallel In
with
Color:unoriented
gray. (massive), compact. both cases, good
prismatic faces.cleavage
Some appearswith
crystals distinctly, bidirectional
idiomorphic contours (124°) at basal
exhibit sections
partial or and
total unidirectional
opacitization. for sections
Biotite does not parallel
exceed with from
0.6%
Color: gray.
Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, prismatic faces. Some crystals with idiomorphic contours exhibit partial or total opacitization. Biotite does not exceed 0.6% from
Mineralogical all rock mass components and appears generally fresh, sometimes with incipient chloritization and limonitization. Some biotite
hornblende,composition:
rarely biotiteneutral plagioclase
lamellae feldspar,
and microlitic paste. all lamellae,
rock massalong
components and appears
the unidirectional generally
cleavage, fresh,slight
present sometimes with incipient
opacitization. Opaque chloritization
and secondaryandminerals
limonitization.
do not Some
exceedbiotite
3.5% of
hornblende, rarely biotite lamellae and microlitic paste.
Reaction to acids: slight reaction with diluted HCl, due to presence lamellae, along the unidirectional cleavage, present slight opacitization. Opaque and secondary minerals doornot exceed 3.5% of
Reaction to acids: slight reaction with all rock mass components and consists of fine magnetite crystals, either as inclusions within phenocryst irregularly distributed
of calcite formed on plagioclase anddiluted HCl, due to presence all rock mass components and consists of fine magnetite crystals, either as inclusions within phenocryst or irregularly distributed
hornblende. within the rock mass. Pulverulent kaolinite and finely lamellae of sericite appear on some plagioclase crystals or within the paste.
of calcite formed on plagioclase and hornblende. within
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 The the rock
finely mass. Pulverulent
crystallized kaolinite
calcite appears and
with finely
some lamellae of
plagioclase sericite richer
feldspars appearinon some plagioclase
anortite crystals
and sporadically or within
with the paste.
hornblende. 9 of 21
TheDenomination
finely crystallized
rock:calcite appears
Andesite with with some plagioclase
hornblende and biotite.feldspars richer in anortite and sporadically with hornblende.
Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende and biotite.
Table 1. Cont.
Andesite with hornblende and biotite
Andesite with hornblende and biotite Analysis Zoned plagioclase feldspar, with unaltered peripheral zones and central zones partially sericitized-kaolinitized, with biotite inclusions partially
Macroscopic Zoned plagioclase feldspar, with unaltered peripheral zones and centralMicroscopic Analysis
zones partially sericitized-kaolinitized, with biotite inclusions partially
resorbed
Criscior Andesite—sample number 9 resorbed
Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry-vitreous
Criscior Andesite—sample number 9 Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry-vitreous
Sampling
Criscior location: Criscior,
Andesite—sample Hunedoara
number 9 district. Structure:
Texture:hypocrystalline,
Texture: unoriented
unoriented porphyry-vitreous
(massive),
(massive), compact.
compact.
Sampling location: Criscior, Hunedoara district.
Geologic
Sampling structure:
location: tardive
Criscior, subsequent
Hunedoara magmatism (neogenic), Texture:
district. unoriented
Mineralogical
Mineralogical (massive), neutral
composition:
composition: compact.
neutral plagioclase
hornblende, microliticmicrolitic vitreous
vitreous paste, paste,
opaque opaque
minerals, minerals, secondary minerals
secondary
Geologic structure: tardive subsequent magmatism (neogenic), Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, hornblende,
second
Geologic cycle. (kaolinite, sericite,
minerals (kaolinite, limonite).
sericite, Plagioclase
limonite). feldspar
Plagioclase (30.5%)
feldspar is microlitic
(30.5%) represented vitreous
is represented by paste, opaque
byidiomorphic
idiomorphic minerals,
and
and secondary
hipidiomorphic
hipidiomorphic crystals with incipient
crystals
secondstructure:
cycle. tardive subsequent magmatism (neogenic),
minerals (kaolinite, sericite, limonite).
Rock
second type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), neutral. alteration stages.
with incipient The plagioclase
alteration stages. ThePlagioclase
feldspar(30.5%)
feldspar appears appearsiszoned,
mostly represented
mostly with by
zoned, idiomorphic
crystals
with and hipidiomorphic
dimensions
crystals dimensions varying crystals
between
varying between0.3/0.2
0.3/0.2 mm and
Rockcycle.
type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), neutral. with incipient alteration stages. The plagioclase feldspar appears mostly zoned, with crystals dimensions varying transformed
between 0.3/0.2
Structure:
Rock type: semi-crystalline
magmatic, effusive (hypocrystalline),
(neovolcanic), neutral. 2.0/1.0
mm andmm.
2.0/1.0Central zones
mm. Central of
zonestheofplagioclase
the plagioclase feldspar,
feldspar,with
withhigher
higher anortite
anortite content,
content, appear
appear sometimes
sometimes transformed
into into kaolinite and
Structure: semi-crystalline (hypocrystalline), porphyry-vitreous. mm and 2.0/1.0 mm. Central zones of the plagioclase feldspar, with higher anortite content, appear sometimes transformed into
porphyry-vitreous.
Structure: sericite.
kaolinite For
and most of For
sericite. the most
cases,ofthe
the microlitic plagioclase
cases, the microlitic feldsparfeldspar
plagioclase appears not-altered.
appears Hornblende
not-altered. Hornblende (4.5%) appears
(4.5%) appearswith the rock mass as
Texture:semi-crystalline (hypocrystalline),
unoriented (massive), compact. porphyry-vitreous. kaolinite and sericite. For mostwithof thedimensions
cases, the microlitic
Texture:
Texture: unoriented
Color:unoriented
(massive), compact.
dark gray. (massive), compact.
hipidiomorphic
with the rock masscrystals,
as hipidiomorphic crystals, below 1plagioclase
mm. For
with dimensions feldspar
below ofappears
most1 mm. theFor not-altered.
cases,
most the
of the Hornblende
crystals
cases, contours
the (4.5%)
crystalsare appears
opacitized;
contours are sometimes, the
Color:
Color: darkgray.
dark gray. with the rock mass
amphibole
opacitized; as hipidiomorphic
is completely
sometimes, crystals,
transformed
the amphibole with
into dimensions
a secondary
is completely transformed below
into1 amm.
product For most
through
secondary of the through
cases, the
oxy-hydration.
product The crystals contoursTheare
vitreous-microlitic
oxy-hydration. paste (55%) in this rock
vitreous-
Mineralogical
composition:
vitreous-microlitic
plagioclase
paste, plagioclase
feldspar,
feldspar,
secondary minerals.
hornblende, opacitized;
hornblende, type
microliticsometimes,
consists
pasteof(55%) the
in amphibole
amorphousthis rock is completely
volcanic
type glass, of
consists transformed
where into a secondary
the feldspars
amorphous volcanic microlitesproduct
glass, where appearthrough oxy-hydration.
non-uniformly
the feldspars Thenon-
vitreous-
distributed.
microlites appear As the feldspars,
vitreous-microlitic paste, secondary minerals. microlitic paste (55%) in this rock type consists of amorphous volcanic glass, where the feldspars microlites appear non-
vitreous-microlitic paste, secondary minerals. microlites
uniformly are predominant,
distributed. As the the resulting
feldspars, macroscopic
microlites are color
predominant, is dark
the gray.
resulting macroscopic
Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute uniformly distributed. As the feldspars, microlites are predominant, the resulting macroscopic color is dark gray. color is dark gray.
Reaction
HCl totoacids:
Reaction acids: none
none of the
with dilute Denomination
Denomination rock: rock: Vitreous-porphyry
Vitreous-porphyry Andesite.
Andesite.
Denomination rock: Vitreous-porphyry Andesite.
dilute
HCl HCl

