Professional Documents
Culture Documents
U3 Cad PDF
U3 Cad PDF
Of Building Structures
Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
Building Structures
Modeling and Analysis Concepts
A. VIJAY
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
Overall Design Process
• Conception
• Modeling
• Analysis
• Design Integrated
• Detailing Design
• Drafting Process
• Costing
Building Structure
Floor Diaphragm
Frame and Shear Walls
Lateral Load Resisting System Floor Slab System
Gravity Load Resisting System
Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
The Simplified Structural System
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Displacements
Loads
Strains
Vibrations
Stress
Settlements pv
Stress Resultants
Thermal Changes
xx yy zz
+ + + pvx = 0
x y z
pv
Real Structure is governed by “Partial
Differential Equations” of various order
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Displacements
Loads
Strains
Vibrations
Stress
Settlements pv
Stress Resultants
Thermal Changes
Structural
Model
pv
Equilibrium
Actual Structure Structural Model
xx yy zz
x
+
y
+
z
+ pvx = 0
Stress-Strain Law
Kr = R
Compatibility “Algebraic
“Partial Differential
Equations”
Equations” _ _ _
t
dV = p u dV + p u ds
v
t
v
t
s
K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) R = Loads
D K
F
F=KD
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
The Structural System
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
pv
Discretize Model in FE
Solve FE Model
Engineer
( Orthogonal dimensions)
Z
H, B much less than L
Regular Solid
Beam Element
X
( T small compared to Lengths )
Y Solid Element
Plate/ Shell
Brick Elements
Rz Dz
Dx Dx
Ry
Dy Dy Dy
Rz
Dx Rz Rx Dz Dx Rx
Rz
Ry ?
Ry ?
Dy Dy
Dy
Rz Dz Dx Rx
Dx Rx
Rz
Plate Shell
Membrane
Dy
Dz Dx
Solid/ Brick
2D Frame
Plain-Strain
Assumptions x
1 unit
x2
x1
x3
3D Problem
2D Problem x
• Use 6 to 20 node
elements
• Elastic Supports
• Spring to represent soil
• Using Modulus of Sub-grade reaction
Truss
OK OK Dz OK OK OK
Plate
Rx, Rz OK Rx, Rz OK OK Rx, Rz
• Non-linear Analysis
– P-Delta Analysis
– Buckling Analysis
– Static Pushover Analysis
– Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
– Large Displacement Analysis
• Dynamic Analysis
– Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
– Response Spectrum Analysis
– Steady State Dynamic Analysis
• Static Excitation
– When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
– When the Load can be assumed to be applied “Slowly”
• Dynamic Excitation
– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
– When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant
• Elastic Material
– Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to initial
state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
• Inelastic Material
– Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and may not
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation
• Linearity
– The response is directly proportional to excitation
– (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
• Non-Linearity
– The response is not directly proportional to excitation
– (deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
• Non-linear response may be produced by:
– Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
– Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
– Both
Action
Action
Deformation Deformation
Action
Action
Nonlinear-Elastic Nonlinear-Inelastic
Deformation Deformation
Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
Continuum Vs Structure
• Bar Structures
• 2D/3D Trusses
• 2D/3D Frames, Grids
• Surface Structures
• Plate, Shell
• In-Plane, Plane Stress
• Solid Structures
Regular Solid
(3D)
y
Plate/Shell (2D) z
x z x Beam (1D)
t<<(x,z)
b h
L>>(b,h)
h
t
z
x L
b
Plate Element
Slab Load
Area Shell Element Soil Support
Wind Load
Panel/ Plane
Seismic Load
Volume Solid Element Soil Support
Liquid Load
Vol.
