Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presentation Group 9
Presentation Group 9
Presentation Group 9
09
I. Introduction
II. Building construction materials
III. Site Analysis
IV. Foundation
V. Walls and other Structural Elements
VI. Staircases and Elevators
VII. Doors and Windows
VIII. Defects and Degradations
IX. Site problems
X. Safety measures
XI. Temporary Structures
Sky city residences
Location :
A Few Facts :
Site is a place that building being built.
In a construction site;
A Project manager normally manages the job, and a
construction manager, design engineer, construction
engineer or project architect supervises it.
Cement
Bricks
Aggregate
Concrete
Stone
Timber
Metals
Stones used in this site for:
For example;
Cement : Fine aggregate : Coarse aggregate = 1:3:5
(Used in making Grade 30 Concrete)
M10 PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) e.g. Levelling course, bedding for footing, concrete roads etc.
Ordinary M15
M20
Above
PCC e.g. Levelling course, bedding for footing, concrete roads etc.
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footing etc. (for mild exposure)
M25 RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) e.g. Slabs, beams, columns, footing etc.
M40 RCC e.g. Pre-stressed concrete, slabs, beams, columns, footing etc.
Standard
M45 RCC e.g. Runways, Concrete Roads (PQC), Prestressed Concrete Girders,beams, RCC Columns
M50
Basement
RCC e.g. Runways, Concrete Roads (PQC), Prestressed Concrete Girders,beams, RCC Columns
RCC work where compressive strength is required such as high rise building, long span bridges,
ultra-thin white topping etc and constructions in aggressive e.g. Spilways of dams coastal
High Strength M60-M80 construction
Itis the oldest building material used in
construction. They are regular in shape. Most
of the bricks are made of clay.
For this construction they have used clay
bricks from Dankottuwa.
Used for :-
• In masonry work, plastering etc.
• In various construction like beams, slabs,
columns, flooring, and foundations.
To prepare cement mixture (mortar)
To prepare cement concrete
Use in making joints for drains, pipes
Normal cement (OPC)
This was used in this
construction
(Marine Cement)
Makingscaffolding,
formworks in concrete works.
At first they suck the under water out then they did pilling
for about 72 feet…
Soil test was done and got the approval from Colombo
municipal council and Urban development authority
Pile foundation
Advantages
Corrosion resistance
Can be easily combined with
a concrete superstructure
Disadvantages
Difficult to achieve proper
cutoff
Difficult to transport
Drawings of pile foundation
Layout of
piles
Drawn by a structural engineer
Compressive
strength
Check
Weak
soil
Bearing
Stratum
Transmit most of their loads
to the load bearing layer
(dense sand or rock). Most of
the pile capacity inferred
from the end bearing point.
Structural elements may include external and
internal load-bearing brick or masonry walls, mud
walls or timber-framed walls;
Column sizes
differs from
ground floor to
upper floors
When we go floor by floor we can see that size
of the columns and reinforcements have been
changed. Because the forces which affect to a
columns decrease when go up.
Doubly
reinforced
beams
Check
Overhanging beam used in
the construction of balcony.
Lintel is a short beam with its ends built into a wall.
It is a horizontal structural member placed over
small openings of the wall for door, window,
ventilator, etc.
Reinforced
cement concrete
Lintel
In this construction walls were made out of clay
bricks in order to achieve more strength and
thermal comfort
Main walls :-
To act as a thermal barrier
To strengthen the structure
These walls may transfer the
loads coming from above
beams or slabs and wind loads
1:5
cement, sand ratio was considered in
making cement mortar for wall construction
Locations of
walls in floor
plan
Here they used cement bricks to build outer
walls
Staircases starts from ground floor to
uppermost slab
3 Elevators
1. Medium of travel which
connects two consecutive
floors.
2. Easy and quick access to
different floors with comfort
and safety.
3. These are reinforced concrete
staircases.
4. Dog-legged type stairs
Top View of Staircases
3x7 5x8
But the main door of the building will be
as rolling steel shutter door.
3. Architectural issues
5. Weather problems
7. Accidents
During the foundation work. Pilling caused big
vibration so they got lots of complaints from the
neighbor houses.
According to that,
69% land space should be open in that land.
So they were not able to make the building plan
so close to the boundary
Caused by lots of construction activities
Steel :- Cutting
1. Locations of extinguishers in
their area and How to use
• Scaffolding
• Formwork
• Store
• Bar bending yard
• Site Office
• Toilets
• Kitchen
• Water tank
Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to
support people and material in the
construction of buildings.
Formwork
Formwork is a temporary mould into which
concrete is poured. In the context of concrete
construction, the formwork supports the shuttering
moulds.
They usually
take 21 days to
complete the
work of one floor
Group Members:
Siraj K.M. Special thanks to,
Sasitharan K. Dr. Rangika Umesh Halwathura
Shehara P.L.A.I. Mr. Vanojithan Raseetharan (Project manager Skycity res.)
Silva K.K.
Sivathas T.
Srimanga D.V.
Suloshini S.
Suthakaran T.
Tharshigan T.
Thejonayanan A.
Thennakoon T.M.C.P.K.
Thuvaragan S.
Vidanapathirana L.P.