Sustainability 2017,Andesite
Vitro-porphyry 9, 1925 Idiomorphic
Idiomorphic
Idiomorphic zonedzoned
zoned plagioclase
plagioclase
feldspar,
feldspar, centrally
centrally
centrally altered altered
altered
andand and
with
with with non-altered,
non-altered,
non-altered, clear,
clear, clear,
periphery
periphery periphery
contours.
contours. Two contours.
Two
jointjoint hypidiomorphic
hypidiomorphic 10 of 21
Two joint hypidiomorphic
plagioclase
plagioclase
Vitro-porphyry
Vitro-porphyryAndesite
Andesite plagioclase
crystals
crystals crystals
Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry vitreous.
Săcărâmb Andesite—sample number 10 Structure:
Structure:semicrystalline, porphyry vitreous.
semicrystalline,
Săcărâmb Andesite—sample
Săcărâmb Andesite—sample number
number 10 10 Texture: unoriented (massive),porphyry
compact. vitreous.
Sample location: Săcărâmb, Hunedoara District. Texture:
Texture:unoriented
unoriented(massive), compact.
(massive),
Sample location: Săcărâmb, Hunedoara
Sample location: Săcărâmb, Hunedoara District. District. Mineralogical composition: neutralcompact.
plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, vitreous microlitic paste, secondary and opaque minerals.
Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism of Apuseni Mountains Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar,feldspar,
hornblende, vitreous microlitic paste, secondary and opaque minerals.
Geologic structure:neogenic
Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism
eruptivism of Apuseni
of Apuseni Mountains Mineralogical
Mountains Plagioclase feldsparcomposition: neutral
(25.5%) consists plagioclase
of idiomorphic hornblende,
and hipidiomorphic vitreous
crystals microlitic
exhibiting paste,
different stages secondary and opaque
of kaolinization and minerals.
(Metaliferi), second cycle. Plagioclase
Plagioclase feldspar (25.5%) consists of idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic crystals exhibiting different stages of kaolinization ofand
(Metaliferi), secondcycle.
(Metaliferi), second cycle. sericitization.feldspar (25.5%)
The anortite consists
content, of idiomorphic
partially andappears
or totally altered, hipidiomorphic crystals
more frequently exhibiting
within the central different
zones, as stages
opposed kaolinization
to and
Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), intermediary. sericitization.
sericitization.TheThe
anortite content,
anortite partially
content, or totally
partially or altered,altered,
totally appears appears
more frequently
more within the within
frequently central zones,
the as opposed
central zones, toas opposed to the outer
Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), intermediary.
Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), intermediary. the outer layer which appears usually fresh, without any transformation into kaolinite and sericite. Plagioclase feldspar crystal
Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry vitreous. the outerwhich
layer which appears usually fresh, without any transformation intointo kaolinite and
andsericite. Plagioclase feldspar crystal
Structure: hypocrystalline
Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline),
(semicrystalline), porphyry
porphyry vitreous. layer
vitreous. dimensions vary appears
betweenusually
0.2/0.1fresh,
mm andwithout
5.0/3.8any
mm.transformation
Hornblende (8.3%) appearskaolinitewithin sericite.
the rock massPlagioclase feldspar
as idiomorphic andcrystal dimensions vary
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. dimensions
between vary between
0.2/0.1 mm 0.2/0.1
and mm and
5.0/3.8 mm. 5.0/3.8 mm. Hornblende
Hornblende (8.3%) (8.3%)
appears appears
within within
the the rock
rock massmass
as as idiomorphicand
idiomorphic andhipidiomorphic crystals,
Texture: unoriented(massive),
compact. hipidiomorphic crystals, some unaltered, some partially or totally sericitized. Good cleavage, bidirectional for basal sections, is
Color: grey, slightly dotted. hipidiomorphic
some unaltered,crystals,
somesome unaltered,
partially some sericitized.
or totally partially or totally
Good sericitized.
cleavage, Good cleavage,for
bidirectional bidirectional
basal for basal
sections, sections, isunidirectional cleavage
isopacitized.
observed;
Color: grey,slightly
Color: grey, slightlydotted.
dotted. observed; unidirectional cleavage characteristic for longitudinal sections appears either distinct or completely The
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, observed; unidirectional cleavage characteristic for longitudinal sections appears either distinct or completely opacitized. The
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase
feldspar, hornblende, microlitic and vitreous paste presents an advanced grade of alteration into kaolinite and sericite. Fresh microlites areand
hornblende, characteristic
microlitic and for longitudinal
vitreous paste sections
presents an appears
advanced either
grade of distinct
alterationor completely
into kaolinite opacitized.
and sericite. The
Fresh microlitic
microlites are vitreous
rare
rare and
and paste presents an
vitreous microlitic paste, secondary minerals. advanced grade
vitreous microliticpaste,
vitreous microlitic paste, secondary
secondary minerals.
minerals. belong to the sameof alteration
type into kaolinite
of plagioclase and sericite.
feldspar. Opaque Fresh
minerals microlites
(2%) consist of are rare and belong
submillimeter crystals to of the same
pyrite andtype of plagioclase feldspar.
Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute belong Opaqueto the same type of plagioclase feldspar. Opaque minerals (2%) consist of submillimeter crystals of pyrite and
minerals (2%) consist of submillimeter crystals of pyrite and chalcopyrite, not exceeding dimensions
Reaction toacids:
Reaction to acids:none
noneof of
thethe rock
rock components
with dilute chalcopyrite, not exceeding dimensions of 1.7 mm. These crystals are non-uniformly distributed within the rock mass. of 1.7 mm. These crystals
HCl. chalcopyrite, not exceeding dimensions of 1.7 mm. These crystals are non-uniformly distributed within the rock mass.
dilute
HCl. HCl. are non-uniformly
Denomination distributed
rock: Andesite withwithin the rock
hornblende mass.
partially Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende partially altered.
altered.
Denomination rock: Andesite with hornblende partially altered.
Andesite with hornblende, partially altered Plagioclase