– Complexity of Load
– Complexity of Medium Area
Line
Area
Volume
Boundary
2 2
1 1
+V2 +M2
+P +T
2 2
3 3
+V3 +M3
+V3 3 +M3 3
+P +T
+V2 +M2
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Shell Element
General
•Total DOF per Node = 6 (or 5)
•Total Displacements per Node = 3
U3, R3 U3, R3
•Total Rotations per Node = 3
U2, R2 U2, R2
•Used for curved surfaces
Node 3 Node 4
U1, R1
U1, R1
Application 3 2
U3, R3
•For Modeling surface elements carrying 1
U1, R1 U1, R1
Building Specific Application
•May be used for modeling of general slabs Shell
systems. But not used generally
General
•Total DOF per Node = 3
•Total Displacements per Node = 1
•Total Rotations per Node = 2 U3 U3
•Plates are for flat surfaces Node 3
R2
Node 4
R2
R1 R1
Application 3 2
U3 U3
out of plane loads R2 R2
Node 1 Node 2
R1 R1
Building Specific Application
•For representing floor slabs for Vertical Plate
Load Analysis
•Model slabs
General
•Total DOF per Node = 3 (or 2)
•Total Displacements per Node = 2 R3
U2 U2
•Total Rotations per Node = 1 (or 0) Node 3 Node 4
1
Application R3 R3
•For Modeling surface elements carrying Node 1
U2
Node 2
U2
in-plane loads U1 U1
“Zipper”
• Architecture
Engineering
Services
Building
• Building Services
Se d
e
on t an
Co dgem ering
ns
Ar
• Construction Eng.
mm en
ch
ing
Ju gine
ite
eer
c
So in
tur
•
En
Value Eng. ftw
are Eng
e
En s
gin stem
• Aesthetics ee
rin
g
Sy
• Ergonomics Eng.
Structural
• Structural Eng. Construction
Engineering System Selection Artificial Intelligence
• Knowledge Eng.
• Economics eeri
ng Ec
on
gin om
En
• Artificial Intelligence e ics
s
lu
Va
etic
Kno ineeri
Eng
Engineering
sth
•
Eng omics
System Eng.
ring
wle ng
Structural
Ae
dge
inee
•
n
Common Sense
Ergo
m n p
Value of
an Option
Vl = Ai Si Bij Sij Cijkl Sijk
i =1 j =1 k =1
System – 1
System – l Cijkl Sijkl Cijnl Sijpl Cinkl Sinkl Cinnl Sinpl Smnpl
System - q
Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
Gravity Load Resisting Systems
Purpose
“ To Transfer Gravity Loads Applied at the Floor Levels
down to the Foundation Level”
B
Slab T = 200 mm
Beam Width, B = 300 mm
Beam Depth, D
a) 300 mm
b) 500 mm
c) 1000 mm
Middle Strip
Design Strip
Column Strip
Middle Strip
Design Strip
Design Strip
½ Middle Strip L2
Column Strip
½ Middle Strip
L2
Drop Panels
Longitudinal Beams
Transverse Beams
L1
Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
Lateral Load Bearing Systems
Purpose
“ To Transfer Lateral Loads Applied at any location in the
structure down to the Foundation Level”
• Single System
• Moment Resisting Frames
• Braced Frames
• Shear Walls
• Tubular Systems
• Dual System
• Shear Wall - Frames
• Tube + Frame + Shear Wall
Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
Modeling for Lateral Loads
1. 2D Frame Models
– Convert building in to several 2D frames in each direction
– Suitable for symmetrical loads and geometry
2. 3D Frame Model
– Make a 3D frame model of entire building structure
– Can be “open floor” model or “braced floor” model
3. Full 3D Finite Element Model
– A full 3D Finite Element Model using plate and beam elements
4. Rigid Diaphragm Model
– A special model suitable for buildings that uses the concept of Rigid
Floor Diaphragm
2. Select and
isolate Typical
2D Structure
4. Obtain results
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Using Linked Frames
F1
Linked Elements
Shear Wall F2
F3
Modeling
Plan
F1 F2 F3
Diaphragm
– Link Frames in 2D
– Master DOF in 3D
– Use Approximately
Building d.o.f.’s
Y
F1 , 1
UL
rq UL3
rY
X UL2
rx
F3 , 3
UL1
F3 , 2
F2 , 1
(In ETABS)
Beam 2
Girder B
a) Floor Plan
Example showing how beams are automatically divided (meshed) where they
support other beams for the ETABS analysis model
Girder A Girder A
Beam 2
Beam 2
Beam 1
Beam 3
Beam 1
Beam 3
Girder B Girder B
a) Floor Plan b) ETABS Imaginary Beams Shown Dashed c) ETABS Automatic Floor Meshing
Example of ETABS
automatically generated mesh
for floor-type area objects
– This makes the automatic meshing for the analysis model cleaner,
faster and more predictable
C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3
C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2
d) e) f)
C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3