Plagioclase
Plagioclase feldspars
feldspars
feldspars partially
partially
partially altered,
altered, with
altered,
with nonnon
with - transformed
non crystals
- transformed
- transformed crystals contours,
crystals
contours, welded
contours,
welded crystals
welded
crystals of plagioclase
crystals
of plagioclase of andand opacitized
plagioclase and
opacitized idiomorphic
opacitized idiomorphic hornblende,
idiomorphic
Andesite with
Andesite withhornblende,
hornblende,partially altered
partially altered hornblende, idiomorphic
idiomorphic
hornblende, idiomorphic andand
and hypidiomorphichypidiomorphic submillimeter
submillimeter
hypidiomorphic pyrite
submillimeter pyrite
pyrite
Albinii-Haneș Andesite—sample number 11 Structure:
Structure: semicrystalline,
semicrystalline, porphyry
porphyry vitreous.
vitreous.
Albinii-Haneș Andesite—sample number 11 Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
Sample location: Albinii-Haneș, Alba District. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
Sample location: Albinii-Haneș, Alba District. Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlitic, volcanic glass, secondary and opaque minerals.
Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism of Apuseni Mountains Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlitic, volcanic glass, secondary and opaque minerals.
Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism of Apuseni Mountains Plagioclase feldspar (23.8%) consists mostly
(Metaliferi). Plagioclase feldspar (23.8%) consists mostly of of idiomorphic
idiomorphic andand hypidiomorphic
hypidiomorphic crystals,
crystals, rarely
rarely zoned.
zoned. Plagioclase
feldspar
(Metaliferi). crystal dimensions vary from 0.01 mm
Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), intermediary. crystal dimensions vary from 0.01 mm forfor microlites
microlites andand 6.2/4.3
6.2/4.3 mm mm forfor phenocryst.
phenocryst. ForFor
thinthin sections
sections parallel
parallel with
with
Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), intermediary. crystallographic axis Z and presenting polysynthetic macles (twins),
Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry vitreous. crystallographic axis Z and presenting polysynthetic macles (twins), thethe unidirectional
unidirectional cleavage
cleavage appears
appears distinctly.
distinctly. Hornblende
Hornblende
Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry vitreous. (12.6%) appears within
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. (12.6%) appears within thethe
rockrock mass
mass as as idiomorphic,
idiomorphic, hypidiomorphic
hypidiomorphic andand xenomorphic
xenomorphic crystals
crystals with
with dimensions
dimensions between
between
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. 0.2/0.08 mm and 10.3/1 mm. The sections
Color: grey, slightly dotted. 0.2/0.08 mm and 10.3/1 mm. The sections areare either
either parallel
parallel or or perpendicular
perpendicular onon crystallographic
crystallographic axis
axis Z. Z.
GoodGood cleavage
cleavage appears
appears
Color: grey, slightly dotted. distinctly,
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, distinctly, as as bidirectional
bidirectional (124°)
(124°) or or basal
basal sections
sections andand unidirectional
unidirectional forfor sections
sections parallel
parallel withwith prismatic
prismatic faces.
faces. Some
Some of of
thethe
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals present partial
microlitic paste. idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals present partial or or total
total opacitization.
opacitization. Microlites
Microlites (50%)
(50%) areare feldspathic,
feldspathic, non-uniformly
non-uniformly
microlitic paste. distributed within
Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute distributed within thethe volcanic
volcanic glass.
glass. Opaque
Opaque minerals
minerals (4.5%)
(4.5%) areare finely
finely crystalized,
crystalized, idiomorphic,
idiomorphic, hipidiomorphic
hipidiomorphic andand
Reaction to acids: none of the rock components reacts with dilute xenomorphic, chaotically distributed within
HCl. xenomorphic, chaotically distributed within thethe rock
rock paste
paste andand consisting
consisting of of pyrite
pyrite andand oxidic
oxidic minerals.
minerals.
HCl. Secondary minerals, represented by kaolinite, affect partially some plagioclase phenocrysts and microlites.
Rock type:
Rock magmatic,
type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic),
effusive intermediary.
(neovolcanic), intermediary. thethe
outer layer
outer which
layer appears
which appearsusually fresh,
usually without
fresh, anyany
without transformation
transformation intointo
kaolinite andand
kaolinite sericite. Plagioclase
sericite. feldspar
Plagioclase crystal
feldspar crystal
Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry
(semicrystalline), vitreous.
porphyry vitreous. dimensions
dimensions vary between
vary between0.2/0.1 mmmm
0.2/0.1 andand5.0/3.8 mm.
5.0/3.8 Hornblende
mm. Hornblende (8.3%)
(8.3%)appears
appearswithin thethe
within rock
rockmass as idiomorphic
mass as idiomorphicandand
Texture: unoriented
(massive), compact.
compact. hipidiomorphic
hipidiomorphic crystals, some
crystals, unaltered,
some some
unaltered, somepartially or totally
partially sericitized.
or totally Good
sericitized. Good cleavage, bidirectional
cleavage, forfor
bidirectional basal sections,
basal is is
sections,
Color: grey,
Color: slightly
grey, dotted.
slightly dotted. observed;
observed;unidirectional cleavage
unidirectional characteristic
cleavage characteristicforfor
longitudinal
longitudinalsections
sectionsappears
appearseither distinct
either or completely
distinct or completelyopacitized. TheThe
opacitized.
Mineralogical
composition: plagioclase feldspar,
plagioclase hornblende,
feldspar, hornblende, microlitic andand
microlitic vitreous paste
vitreous presents
paste an an
presents advanced
advanced grade
gradeof alteration
of alterationintointo
kaolinite andand
kaolinite sericite. Fresh
sericite. microlites
Fresh areare
microlites rare andand
rare
vitreous microlitic
vitreous microliticpaste, secondary
paste, secondaryminerals.
minerals. belong to the
belong same
to the type
same of plagioclase
type feldspar.
of plagioclase feldspar.Opaque
Opaque minerals
minerals(2%)(2%)consist of submillimeter
consist of submillimeter crystals of pyrite
crystals andand
of pyrite
Reaction to acids:
Reaction to acids:none of the
none rock
of the components
rock componentsreacts with
reacts dilute
with dilute
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 chalcopyrite,
chalcopyrite,notnot
exceeding
exceeding dimensions
dimensionsof 1.7 mm.
of 1.7 mm.These crystals
These areare
crystals non-uniformly
non-uniformly distributed
distributedwithin thethe
within rock mass.
rock mass. 10 of 21
HCl.
HCl. Denomination
Denomination rock: Andesite
rock: Andesite with hornblende
with hornblende partially altered.
partially altered.
Table 1. Cont.
Plagioclase feldspars partially altered, with non - transformed crystals contours, welded crystals of plagioclase and opacitized idiomorphic
Andesite with
Andesite hornblende,
with partially
Macroscopic
hornblende, altered
partially Analysis
altered Plagioclase feldspars
hornblende, partially
idiomorphic andaltered, with non -submillimeter
hypidiomorphic transformed crystals
pyrite contours, weldedAnalysis
Microscopic crystals of plagioclase and opacitized idiomorphic
hornblende,
Structure:idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic
semicrystalline, submillimeter pyrite
porphyry vitreous.
Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry vitreous.
Albinii-Hanes
Albinii-Haneș , Andesite—sample
number 11 1111 Structure:
Texture:semicrystalline, porphyry
unoriented (massive), vitreous.
compact.
Albinii-Haneș Andesite—sample number Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
Sample
Sample location:
location: Albinii-Hanes
Albinii-Haneș, , ,Alba
Alba Alba District.
District. Texture: unoriented
composition: compact. plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlitic, volcanic glass, secondary and opaque minerals.
Sample location: Albinii-Haneș, District. Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlitic, volcanic glass, secondary and opaque minerals.
Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase
Plagioclase feldspar (23.8%) consists mostly of feldspar, hornblende,
idiomorphic microlitic, volcanic
and hypidiomorphic glass,
crystals, secondary
rarely zoned.and opaque feldspar
Plagioclase minerals.
Geologic
Geologicstructure: neogenic
structure: neogeniceruptivism
eruptivism ofofApuseni
Apuseni
of Apuseni Mountains Plagioclase
Mountains
Mountains feldspar (23.8%) consists mostly of idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals, rarely zoned. Plagioclase feldspar crystal
(Metaliferi).
(Metaliferi). Plagioclase
crystal feldspar
dimensions (23.8%)
vary consists
from 0.01 mostly
mm of
for idiomorphic
microlites and and hypidiomorphic
6.2/4.3 mm for crystals,
phenocryst. Forrarely
thin zoned.
sections Plagioclase
parallel feldspar
with
(Metaliferi). dimensions vary from 0.01 mm
Rock
Rock type:
type: magmatic,
magmatic, effusive
(neovolcanic), intermediary.
intermediary. crystal dimensions
crystallographic vary
axis Z from
and0.01 mmfor
presentingformicrolites
microlites and
polysynthetic
6.2/4.3mm
andmacles
6.2/4.3 mm forfor
(twins), the
phenocryst.
phenocryst. For For
unidirectional thin thin
cleavage
sections
sections parallel
appears
parallel
with with
distinctly.
crystallographic axis Z and
Hornblende
Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), intermediary. presenting polysynthetic macles polysynthetic
(twins), the unidirectional cleavage appearscleavage
distinctly. Hornblende (12.6%) appears within the rock
Structure:
hypocrystalline (semicrystalline),
porphyry crystallographic axis Z and presenting macles (twins), the unidirectional
(12.6%) appears within the rock mass as idiomorphic, hypidiomorphic and xenomorphic crystals with dimensions between
vitreous. mass
vitreous. appears distinctly. Hornblende
Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry vitreous. as idiomorphic, hypidiomorphic and xenomorphic crystals
Texture:
Texture: unoriented
(massive), compact.
compact. (12.6%) appears
0.2/0.08 mm within
and themm.
10.3/1 rockThemass as idiomorphic,
sections are either hypidiomorphic
parallel or and with
perpendicular
dimensions
xenomorphic
on
between
crystals
crystallographic with
axis
0.2/0.08 mm
dimensions
Z. Good cleavage
and 10.3/1 mm. The sections
between appears
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. are either parallel (124◦ ) or basal sections
Color:
Color: grey,
grey, slightly
slightly dotted.
dotted. 0.2/0.08 mm and
distinctly, 10.3/1ormm.
as bidirectional
perpendicular
The sections
(124°) or basal
on either
are crystallographic
sectionsparallel
axis Z. Goodon
or perpendicular
and unidirectional
cleavage
for sections
appearsaxis
crystallographic distinctly,
Z. Good
parallel with prismatic
ascleavage
faces.
bidirectional
Some of appears
the
Color: grey, slightly dotted. and unidirectional for(124°)
sections parallel with prismatic faces. Some of the idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic crystals present partial or
Mineralogical
hornblende, distinctly, as
idiomorphic bidirectional
and hypidiomorphic or basal sections
crystals and
present unidirectional
partial or total for sections
opacitization. parallel with
Microlites prismatic
(50%) are faces. Some
feldspathic, of the
non-uniformly
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, total opacitization. Microlitescrystals
(50%) are feldspathic, non-uniformly distributed within
microlitic
microlitic paste.
paste. idiomorphic
distributedand hypidiomorphic
within the volcanic glass. present
Opaque partial or
minerals total
(4.5%) opacitization.
are Microlites
finely crystalized, (50%)
idiomorphic,arethe volcanicnon-uniformly
feldspathic,
hipidiomorphic
glass.
and
Opaque minerals (4.5%) are
microlitic paste. finely crystalized, idiomorphic, hipidiomorphic and xenomorphic, chaotically distributed within the rock paste and consisting of pyrite
Reaction
Reaction totoacids:
acids: none
none of the
of the the
rock rock components
with with
dilute distributed within
xenomorphic, the volcanic
chaotically glass. Opaque
distributed within minerals
the rock(4.5%)
paste are
and finely crystalized,
consisting of idiomorphic,
pyrite and oxidic hipidiomorphic
minerals. and
Reaction to acids: none rock components reacts with dilute and oxidicminerals,
minerals.
dilute xenomorphic,
Secondary chaotically distributedby
represented within the rock
kaolinite, paste
affect and consisting
partially of pyritephenocrysts
some plagioclase and oxidic minerals.
and microlites.
HCl.HCl.
HCl.
Secondary
Secondary
Denomination minerals,
minerals, represented
represented
rock: Andesite by kaolinite,
by kaolinite,
with hornblende. affect partially
affect partially some plagioclase
some plagioclase phenocrystsphenocrysts
and microlites. and microlites.
Denomination
Denomination rock:rock: Andesite
Andesite with hornblende.
with hornblende.
Andesite with
Andesite
Sustainability
Andesite withhornblende
with hornblende
2017, 9, 1925
hornblende 11 of 21
Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 Millimeter idiomorphic
Millimeter
Millimeter crystal
idiomorphic
idiomorphic of hornblende,
crystal
crystal with
of hornblende, opacitized
with
of hornblende, contour
opacitized contourcontour
with opacitized 11 of 21
RosRoșia PoieniAndesite—sample
Andesite—sample number 12
, ia Poieni
Roșia Poieni Andesite—sample number number 12 12
Sample location:Rosia
Rosia Poieni,
Poieni, Alba District. Structure: semicrystalline
Structure: semicrystalline (hypocrystalline),
(hypocrystalline), porphyry
porphyry vitreous.
vitreous.
Sample location:
Sample location: Rosia Poieni, AlbaAlba District.
District. Structure: semicrystalline (hypocrystalline), porphyry vitreous.
Geologic structure: neogenic eruptivism (second cycle), Texture: unoriented
(massive), compact.
compact.
Geologic structure:
Geologic structure: neogenic
neogenic eruptivism
eruptivism (second
(second cycle),cycle), Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
represented by rooted structures, lava flows and andesitic Mineralogical composition:
Mineralogical composition: neutral
neutral plagioclase
hornblende, microlitic
microlitic vitreous
vitreous paste, paste,sericite,
kaolinite, kaolinite, sericite,
calcite, pyrite.calcite, pyrite.
represented
represented by byrooted
rooted structures,
structures, lavalava
flows flows and
and andesitic Mineralogical composition: neutral plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, microlitic vitreous paste, kaolinite, sericite, calcite, pyrite.
pyroclastics. Plagioclase feldspar
Plagioclase feldspar (chalco-sodic)
(chalco-sodic) (20.5%)
(20.5%) consists
consists of idiomorphic
of idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic
and hipidiomorphic crystals,
crystals, rarely rarely allotriomorphic,
allotriomorphic, with with
andesitic
pyroclastics.pyroclastics. Plagioclase feldspar (chalco-sodic) (20.5%) consists of idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic crystals, rarely allotriomorphic, with
Rock type: magmatic, neovolcanic, neutral (intermediary). dimensions between0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2
dimensions between 0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2
mm. mm. In several
In several instances,
instances, the plagioclase
the plagioclase feldsparzoned,
feldspar appears appears zoned,
with with an
an incipient incipient alteration stage
alteration
Rock type:magmatic,
Rock type: magmatic, neovolcanic,
neovolcanic, neutral
neutral (intermediary).
(intermediary). dimensions between 0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2 mm. In several instances, the plagioclase feldspar appears zoned, with an incipient alteration
Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline), porphyry vitreous. (sercitization and and
stage (sercitization kaolinitization).
kaolinitization).
Structure: hypocrystalline (semicrystalline),
porphyry vitreous. stage (sercitization and kaolinitization).
vitreous.
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. Hornblende (14.3%)
Hornblende (14.3%) appears
appears as the
as the common
common variety
variety (green)(green) and consists
and consists of prismatic
of prismatic crystals (idiomorphic
crystals (idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic) with
and hipidiomorphic)
Texture: unoriented
(massive), compact.
compact. Hornblende (14.3%) appears as the common variety (green) and consists of prismatic crystals (idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic)
Color: grey, dotted. dimensions
with dimensions between 0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7
between 0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7 mm.mm.InInmost
most cases,
cases, hornblende
hornblende appears
appears partially
partially or totally
or totally opacitized.
opacitized. KaoliniteKaolinite
and and sericite, as
Color: grey,
Color: grey,dotted.
dotted. with dimensions between 0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7 mm. In most cases, hornblende appears partially or totally opacitized. Kaolinite and
secondary products,products,
sericite, as secondary appear in smaller
appear percentages
in smaller in some
percentages plagioclase
in some feldspar
plagioclase feldsparcrystals,
crystals, as
as well asininthe
well as therock’s
rock’s paste, along with
paste,
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, sericite, as secondary products, appear in smaller percentages in some plagioclase feldspar crystals, as well as in the rock’s paste,
calcite, pyrite.
calcite, pyrite.
microcrystalline pyrite. Calcite
along with microcrystalline pyrite. was
Calcitedeposited at a later
was deposited stagestage
at a later along thethe
along micro
microfissures
fissuresand
andcontraction fissuresfound
contraction fissures
along with microcrystalline pyrite. Calcite was deposited at a later stage along the micro fissures and contraction fissures found
found within the rock
calcite, pyrite.
Reaction to acids: calcite deposited at a later stage along fissures
Reaction to
mass.
within The microlitic
the rock paste
mass. The (55.2%)
microlitic is represented
paste by feldspar
(55.2%) is represented and volcanic
by feldspar glass. glass.
and volcanic
Reaction toacids:
acids:calcite deposited
calcite depositedat a at
later stagestage
a later along along
fissures within the rock mass. The microlitic paste (55.2%) is represented by feldspar and volcanic glass.
reacts strongly with diluted HCl.
reacts strongly Denomination
Denomination rock: rock: Poieni
Poieni hornblendic
hornblendic andesite
andesite
fissures reactswith diluted
strongly HCl.
with diluted HCl. Denomination rock: Poieni hornblendic andesite
Plagioclase phenocryst,
Plagioclase phenocryst,zoned andand
withwith
peripheral alteration
Poieni hornblendic andesite
Poieni hornblendic Plagioclase phenocryst, zonedzoned peripheral
and with peripheral alterationalteration
Poieni hornblendicandesite
andesite
Căzănești Diabase—sample number 13
Căzănești Diabase—sample number 13
Sample location: Căzănești, Drocea Mountains, Hunedoara Structure: mid-ophytic
Sample location: Căzănești, Drocea Mountains, Hunedoara Structure: mid-ophytic
district. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
district. Texture: unoriented (massive), compact.
Geologic structure: initial eruptivism Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, augite, olivine, calcite, dolomite, pyrite, chlorite, serpentine. Basic plagioclase
Geologic structure: initial eruptivism Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, augite, olivine, calcite, dolomite, pyrite, chlorite, serpentine. Basic plagioclase
Rock type: magmatic, effusive, paleovolcanic. feldspar (58.5%), initially basic (anortitic), in the majority of cases partially albitized, is represented by idiomorphic crystals with
Rock type: magmatic, effusive, paleovolcanic. feldspar (58.5%), initially basic (anortitic), in the majority of cases partially albitized, is represented by idiomorphic crystals with
Structure: devitrified, ophitic. dimensions between 0.2/0.09 mm and 0.05/0.03 mm. The plagioclase from the fundamental rock mass is completely transformed
Structure: devitrified, ophitic. dimensions between 0.2/0.09 mm and 0.05/0.03 mm. The plagioclase from the fundamental rock mass is completely transformed
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. The rock presents a into kaolinite, calcite and magnesium. Augite and olivine (22%) consist of allotriomorphic submillimeter crystals, grown into the
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. The rock presents a into kaolinite, calcite and magnesium. Augite and olivine (22%) consist of allotriomorphic submillimeter crystals, grown into the
system of millimeter fissures, colmated with carbonates and pyrite. interstitials between the intersected prismatic plagioclase crystals. Most of these minerals are transformed into chlorite, bastite
system of millimeter fissures, colmated with carbonates and pyrite. interstitials between the intersected prismatic plagioclase crystals. Most of these minerals are transformed into chlorite, bastite
Color: grey, slightly green hue. and serpentinitic minerals. Calcite, dolomite and pyrite (15%) have hydrothermal origin, with very fine crystallization, deposited
Color: grey, slightly green hue. and serpentinitic minerals. Calcite, dolomite and pyrite (15%) have hydrothermal origin, with very fine crystallization, deposited
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, at a later stage on the contraction fissures of the diabasic lava.
Mineralogical composition: plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, at a later stage on the contraction fissures of the diabasic lava.
carbonates, pyrite, secondary minerals, dolomitic limestone Denomination rock: Medio-ophitic diabase, partially altered and mineralized.
carbonates, pyrite, secondary minerals, dolomitic limestone Denomination rock: Medio-ophitic diabase, partially altered and mineralized.
enclaves.
enclaves.
pyroclastics.
represented by rooted structures, lava flows and andesitic Plagioclase composition:
Mineralogical feldspar (chalco-sodic) (20.5%) consists
neutral plagioclase feldspar,of hornblende,
idiomorphic microlitic
and hipidiomorphic crystals,
vitreous paste, rarelysericite,
kaolinite, allotriomorphic, with
calcite, pyrite.
Rock type: magmatic, neovolcanic, neutral (intermediary).
pyroclastics. dimensions
Plagioclase between
feldspar 0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2
(chalco-sodic) mm.consists
(20.5%) In several instances, theand
of idiomorphic plagioclase feldsparcrystals,
hipidiomorphic appearsrarely
zoned,allotriomorphic,
with an incipient alteration
with
Structure:
Rock hypocrystalline
type: magmatic, (semicrystalline),
neovolcanic, porphyry vitreous.
neutral (intermediary). stage (sercitization
dimensions and kaolinitization).
between 0.4/0.2–6.2/3.2 mm. In several instances, the plagioclase feldspar appears zoned, with an incipient alteration
Texture:hypocrystalline
Structure: unoriented (massive), compact. porphyry vitreous.
(semicrystalline), Hornblende
stage (14.3%)
(sercitization and appears as the common variety (green) and consists of prismatic crystals (idiomorphic and hipidiomorphic)
kaolinitization).
Color:unoriented
Texture: grey, dotted.
(massive), compact. with dimensions
Hornblende (14.3%) between
appears as 0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7
the commonmm. In most
variety cases,
(green) andhornblende
consists of appears
prismaticpartially
crystalsor totally opacitized.
(idiomorphic Kaolinite and
and hipidiomorphic)
Mineralogical
Color: composition: plagioclase feldspar, hornblende,
grey, dotted. sericite,
with as secondary
dimensions betweenproducts, appearmm.
0.6/2.5–0.1/0.7 in smaller
In mostpercentages in someappears
cases, hornblende plagioclase feldspar
partially crystals,
or totally as well as
opacitized. in the rock’s
Kaolinite and paste,
calcite, pyrite. alongas with microcrystalline
products,pyrite.
appearCalcite was percentages
deposited atin a later
somestage along the microcrystals,
fissures asand contraction
as in the fissures found
Mineralogical
Sustainability composition:
2017, 9, 1925 plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, sericite, secondary in smaller plagioclase feldspar well rock’s paste, 11 of 21
Reaction
calcite, to acids: calcite deposited at a later stage along fissures
pyrite. within
along withthe rock mass. Thepyrite.
microcrystalline microlitic paste
Calcite was (55.2%) is represented
deposited by feldspar
at a later stage andmicro
along the volcanic glass.
fissures and contraction fissures found
reacts to
Reaction strongly with diluted
acids: calcite HCl.at a later stage along fissures
deposited Denomination
within rock:The
the rock mass. Poieni hornblendic
microlitic andesite
paste (55.2%) is represented by feldspar and volcanic glass.
reacts strongly with diluted HCl. Denomination rock: Poieni hornblendic andesite
Table 1. Cont.

Poieni hornblendic andesite Plagioclase phenocryst, zoned and with peripheral alteration
Căzănes, ti Diabase—sample number 13
Căzănești
Poieni Diabase—sample number 13
hornblendic
Sample location:andesite
Căzănes, ti, Drocea Mountains, Plagioclase phenocryst, zoned and with peripheral alteration
Sample Diabase—sample
Căzănești location: Căzănești,number
Drocea13Mountains, Hunedoara
Hunedoara district. Structure: mid-ophytic
Structure: mid-ophytic
district.
Sample location: Căzănești,
Geologic structure: initialDrocea Mountains, Hunedoara
eruptivism Texture:mid-ophytic
Texture:
Structure: unoriented
unoriented(massive),
(massive), compact.
compact.
Geologic
district. structure: initial eruptivism
Rock type: magmatic, effusive, paleovolcanic. Mineralogical
Mineralogical
Texture: unorientedcomposition:
(massive), plagioclase
compact. feldspar, augite,
feldspar, olivine,
augite, calcite,calcite,
olivine, dolomite, pyrite, chlorite,
dolomite, pyrite, serpentine. Basic plagioclase
chlorite, serpentine. Basic plagioclase feldspar
Rock type: magmatic,
Geologic structure: effusive,
initialophitic. paleovolcanic.
eruptivism
Structure: devitrified, feldspar (58.5%),
(58.5%),
Mineralogical initially initially
basic
composition: basic (anortitic),
(anortitic),
plagioclase in the inmajority
feldspar, the majority
augite, of of cases
cases
olivine, partially
partially
calcite, albitized,
albitized,
dolomite, pyrite,is represented
represented
chlorite, bybyidiomorphic
serpentine. idiomorphic
Basic crystals withwith dimensions
crystals
plagioclase
Structure:
Rock type: devitrified,
magmatic, ophitic.
effusive, paleovolcanic.
Texture: unoriented (massive), compact. The rock presents a feldspar dimensions
between (58.5%),between
0.2/0.09 mm
initially0.2/0.09
basic mm and 0.05/0.03
and(anortitic),
0.05/0.03 inmm. mm.plagioclase
The
the majority The
of plagioclase
from from
cases partially the the fundamental
fundamental
albitized, rockmass
rock
is represented mass is completely
completely
by idiomorphic transformed
transformed
crystals with into kaolinite,
Texture:
Structure: unoriented (massive), compact. The rock presents a
system ofdevitrified,
millimeterophitic.
fissures, colmated with carbonates into kaolinite,
calcite
dimensions and calcite
magnesium.
between and magnesium.
0.2/0.09 Augite
mm andand Augite
olivine
0.05/0.03 and
mm. olivine
(22%)
The (22%)ofconsist
consist
plagioclase of allotriomorphic
allotriomorphic
from the fundamental submillimeter
submillimeter
rock crystals,
mass iscrystals,
completely growngrown
intointo
transformed thethe
interstitials between
system
Texture: of millimeter fissures, colmated with carbonates
unoriented (massive), compact. The rock presents a and pyrite.
and pyrite. into interstitials
thekaolinite, between
intersected
calcite the
prismatic
and intersected
magnesium. prismatic
plagioclase
Augite andplagioclase
crystals. Most
olivine crystals.
of
(22%) these
consistMost
mineralsof these
areminerals
transformed
of allotriomorphic are transformed into bastite
into chlorite,
submillimeter crystals, chlorite,
grown bastite
and
into serpentinitic minerals.
the
Color:
system of grey, slightly
millimeter green hue.
fissures, colmated with carbonates and pyrite.
Color: grey,
Mineralogical
slightly green hue.
composition: plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene,
and serpentinitic
Calcite,
interstitials between minerals.
dolomite and
the Calcite,
pyrite
intersected (15%)dolomite
prismatic and pyritecrystals.
haveplagioclase
hydrothermal (15%) have
Mosthydrothermal
origin, with origin,
veryminerals
of these fine arewith very fine
crystallization,
transformed crystallization,
deposited
into deposited
at a bastite
chlorite, later stage on the contraction
Color: grey, slightly
Mineralogical green hue. plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene,
composition: atserpentinitic
a later of
stage on the contraction fissures of the diabasic lava.
carbonates, composition:
pyrite, secondary minerals, dolomitic limestone and fissures theminerals.
diabasic lava. dolomite
Calcite, and pyrite (15%) have hydrothermal origin, with very fine crystallization, deposited
Mineralogical
carbonates, pyrite, secondaryplagioclase feldspar,
minerals, pyroxene,
dolomitic Denomination
enclaves. later stage on rock:
at aDenomination rock:
the Medio-ophitic
Medio-ophitic
contraction diabase,
fissures thepartially
diabase,
of altered
partially
diabasic and mineralized.
lava. altered and mineralized.
carbonates,
limestone pyrite, secondary
enclaves. minerals, dolomitic limestone
Reaction to acids: calcite (CaCO3) reacts strongly with diluted HCl. Denomination rock: Medio-ophitic diabase, partially altered and mineralized.
enclaves.
Reaction to acids: calcite (CaCO3 ) reacts strongly with
ReactionHCl.
diluted to acids: calcite (CaCO3) reacts strongly with diluted HCl.
Diabase with ophitic structure, medium-crystalized and albitised plagioclase (spilitized)