C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2
g) h) i)
4
Edge 1 Edge 1
e
r
Edg
Edg
model
2
e
e
Edge 3 Edge 3
Edg
Edg
4 4
3 3
– ETABS normalizes the coordinates of a) Quadrilateral Element b) The r and s Axes
– It is a perfectly valid assumption if the c) Corner Point r-s Coordinates d) Point Load, P
Edge 4
Edge 2
Edge 4
Edge 2
is lost, that is, it is c) Loading on Edges 2 and 4
Edge 1 Edge 1
a) Rectangular Interior Element b) Distribution of Uniform Load
of Meshed Floor
If the supporting x1 x2 P P * x1
member at the end point x1 + x2
Edge 3
of an imaginary beam is
itself imaginary, then the Direction of deck span Edge 4 Edge 2
c) Loading on Edge 2
x1 x2
load from the imaginary Edge 4
Edge 2
Point load, P
beam tributary to that P * x2
P * x2 P * x1 x1 + x2
end point is lost, that is,
x1 + x2 x1 + x2
it is ignored by ETABS Edge 1
a) Rectangular Interior Element b) Distribution of Point Load d) Loading on Edge 4
of Meshed Floor
– The series of point loads is then converted back to a line load on the
surrounding beams
– An area load that does not cover the entire element is also transformed in
a similar fashion to that for a point load using a numerical integration
technique.
Uniform load
2
Midpoint
4
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Direction of deck span Midpoint
2
P2 P2 Line 2
4
4
Edge
Edge
3 3
Edge Edge
Edge
Edge
2
P1 P1
4
Edge
Edge
Line 1
Edge
Edge
Edge 1 Edge 1
Edge 1 Edge 1
a) General Interior Element of b)
d) e) Transformation of Uniform Load f) Loading on Edge 1
Meshed Floor Deck
Beam 2b
Beam 2b
D E F
elements with real beams on all sides
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
Edge of deck is at A B C
center of spandrel
beam, typical in this
example
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
Imaginary
Beam 6
edge of deck E
D
with cantilever beams extending to Beam 3a Beam 3b Beam 3a
Beam 3b
edge of deck
Imaginary Beam 5
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 1a
A B C
No beam at
edge of deck
Beam 4a Beam 4b
am 8
ary Be
Imagin
ImaginaryBeam 6
am 7
ary Be
Imagin
Beam 2b
No beam at
D E
Beam 1b
Beam 1b
Beam 2b
edge of deck
Imaginary Beam 5
Beam 1a
Beam 1a
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
A B C
No beam at
edge of deck
D
am 8
ary Be E2
Example of exterior Imagin
ImaginaryBeam 6
am 7
meshed elements Imaginary Be
with cantilever
Beam 2b
E1
Beam 1b
beams extending to D
edge of a skewed Beam 3a Beam 3b
deck
c) Condition at Skewed Deck
Edge (Areas D and E)
Edge of deck
D E
Beam 1 Beam 1
Column 1 Column 1
Beam 2
Beam 2
A B C
Beam 2b
Beam 2b
Beam 3b
D E F J
Beam 3a
Beam 2a
Beam 2a
K
A B C
0.6 klf
0.2 klf
2'
Beam 1
1.5k 1.5k
2'
1 1
g) Real beam on one side h) Real beams on two i) Real beam on one side Tributary areas for various
plus one vertical adjacent sides plus plus two vertical
support element at one vertical support support elements at conditions of a membrane slab
corner point element at corner point corner points
4 3 3
4 Analysis
Modeling, 3
3 and Design of Buildings Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties
3 3 Example of load distribution on a
membrane slab
3 3
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1
1 1
a) Full uniform load b) Partial uniform load
transformation transformation
3 3
3 3
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1
1 1
c) Line load transformation d) Point load transformation
6.0
6.0
3
2.8
2
2.8
1
2.8
1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
2.0
6 5 4 3 2 1
Section
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings Er.vijaystr@gmail.com
AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
35 Story Office Building
5
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Typical Floor
1
(B1, B2, 4-35)
6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 6.0
A B C D E F G
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 1-2
1
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 3
1
32 @ 3.5
2 @ 5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
C and D
5 4 3 2 1
32 @ 3.5
2 @ 5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
B and E
5 4 3 2 1
32 @ 3.5
2 @ 5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
A and G
5 4 3 2 1