Mid-ophytic diabase partially altered and mineralized Diabase with
Diabase ophitic
with structure,
ophitic medium-crystalized
structure, andand
medium-crystalized albitised plagioclase
albitised (spilitized)
plagioclase (spilitized)
Sustainability diabase
Mid-ophytic 2017, 9, 1925 altered and mineralized
9,partially
1925 12 12 of 21
of 21
Mid-ophytic diabase partially altered and mineralized
Brănis, ca Basalt—proba 14 Structure: semicrystalline,

Structure: semicrystalline, porphyry
porphyry intersertal.
intersertal.
Brănișca Basalt—proba 14 Structure:
Texture:semicrystalline,
Texture: unoriented
unoriented porphyry
(massive),
(massive), intersertal.
compact and and
compact oriented (fluidal),
oriented partially
(fluidal), vacuolar.
partially vacuolar.
Sample location:
Brănișca Basalt—proba 14Branisca, Hunedoara district.
Sample location: Branisca, Hunedoara district. Texture: unoriented
Mineralogical
composition:
composition: compact
neutral and
and andoriented
basic basic (fluidal),
plagioclase
plagioclase partially
feldspar, vacuolar.
olivine,
feldspar, pyroxene,
olivine, opaque minerals,
pyroxene, opaquealteration
minerals,minerals
alteration minerals
Geologic
Sample structure:
location: Mures
Branisca, valley Neogene
Hunedoara district. eruptivism.
Geologic structure: Mures valley Neogene eruptivism. Mineralogical composition: neutral and basic plagioclase feldspar, olivine, pyroxene, opaque minerals, alteration minerals
(sericite, bowlingite).
(sericite, bowlingite).
Rock type:
Geologic magmatic,
structure: Mures effusive
valley (neovolcanic),
Neogene basic.
eruptivism.
Rock type: magmatic, effusive (neovolcanic), basic. (sericite, bowlingite).
Plagioclase
feldspars areare
predominant
predominant (75.3%), represented
(75.3%), by twoby
represented types
twooftypes
crystals; crystal dimensions
of crystals; vary between
crystal dimensions 0.5/0.1
vary mm 0.5/0.1 mm and
between
Structure:
Rock type: hypocrystalline,
magmatic, effusive porphyry intersertal.
(neovolcanic), basic.
Structure: hypocrystalline, porphyry intersertal. Plagioclase
and
0.3/0.04 feldspars
0.3/0.04
mm,mm, are the
while
while predominant
the predominant
predominant (75.3%), represented
microlites
microlites vary
vary bybetween
two types
between of crystals; crystal
0.1/0.03–0.05/0.01 mm.
0.1/0.03–0.05/0.01 dimensions
Basic
mm. vary
plagioclase
Basic betweenappears
(calcic)
plagioclase 0.5/0.1 mm
from
(calcic) appears from fresh to
Texture:
Structure:compact, partially
hypocrystalline, vacuolar,
porphyry unoriented and
intersertal.
Texture: compact, partially vacuolar, unoriented and 0.3/0.04
fresh mm,
to partiallywhile the predominant
or totally replaced bymicrolites
calcite. vary
Olivine between
does 0.1/0.03–0.05/0.01
notexceed
exceed2% 2% from
from allmm.
rockBasic
massplagioclase (calcic)
components. appears
TheTheolivine fromhipidiomorphic and
oriented
Texture: (fluidal).
compact, partially vacuolar, unoriented andand oriented
oriented partially or totally replaced by calcite. Olivine does not all rock mass components. olivine
(fluidal). fresh to partially orand
hipidiomorphic
allotriomorphic totally
crystalsreplaced
allotriomorphic by calcite.
crystalsOlivine
have submillimeter does not exceed
havedimensions,
submillimeter 2% from all
dimensions,
respectively rock mass 0.75/0.35–0.25/0.15
respectively components.
0.75/0.35–0.25/0.15 mm.The Theolivine
mm. The presents
olivine olivine an advanced state
Color: dark grey.
(fluidal).
Color: dark grey. hipidiomorphic
presents and allotriomorphic
an advanced state formationcrystalsalong
of alteration, havewith
submillimeter
formation dimensions,
ofsuch
secondary respectively 0.75/0.35–0.25/0.15
minerals, such as bowlingite mm.
and The olivine
asbestos. Pyroxenes by idiomorphic
Mineralogical
Color: dark grey. composition: plagioclase feldspar, of alteration, along with of secondary minerals, as bowlingite and asbestos. Pyroxenes are represented
Mineralogical
pyroxene,
olivine.
feldspar, pyroxene,
pyroxene, olivine. presents
olivine. and an advanced
are represented
hipidiomorphic state of alteration,
by idiomorphic
crystals, and along with formation
hipidiomorphic
constituting less than 1%offrom
crystals, secondary minerals,
constituting
the total than such
lessminerals as bowlingite
1% from
components. and asbestos.
the total minerals
Pyroxene is Pyroxenes
components.
represented by fresh augite.
Reaction
Reaction
Reaction to to acids:
toacids:
acids: none
none
none of the
of
of the the rock
rockrock components
components
components reacts
reacts with
reacts
with dilute areOpaque
with
dilute
represented
Pyroxene by idiomorphic
is represented
minerals, and augite.
hipidiomorphic
withbysubmillimeter
fresh Opaque crystals, constituting
minerals,
dimensions (0.03–0.04 mm) less than
with submillimeter are also 1% from the
dimensions
found in total minerals
(0.03–0.04
the rockmm)
mass components.
are also found
(paste). in the
Denomination rock: Dark
HCl. Pyroxene is represented
rock mass (paste). by fresh augite.
Denomination rock:Opaque
Dark gray minerals,
basalt,with submillimeter
Branisca type dimensions (0.03–0.04 mm) are also found in the
dilute
HCl. HCl. gray basalt, Branisca type
rock mass (paste). Denomination rock: Dark gray basalt, Branisca type
Dark Grey basalt, Branisca type

Dark Grey
Dark Greybasalt,
basalt,Branisca
Braniscatype
type Idiomorphic
Idiomorphic
Idiomorphic augite,
augite,
augite, non-alteredandand
non-altered
non-altered with
and
with fluidal
with
fluidal rock
fluidal
rock texture
rock texture
texture
Structure:
Structure: semicrystalline
semicrystalline (hipocrystaline),
(hipocrystaline), porphyry
intersertal.
Dobra
Dobra Basalt—sample
Basalt—sample number
number 15 15 Texture:
Texture: compact,
compact, non-oriented.
non-oriented.
Sample
Sample location:
location: Dobra,
Dobra, Hunedoara
Hunedoara district.
district. Mineralogical
composition: basicbasic
andand partially
partially neutral
neutral plagioclase
feldspar, olivine,
olivine, augite,
augite, volcanic
volcanic glass,
glass, opaque
opaque minerals,
minerals,
Geologic
Geologic structure:
structure: Mures
Mures Valley
Valley Neogenic
Neogenic eruptivism
eruptivism (basaltic
(basaltic secondary
secondary minerals.
minerals.
pyroclastics
pyroclastics pyroclastics,
pyroclastics, postpost Sarmatian
Sarmatian age).
age). Plagioclase
feldspars (73.4%)
(73.4%) consist,
consist, according
according to their
to their dimensions,
dimensions, of phenocryst
of phenocryst (0.6/0.2
(0.6/0.2 mm mm
andand 0.4/0.05
0.4/0.05 mm)mm)
andand microlites
microlites
Rock
Rock type:
type: magmatic,
magmatic, effusive
basic. (0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01
(0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01 mm).
mm). Plagioclase
feldspars appear
appear fresh,
fresh, as idiomorphic
as idiomorphic andand hipidiomorphic
crystals, chaotically
chaotically spread
spread
Structure:
intersertal. within
within thethe rock
rock mass.
mass. Olivine
Olivine does
does notnot exceed
exceed 3.5%3.5% of rock
of rock mass
mass andand is represented
is represented by by
thethe varieties
varieties forsterite
forsterite andand fayalite.
fayalite.
Texture:
Texture: unoriented
(massive), compact.
compact. Forsterite,
Forsterite, a magnesian
a magnesian olivine,
olivine, appears
appears fresh,
fresh, as idiomorphic,
as idiomorphic, hipidiomorphic
hipidiomorphic andand xenomorphic
xenomorphic crystals,
crystals, with
with dimensions
dimensions
Color:
Color: dark dark grey.
grey. between
between 1.5/0.8
1.5/0.8 mm mmandand 0.4/0.2
0.4/0.2 mm.mm.TheThe forsterite
forsterite presents
presents conchoidal
conchoidal breakage
breakage andand imperfect
imperfect cleavage.
cleavage. Fayalite,
Fayalite, feriferic
feriferic
Mineralogical
feldspar, olivine,
olivine, olivine, with submillimeter dimensions, appears partially to totally altered
olivine, with submillimeter dimensions, appears partially to totally altered (opacitized). (opacitized).
secondary
secondary minerals.
minerals. Augite
Augite is rarely
is rarely encountered,
encountered, partially
partially altered,
altered, withwith submillimeter
submillimeter dimensions.
dimensions. Opaque
Opaque minerals,
minerals, withwith dimensions
dimensions between
between 0.03–
0.03–
Rock
Rock type:
type: magmatic,
magmatic, effusive
basic. Plagioclase
feldspars areare predominant
predominant (75.3%),
(75.3%), represented
represented by by
twotwo types
types of crystals;
of crystals; crystal
crystal dimensions
dimensions vary
vary between
between 0.5/0.1
0.5/0.1 mm mm
Structure:
intersertal. andand 0.3/0.04
0.3/0.04 mm, mm, while
while thethe predominant
predominant microlites
microlites vary
vary between
between 0.1/0.03–0.05/0.01
0.1/0.03–0.05/0.01 mm. mm. Basic
Basic plagioclase
plagioclase (calcic)
(calcic) appears
appears from
from
Texture:
Texture: compact,
compact, partially
partially vacuolar,
vacuolar, unoriented
unoriented andand oriented
oriented fresh
fresh to partially
to partially or totally
or totally replaced
replaced by by calcite.
calcite. Olivine
Olivine does
does notnot exceed
exceed 2%2%fromfromall all
rockrock mass
mass components.
components. TheThe olivine
olivine
(fluidal).
(fluidal). hipidiomorphic
hipidiomorphic andand allotriomorphic
allotriomorphic crystals
crystals havehave submillimeter
submillimeter dimensions,
dimensions, respectively
respectively 0.75/0.35–0.25/0.15
0.75/0.35–0.25/0.15 mm.mm.TheThe olivine
olivine
Color:
Color: darkdark grey.
grey. presents
presents an an advanced
advanced state
state of alteration,
of alteration, along
along with
with formation
formation of secondary
of secondary minerals,
minerals, such
such as bowlingite
as bowlingite andand asbestos.
asbestos. Pyroxenes
Pyroxenes
Mineralogical
feldspar, pyroxene,
pyroxene, olivine. areare
olivine. represented
represented by by idiomorphic
idiomorphic andand hipidiomorphic
crystals, constituting
constituting lessless
thanthan
1%1%fromfromthethe total
total minerals
minerals components.
components.
Reaction to acids: Pyroxene is represented by by fresh augite. Opaque minerals, with submillimeter dimensions (0.03–0.04 mm)areare also found in the
Reaction
Sustainabilityto acids:
2017, 9,none
none of the
of the
1925 rock
rock components
components reacts
reacts with
with dilute Pyroxene
dilute is represented fresh augite. Opaque minerals, with submillimeter dimensions (0.03–0.04 mm) also found in the 12 of 21
HCl.
HCl. rock
rock mass
mass (paste).
(paste). Denomination
Denomination rock:
rock: Dark
Dark gray
gray basalt,
basalt, Branisca
Branisca typetype
Table 1. Cont.
Dark
Dark Grey
Grey basalt,
basalt, Branisca
Branisca type
Macroscopic
type Analysis Microscopic Analysis
Idiomorphic
Idiomorphic augite,
augite, non-altered
non-altered andand
withwith fluidal
fluidal rockrock texture
texture
Structure:
Structure:
Structure: semicrystalline
semicrystalline
semicrystalline (hipocrystaline),
(hipocrystaline),
(hipocrystaline), porphyry
porphyry porphyry intersertal.
intersertal.
intersertal.
Dobra
Dobra
Dobra Basalt—sample
Basalt—sample
Basalt—sample number
number
number 15
15 15 Texture:
Texture:
Texture: compact,
compact,
compact, non-oriented.
non-oriented.
non-oriented.
Sample
Sample
Sample location:
location:
location: Dobra,
Dobra,
Dobra, Hunedoara
Hunedoara
Hunedoara district.
district.
district. Mineralogical
Mineralogical
composition:
composition: basic basic
basic
andand and
partially partially
partially neutral
neutral neutral plagioclase
plagioclase
feldspar, feldspar,
olivine,
olivine, olivine,
augite,
augite, augite,
volcanic
volcanic volcanic
glass,
glass, opaque
opaque glass, opaque minerals,
minerals,
minerals,
Geologic
Geologic
Geologic structure:
structure:
structure: Mures
Mures
Mures Valley
Valley
Valley Neogenic
Neogenic
Neogenic eruptivism
eruptivism
eruptivism (basaltic
(basaltic secondary
(basaltic secondary
secondary minerals.
minerals.
minerals.
pyroclastics
pyroclastics
pyroclastics pyroclastics,
pyroclastics,
pyroclastics, post
post
post Sarmatian
Sarmatian
Sarmatian age).age).
age). Plagioclase
Plagioclase
feldspars
feldspars (73.4%)(73.4%)
(73.4%)consist,consist,
consist,
according according
according to their
to their to dimensions,
their dimensions,
dimensions, of phenocryst
of phenocryst
of phenocryst (0.6/0.2
(0.6/0.2 mm mm(0.6/0.2
and and mm
0.4/0.05
0.4/0.05 mm)and
mm) 0.4/0.05
andand mm) and microlites
microlites
microlites
Rock
Rock type:
Rock type:
type: magmatic,
magmatic,
magmatic, effusive
effusive
(neovolcanic),
basic.
basic. (0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01
(0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01
(0.1/0.02–0.04/0.01 mm).mm).mm). Plagioclase
Plagioclase
Plagioclase feldspars feldspars
feldspars appear
appear appear
fresh,
fresh, fresh,
as as idiomorphic
idiomorphic
as idiomorphic andand and hipidiomorphic
hipidiomorphic
crystals, crystals,
chaotically
chaotically chaotically spread within the
spread
spread
Structure:
Structure:
hypocrystalline,
porphyry
intersertal.
intersertal. rock
within
within mass.
thetherock Olivine
rock mass.
mass. does not
Olivine
Olivine does exceed
does
notnot 3.5%3.5%
exceed
exceed of3.5%
rock ofmass
of rock rock and
mass
mass andis represented
and
is is represented
represented by
by the
by varieties
thethe varieties
varieties forsterite
forsterite
forsterite andand
and fayalite.
fayalite. Forsterite, a magnesian
fayalite.
Texture:
Texture:
Texture: unoriented
unoriented
(massive),
(massive), compact.
compact.
compact. olivine,
Forsterite, aappears
Forsterite, magnesian fresh,
a magnesian as idiomorphic,
olivine,
olivine, appears
appears hipidiomorphic
fresh,
fresh, as idiomorphic,
as idiomorphic, and xenomorphic
hipidiomorphic
hipidiomorphic andand crystals, with
xenomorphic
xenomorphic dimensions
crystals,
crystals, with
with between 1.5/0.8 mm and
dimensions
dimensions
Color:
Color:
Color: dark
dark
dark grey.
grey.
grey. 0.4/0.2
between
between mm.
1.5/0.8
1.5/0.8 mmThe
mm forsterite
andand 0.4/0.2
0.4/0.2 presents
mm. mm.TheThe conchoidal
forsterite
forsterite presentsbreakage
presents and imperfect
conchoidal
conchoidal breakage
breakage cleavage.
andand Fayalite,
imperfect
imperfect feriferic
cleavage.
cleavage. olivine,
Fayalite,
Fayalite, with submillimeter
feriferic
feriferic
Mineralogical
Mineralogical
composition:
plagioclase
plagioclase feldspar, olivine,
feldspar,
feldspar, olivine,
olivine, dimensions,
olivine,
olivine, with with appears partially
submillimeter
submillimeter dimensions, to totally
dimensions, appears altered
appears partially (opacitized).
partially to totally
to totally altered
altered (opacitized).
(opacitized).
secondary
secondary
secondary minerals.
minerals.
minerals. Augite
Augite
Augite isisrarely
is rarelyrarely encountered,
encountered,
encountered, partially
partially
partially altered, altered,
altered,
withwith with submillimeter
submillimeter
submillimeter dimensions. dimensions.
dimensions. Opaque
Opaque Opaque
minerals,
minerals, withminerals,
with with
dimensions
dimensions dimensions
between
between 0.03–between
0.03–
Reaction
Reaction
Reaction toacids:
acids:
toacids:
to none
none
none of the
of the the rock
rockrock components
components
components reacts
reacts with
reacts
with dilute 0.06
with
dilute 0.03–0.06
0.06
mm,mm,appearmm,inappear
appear in the
the rock in
rock the
massmass rock
and andinmass
in some
some and in some
olivine
olivine olivine crystals.
crystals.
crystals.
HCl.HCl.
dilute
HCl. Denomination
Denomination
rock: Olivinitic
Olivinitic
Olivinitic basalt
basalt
basalt DobraDobra Dobra
TypeTypeType
Olivinic basalt, Dobra type

Olivine phenocryst
Olivine (fayalite), strongly
phenocryst fissured
Olivine phenocryst(fayalite), strongly
(fayalite), fissured
strongly fissured
Table 2. Average values for alkali–ggregates reaction.
Rock Type Sampling Location Sc (mmol/dm3 ) Rc (mmol/dm3 )

Andesite Certej Valea Căpitanului 51 19.4
Andesite Deva Dealul Motor 53.4 21.6
Andesite Cris, cior 53.5 22.7
Andesite Săcărâmb 55.4 23.4
Andesite Albinii (Haneş) 51.3 16.9
Andesite Roşia Poieni 49.3 19.1
Basalt Brănişca 6.5 19
Basalt Dobra 6.3 21
Class Rock and Aggregate Characterization Relative to Sc (mmol/dm3) and Rc (mmol/dm3)
A Unreactive
B Generally unreactive
C Potential significant reactivity
D Harmful
Figure 3. Verification of the of

Figure 3. Verification reaction alkali–ggregates:
the reaction aggregates
alkali–ggregates: aggregates fromfrom
zone Azone A are non-reactive
are non-reactive and and
are recommended for utilization; aggregates from zone B are generally unreactive; aggregates from
are recommended for utilization; aggregates from zone B are generally unreactive; aggregates from
zone C are characterized by a potentially significant reactivity; and aggregates from zone D are
zone C are considered
characterized
harmful.by a potentially significant reactivity; and aggregates from zone D are
considered harmful.
Table 3. Rock and aggregate characterization relative to Sc .
Based on Table
Class 3 and Figure 3, rocks are classified into four classes, from A, as non-reactive
Rock and Aggregate Characterization Relative to Sc (mmol/dm3 ) and Rc (mmol/dm3 )
rocks, to D, as harmful
A rocks. Unreactive
B Generally unreactive
C Potential significant reactivity
3.3. Physical and Resistance
D Properties of Magmatic RocksHarmful
The physical rock state enables a quantitative description as well as an estimate of resistance
Based on Table 3 and Figure 3, rocks are classified into four classes, from A, as non-reactive rocks,
characteristics.
to D, asThis
harmful description
rocks. and estimate was accomplished by determining physical
characteristics, such as specific density, apparent density, apparent porosity, compaction, natural
3.3. Physical and Resistance Properties of Magmatic Rocks
moisture, and water absorption [2,3,17]. The physical and resistance properties were determined
The physical rock state enables a quantitative description as well as an estimate of resistance
according to valid standards, as per recommendation of the International Bureau of Rocks Mechanics
characteristics. This description and estimate was accomplished by determining physical characteristics,
and International Societydensity,
such as specific of Rocks Mechanics.
apparent The measuring
density, apparent of physical
porosity, compaction, and
natural resistance
moisture, and properties
has been made
waterin accordance
absorption [2,3,17].with specific
The physical andprotocols, recommendations
resistance properties were determinedofaccording
the International
to valid Bureau
standards, as per recommendation of the International Bureau of
of Rock Mechanics and International Society of Rock Mechanics (see Tables 4 and 5).Rocks Mechanics and International
Society of Rocks Mechanics. The measuring of physical and resistance properties has been made in
accordance with specific protocols, recommendations of the International Bureau of Rock Mechanics
and International Society of Rock Mechanics (see Tables 4 and 5).
Table 4. Average values of physical characteristics of magmatic rocks from Southern Apuseni Mountains.
Physical Characteristics
Sample
Rock Type Specific Density Apparent Density Porosity n Compaction C Natural Moisture W Water Absorption at
Number
ρ·103 (kg/m3 ) ρa ·103 (kg/m3 ) (%) (%) (%) Normal Pressure, ai (%)
1 Gabbro 2.8887 2.8449 1.5162 98.4837 0.2271 0.4274
2 Diabase 2.7852 2.7499 1.2673 98.7326 0.3922 0.6951
3 Granite 2.6350 2.6195 0.5881 99.4117 0.1463 0.3193
4 Granite 2.6458 2.6240 0.8225 99.1773 0.1227 0.2988
5 Granite 2.6455 2.6254 0.7597 99.2401 0.1488 0.3144
6 Diorite 2.9648 2.9513 0.4564 99.5434 0.1867 0.3625
7 Rhyolite 2.6490 2.5667 3.1042 96.8957 1.9273 2.6834
8 Andesite 2.7712 2.6682 3.7167 96.2831 0.9595 1.6190
9 Andesite 2.7325 2.6129 4.3744 95.6254 1.0867 1.6690
10 Andesite 2.6558 2.6397 0.6061 99.3937 0.7963 1.4089
11 Andesite 2.6515 2.4574 7.3201 92.6797 2.7668 3.4895
12 Andesite 2.6931 2.6734 0.7339 99.2660 0.6404 1.1652
13 Andesite 2.7124 2.6440 2.5229 97.4769 1.1630 1.9805
14 Basalt 2.7289 2.7046 0.8916 99.1082 0.7758 1.2342
15 Basalt 2.7248 2.6994 0.9309 99.0689 0.9018 1.3361
Sampling location of rock sample was: 1, Căzăneşti; 3, Şoimos (F21); 4, Şoimoş (F31); 5, Săvârşin; 6, Şoimoş; 7, Roşia Montană; 8, Certej-Valea Căpitanului; 9, Deva-Dealul Motor; 10,
Brad-Cris, cior; 11, Săcărâmb; 12, Albini-Haneş; 13, Roşia Poieni-Dealul Jgheabului; 14, Brănişca; 15, Dobra.
Table 5. Average values of resistance characteristics of magmatic rocks from Southern Apuseni Mountains.
Resistance Characteristics
ID Rock Type Breaking Resistance at Uniaxial Compression (MPa) Abrasion of Shattering Caused by Freezing–Thawing Resistance
Aggregate by Los Compression in Dry
Dry State After 25 Cycles Freezing–Thawing Gelivity Coefficient (%) Freezing Sensitivity (%)
Angeles Machine (%) State (%)
1 Gabbro 150.173 124.644 12.204 95.083 0.022 16.942
2 Diabase 161.117 129.017 15.815 93.760 0.033 19.882
3 Granite 172.189 158.055 11.15 95.855 0.005 8.142
4 Granite 212.220 192.615 11.820 96.226 0.008 9.154
5 Granite 168.488 156.272 10.161 95.799 0.011 7.237
6 Diorite 183.860 171.727 10.44 94.936 0.015 6.608
7 Rhyolite 122.997 85.731 23.907 88.797 0.110 29.919
8 Andesite 110.194 91.039 12.753 88.540 0.136 17.383
9 Andesite 131.934 105.181 16.877 90.078 0.255 20.234
10 Andesite 143.538 125.297 16.369 92.016 0.127 12.715
11 Andesite 123.674 94.235 20.052 85.367 0.270 23.819
12 Andesite 142.404 122.420 11.138 92.492 0.113 13.997
13 Andesite 129.632 103.753 15.4 91.694 0.130 19.949
14 Basalt 170.839 157.856 13.724 95.951 0.057 7.619
15 Basalt 179.586 166.613 14.825 93.111 0.075 7.187
Sampling location of rock sample was: 1, Căzăneşti; 3, Şoimos (F21); 4, Şoimoş (F31); 5, Săvârşin; 6, Şoimoş; 7, Roşia Montană; 8, Certej-Valea Căpitanului; 9, Deva-Dealul Motor; 10,
Brad-Cris, cior; 11, Săcărâmb; 12, Albini-Haneş; 13, Roşia Poieni-Dealul Jgheabului; 14, Brănişca; 15, Dobra.
3.4. Admissibility Condition of Rocks Based on Provenance

Rocks used for road construction should have homogeneity of their mineralogical and
petrographic structure and composition, without any traces of physical or chemical alteration.
Pyrite, limonite or soluble salts must not be present in the rock mass; the presence of microcrystalline
or amorphous silica is also undesirable, as it can react with alkali from cements [18]. Additionally,
it is not recommended to use aggregates from altered, soft, friable, porous and vacuolar rocks,
with a granular content exceeding 10% in broken rocks or 5% in chippings. Based on the main
physical–mechanical characteristics, the rocks employed for natural rock products are classified into
five classes of admissibility, as described in Table 6.
Table 6. Admissibility conditions of rocks for railroad and road construction.
Rock Class 1
Characteristics A B C D E Lab. Method
Admissibility Conditions
Apparent porosity at normal pressure, %, max. 1 3 5 8 10 STAS 6200/13
Compression resistance in dry state, MPa, min. 160 140 120 100 80 STAS 6200/5
Abrasion by Los Angeles machine, %, max. 16 18 22 25 30 STAS 730
Shattering caused by compression in dry state, %, min. 70 67 65 60 50 STAS 730
Freezing–thawing Gelivity coefficient (µ25 ), %, max. 3
STAS 730
resistance: Freezing sensitivity (ηd25 ), %, max. 25
1 According to SR 667/2001.
Shattering caused by compression in dry state and abrasion by Los Angeles machine are
determined on broken rock, sort 40–63. Rocks that do not fulfill the freezing–thawing resistance
cannot be used for road construction [18].
4. Assessment Methodology of Rocks

For qualitative assessment of igneous rocks such as granites, rhyolites, diorites, andesites, gabbro,
diabases and basalts for use in the form of aggregates, coarse stone or ornamental works, the developed
and applied methodology in this case is based on the principle of assessing the conformity and the level
of safety considering the requirements of the standards. The aim of conformity assessment was first to
verify if the general and specific requirements of rocks used as building materials are in compliance.
Conformity analysis is often used in the field of occupational health and safety [19–21]; the proposed
method is practically based on definition of conformity encountered in the field of safety, so we
established a mathematical model for rock assessment that considers their imposed requirements.
The proposed method consists in achieving a sheet or a set of individual sheets for each rock
analyzed; the sheets include the properties according to the general and specific requirements that the
rocks must satisfy to be used in construction. Every characteristic of rock was considered a quantitative
assessment indicator and noted by granting certain points. The grading system used in this method,
namely the assessment of each characteristic, was performed as follows: 5 points, if the requirement
described by indicator is totally satisfied; 4 points, if the requirement described by indicator is
partly satisfied, maximum 75%; 3 points if the requirement described by indicator is partly satisfied,
percentage of 50–75%; 2 points if the requirement described by indicator is partly satisfied, percentage
of 25–50%; 1 point if the requirement described by indicator is unsatisfied (less than 25%); and not
applicable, if the requirement described by indicator is totally unsatisfied.
Each characteristic regarded as an indicator has an associated weighting coefficient with value
of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 according to the requirement importance and the class in which the rocks were
classified relative to the requirements or conditions of admissibility (Table 6). After assessment of
all characteristics (indicators from sheets), the following were determined: conformity level (NC),
safety level (NS) and unconformity degree (GC) according to the obtained points (PO) and maximum
points (PM) (see Table 7).
Table 7. Proposed methodology for assessing the conformity of rocks and the safety level.
Rock Class
Rock Type
A B C D E Points Rated
N◦ Indicator (Characteristic of Rock)
Points Rating
Gabbro
5 4 3 2 1
1 Apparent porosity at normal pressure, % 1.516 x 4
2 Compression resistance in dry state, N/mm2 150.173 x 4
3 Abrasion by Los Angeles machine, % 12.204 x 5
4 Shattering caused by compression in dry state, % 77.326 x 5
5 Gelivity coefficient, % 0.022 x 5
6 Freezing sensitivity, % 16.942 x 4
Total points assigned to the indicators rated 5 A 15
Total points assigned to the indicators rated 4 B 12
Total points assigned to the indicators rated 3 C 0
Total points assigned to the indicators rated 2 D 0
Total points assigned to the indicators rated 1 E 0
Number of applicable indicators with percentage 5 f 3
Number of applicable indicators with percentage 4 g 3
Number of applicable indicators with percentage 3 h 0
Number of applicable indicators with percentage 2 i 0
Number of applicable indicators with percentage 1 j 0
Obtained Points: PO = A + B + C + D + E PO 27
Maximum Points: PM = 5 (f + g + h + i + j) PM 30
PO
Conformity Level, % NC = ·100 NC 90.00
PM
Obtained Points: PO’ = 5A + 4B + 3C + 2D + E PO’ 123
Maximum Points: PM’ = 5 (5f + 4g + 3h + 2i + j) PM’ 140
PO0
Safety Level % NS = · 100 NS 87.8571
PM0
Unconformity Degree % GC 10.00
The information obtained by this method refers to the non-conformities according to the conditions
imposed by standards, which are not totally satisfied; and the conformity level according to the
conditions that the rocks must satisfy and the safety level of rocks used in construction. Depending on
NS and NC, the correspondence as against allowable criteria is presented in Tables 8 and 9.
Table 8. Correspondence between safety criterion NS and rocks’ admissibility in construction.
Level of Safety (%) Risk of Use the Rock

91–100 (very high) Very low risk
81–90 (high) Low risk
61–80 (medium) Medium risk
40–60 (low) High risk
<40 (very low) Very high risk
Table 9. Classification of rocks according to NC.
Conformity Level, NC (%) Unconformity Degree (%)

80–100 (very high) Very low
60–80 (high) Low
40–60 (medium) Medium
20–40 (low) High
<20 (very low) Very high
5. Results and Discussion

For each type of rock considered in the study, the following have been analyzed: structure,
mineralogical–petrographical composition, chemical composition and alkali–aggregates reaction.
In addition, laboratory tests to establish the values of physical and mechanical characteristics of the
15 analyzed rock samples were carried out. The experimental data interpretation has lead to the
following findings (Tables 1–5):
• Gabbro is homogenous rock from the perspective of structure and mineralogical–petrographical

composition, without visible traces of physical and chemical degradation; apparent density of
2.844 × 103 kg/m3 ; value of porosity (1.516%) leading to rock classification as “less porous”;
a small difference between specific density and apparent density lead to significant compaction
of the rock, with an average of 98.483%; water absorption is directly influenced by porosity
an average of 0.427% leading to the classification of the rock as “least absorbent”; from the
perspective of resistance to breakage due to monoaxial compression, the rock is classified as
having “high resistance”.
• Diabase is homogenous rock from the perspective of structure and mineralogical–petrographical
composition, without visible traces of alteration, despite a system of millimeter fissures colmated
with carbonates; volumetric density of 2.7823–2.7876 g/cm3 , with an average of 2.749 g/cm3 ,
leading to rock classification as “heavy”; 1.267% porosity, leading to rock classification as
“least porous”; compaction of 98.732%; water absorption of 0.69%, leading to the classification of
the rock as “least absorbent”; from the perspective of resistance to breakage due to monoaxial
compression, the rock is classified as being “resistant”.
• Granite is homogenous rock from the perspective of structure and mineralogical–petrographical
composition, without visible traces of alteration; volumetric density of the three granite types are
2.619–2.625 g/cm3 , leading to rock classification as “heavy”; porosity of 0.58–0.82% leading to rock
classification as “less porous”; water absorption from 0.29% to 0.31%, leading to the classification
of the rock as “less absorbent”; compaction from 99.17% to 99.41% is regarded as high; mechanical
resistance is considered very high.
• Diorite is homogenous rock from the point of view of structure and mineralogical–petrographical
composition, without visible traces of alteration; volumetric density of 2.95 g/cm3 , leading to
rock classification as “heavy”; porosity of 0.45% leading to rock classification as “less porous”;
rock resistance is considered high.
• Rhyolite has various alteration states; following alteration, the volumetric density is relatively
low, however the rock is still classified as “heavy”; porosity is high, as a result of the differences
between the values of volumetric density and apparent density; water absorption leading to
the rock classification as “less absorbent”; porosity influences the compaction, which is 96.89%;
mechanical resistance is considered low.
• There are six types of andesites, with the following properties: various alteration states, from
incipient to advanced; based on the alteration states, the volumetric density varies accordingly
between 2.45–2.67 g/cm3 ; alteration affects porosity, which presents different values; under the
influence of alteration phenomenon, compaction presents values of 95.62–99.26%; rock moisture
varies between 0.64–2.76%; monoaxial compressive strength is 110.19–143.53 MPa.
• There are two types of basalts characterized as follows: no alteration visible, leading to
a homogenous structure; volumetric density of 2.69–2.70 g/cm3 ; relatively low porosity,
0.89–0.93%; reduced absorption, at 1.23–1.33%; water saturation is 0.62–0.67 leading to rock
classification as “moist”; based on their mechanical resistance, these are considered “very hard
rocks”; based on deformation property, the rock presents an elastic behavior. For each of the
15 types of rocks analyzed, applying the methodology proposed the conformity level, safety level
and unconformity degree were determined. The results are given in Table 10.
Table 10. Summary of results obtained concerning the assessment of analyzed rocks.
Conformity Obtained Maximum Safety Unconformity

Type of Rock
Level Points Points Level Degree
Gabbro (Căzăneşti) 90.00 123 140 87.8571 10.00
Granit (F31) 83.3333 125 150 83.3333 16.6667
Diabaz (Căzăneşti) 93.3333 132 140 94.2857 6.6667
Granit (F21) 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333
Granit (Săvârşin) 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333
Diorite 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333
Rhyolite (Roşia Montană) 56.6667 53 150 35.3333 43.3333
Andesite (Certej) 80.00 100 150 66.6667 20.00
Andesite (Deva) 60.00 58 150 38.6667 40.00
Andesite (Brad) 86.6667 116 150 77.3333 13.3333
Andesite (Săcărâmb) 46.6667 38 150 25.3333 53.3333
Andesite (Haneş) 90.00 125 150 83.3333 10.00
Andesite (Roşia Poieni) 76.6667 95 150 63.3333 23.3333
Basalt (Brănişca) 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333
Basalt (Dobra) 96.6667 141 150 94.00 3.3333
The conditions of admissibility of origin rocks and the values obtained for each type of rock are
given in Table 11. Determining the shattering resistance was achieved by compression in dry state,
and the abrasion by Los Angeles machine, on broken rock, size class 40–63.
Table 11. Comparison between admissibility conditions and results obtained.
Compression Shattering Freezing–Thawing Resistance

Apparent Porosity Abrasion by Los Caused by
Rock Resistance in Dry Gelivity Freezing
Rock Type at Normal Pressure Angeles Machine Compression in
Class State (min.), Coefficient (max.) Sensitivity (max.)
(max.) (%) (max.) (%) Dry State (min.)
(N/mm2 ) (%) (%)
(%)
Gabbro B 1.516 150.17 12.204 77.326 0.022 16.942
Granite A 0.588 172.189 11.150 76.888 0.005 8.142
Diabase B 1.267 161.117 15.815 75.338 0.033 19.882
Granite A 0.822 212.220 11.820 78.176 0.008 9.154
Granite A 0.754 168.488 10.161 75.530 0.011 7.237
Diorite A 0.456 183.860 10.440 78.873 0.015 6.608
Rhyolite D 3.104 122.997 23.907 64.321 0.110 29.919
Andesite C 3.716 110.194 12.753 70.521 0.136 17.383
Andesite C 4.374 131.934 16.877 62.162 0.255 20.234
Andesite B 0.606 143.538 16.369 72.014 0.127 12.715
Andesite D 7.320 123.674 20.052 66.261 0.270 23.819
Andesite A 0.733 142.404 11.138 72.615 0.113 13.997
Andesite B 2.522 129.632 15.400 69.354 0.130 19.949
Basalt A 0.891 170.839 13.724 74.061 0.057 7.619
Basalt A 0.930 179.586 14.825 72.885 0.075 7.187
6. Conclusions
The observations made on rocks collected from South Westerners Apuseni Mountains, Romania
(for use in construction) and literature review performed allowed their classification as magmatic rocks
associated to the Alpine orogeny. Generally, plutonic rocks presented reduced natural moisture content
and low porosity. On prolonged contact with water, until saturation state, they have not lost cohesion.
The proposed method has been designed to facilitate the assessment and verification of the criteria
to which the rocks should comply to be used as building materials, given the admissibility conditions
imposed by standards.
Applying this evaluation system allows determining the specific parameters of the rock quality
requirements, namely the conformity and unconformity degrees, and more specifically the safety
level that these rocks can provide if they are used in the construction field, either as aggregates or
as construction materials. The proposed method represents an appropriate tool for assessment and
verification of the requirements regarding the quality of rocks used in construction. Concerning the
proposed classification relating to the correlation between safety criterion and the risk of rock use and
their admissibility in construction, the obtained results show that, from the analyzed types of rocks,
more than 80% of them fall into the class of rocks with high and very high safety level, which means
that the risk of use is very low to low, and, in some cases, even nil, which means high and very high
conformity level.
Relative to the imposed conditions of admissibility, provenience rocks were classified into four
classes, ranging from A to D, as follows: granite, diorite, basalt and a part of andesite rocks type
fall in class A, as high safety degree rocks being very good for constructions; diabases and large
part of andesites are included in class B, with a high level of safety and conformity; andesites from
Deva–Certej area are included in class C, with a medium level of safety and conformity; and Săcărâmb
andesite and Roşia Montană rhyolite have been identified in class D from the viewpoint of conformity
and safety level.
Author Contributions: Mihaela Toderaº conducted the systematic sampling and measurement campaign and
wrote the paper. Roland Iosif Moraru supported the conception of the review, analyzed the data, revised the
review results, supported the interpretation of the results. Ciprian Danciu developed and applied the methodology
for assessing the conformity of rocks and the safety level, Grigore Buia performed the mineralogical and
petrographical characterization of analyzed igneous rocks and Lucian—Ionel Cioca supported the conception of
the review and revised the review results and drawn conclusions.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding sponsors had no role in the design of
the study, in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision
to publish the results.
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© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
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Received: 27 September 2017; Accepted: 17 October 2017; Published: 24 October 2017

Keywords: igneous rock; aggregate; physical–mechanical characteristics; exploitation; conformity;

Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925; doi:10.3390/su9101925 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

2. Geology of Southern Apuseni Mountains

which cancan 2017,

3.1. Mineralogical and Petrographical Characterization of Igneous Rocks Analyzed

3.2. Chemical Composition of Magmatic Rocks Analyzed

where Rc represents the reduction of the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution,

Table 1. Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of magmatic rocks types analyzed.

Sustainability 2017, 9, 1925 10 of 21

Andesite with hornblende, partially altered Plagioclase

Macroscopic Analysis Microscopic Analysis

Diabase with ophitic structure, medium-crystalized and albitised plagioclase (spilitized)

Brănis, ca Basalt—proba 14 Structure: semicrystalline,

Dark Grey basalt, Branisca type

Olivinic basalt, Dobra type

Table 2. Average values for alkali–ggregates reaction.

Rock Type Sampling Location Sc (mmol/dm3 ) Rc (mmol/dm3 )

Figure 3. Verification of the of

3.4. Admissibility Condition of Rocks Based on Provenance

Table 6. Admissibility conditions of rocks for railroad and road construction.

4. Assessment Methodology of Rocks

Table 8. Correspondence between safety criterion NS and rocks’ admissibility in construction.

Level of Safety (%) Risk of Use the Rock

Table 9. Classification of rocks according to NC.

Conformity Level, NC (%) Unconformity Degree (%)

5. Results and Discussion

• Gabbro is homogenous rock from the perspective of structure and mineralogical–petrographical

Conformity Obtained Maximum Safety Unconformity

Table 11. Comparison between admissibility conditions and results obtained.

Compression Shattering Freezing–Thawing Resistance

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