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Critical Book Report: (The Real Numbers)
Critical Book Report: (The Real Numbers)
Critical Book Report: (The Real Numbers)
CALCULUS DIFERENTIAL
CREATED BY :
JIHAN AFIFAH PASARIBU KRISTIAN FELIX SILALAHI
NIM: 4173342003 NIM: 413342005
JULI PITA SARI TINAMBUNAN RIO MADANI SITOMPUL
NIM : 4173342004 NIM: 4173141058
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Chapter I
PRELIMINARY
1.1 Introduction.
Calculus has a number of important aspects: intuition, computation, application and
rigor. International Standard introductory calculus courses treat the first three of these well,
but gloss over the fourth. At base, a first course in real analysis, such as a course that uses this
text, is an exposition of the rigorous ideas that make calculus work.
Real analysis—which in its most basic form is the rigorous study of the ideas in
calculus—takes place in the context of the real numbers, because the real numbers have the
properties needed to allow things such as derivatives and integrals to work as we would like
them to. A rigorous study of derivatives and integrals requires a rigorous treatment of the
fundamental properties of the real numbers, and that is the topic of this chapter and the next.
In mathematics, a real number is a value that represents a quantity along a line. The adjective
real in this context was introduced in the 17th century by René Descartes, who distinguished
between real and imaginary roots of polynomials.
The real numbers include all the rational numbers, such as the integer −5 and the
fraction 4/3, and all the irrational numbers, such as √2 (1.41421356..., the square root of 2, an
irrational algebraic number). Included within the irrationals are the transcendental numbers,
such as π (3.14159265...). Real numbers can be thought of as points on an infinitely long line
called the number line or real line, where the points corresponding to integers are equally
spaced. Any real number can be determined by a possibly infinite decimal representation,
such as that of 8.632, where each consecutive digit is measured in units one tenth the size of
the previous one. The real line can be thought of as a part of the complex plane, and complex
numbers include real numbers.
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1.2 Background.
Since there is so many books study in depth of the calculus real numbers, the author
wants to compare these books if the books fulfil the standart. The author want to present the
advantages and the deficiency of the books, criticize the similarities or the differences of the
various principles, theorems of real number that contain in this books. And in order to fulfil
our calculus assignment.
1.3 Objective.
- To criticsm what is the same or different writing concepts / definitions (kind)
discussed in both books
- Assessment / criticism of the depth of explanation of concepts / definitions (kind)
discussed both books for example from the variation of sample questions, media /
graph / images / illustration
- Check if there is a preliminary / illustration as an introduction to the theorem / nature
(kind) discussed both books, then review / critic
- Assess / criticize the similarities and differences of the various principles / theorems /
propositions / properties discussed in both books (give explanation)
- Assessment / criticism of the depth of explanation of principle / theorems /
propositions / properties discussed both books for example seen from the way of
proof, variation of sample questions, media / graph / images / illustration
- To know how the completeness and variation of the practice of the two books
- To know what are the disadvantages or advantages of both books.
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Chapter II
DISCUSSION
2.1 1st Book Identity.
This book was written by John Stillwell with title ‘‘The Real Numbers and
Introduction to set theory and Analysis” The chapter that i’m going to critic is chapter
1: The Fundamental Questions ,Why does ab=ba?
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about who of uncountability also brought new clarity to the concept of
countability.this picture is very supporting the explanation before,so the reader
can not only to understand of the explanation and how to fix that but they
know who was the great people who discover and give teir concept about this
real number from this picture.
The concept of first and second messenger also explained in this
chapter,where most of the known and agree that a and b are numbers, and ab is
the product of a and b, we still have to agree on the meaning of numbers and
the meaning of product—and these turn out to be deep and fascinating issues.
To see why, consider how ab was understood from the time of ancient Greece
until about 1860. Many a beginning algebra student thinks that (a + b) 2 = a2
+ b2, but this mistake will not be made by anyone who looks at the rectangle
picture of (a + b) 2 (Fig. 1.2). Clearly, the square with side a + b consists of a
square a2 with side a, a square b2 with side b, but also two rectangles ab.
Hence (a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2. The Greeks were so fond of this picture that
they even stamped it on coins! Figure 1.3 shows an example from the Greek
island of Aegina, from around 400 BCE, even before the time of Euclid.
this explanation have picture in page 3 with Aigenia Simbols whit the
simbols why Why Does ab = ba?. there are also the table and explanation of the
“lines” are what we would call algebraic curves, and their “dimensions” are
their degrees, which are whole numbers. (Also, it should probably be pointed
out that the “y” in Newton’s time is “th” in modern English.) Finally, as late as
1863, the great number theorist Dirichlet appealed to the rectangle picture in
order to explain why ab = ba for whole numbers a and b. On page 1 of his
Lectures on Number Theory he asks the reader to imagine objects arranged in
a rows of b objects, or in b rows of a objects, and to realize that the number of
objects is the same in each case. Surely, nothing could be clearer.
Nevertheless, it is surprising that the same idea applies to two vastly different
kinds of quantity: lengths, which vary continuously, and whole numbers,
which vary discretely, or in jumps. Finding a concept of number that embraces
these two extremes is a long journey, which results in a new understanding
and appreciation of the law ab = ba. It will take two chapters to complete, and
the remainder of this chapter outlines the obstacles that have to be overcome.
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2.3 2nd Book Identity
Edition : 1st
This book was written By Ethan D.bloch with title ‘‘The Real Number and real
anlysis‘’The chapter that i’m going to critic is chapter 1: Construction of the Real
Numbers .
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leads to constructions of the integers, the rational numbers and the real
numbers, proving the main properties of each set of numbers along the way
The simplest, and most fundamental, set of numbers is the set of natural
numbers, that is, the numbers 1,2,3,4,.... In this section we will give an
axiomatic treatment of these numbers, and in subsequent sections we will
construct all the other familiar sets of numbers (integers, rational numbers, real
numbers) in terms of the natural numbers
There exists a set N with an element 1 ∈ N and a function s: N → N that
satisfy the following three properties. a. There is no n ∈ N such that s(n) = 1.
b. The function s is injective. c. Let G ⊆ N be a set. Suppose that 1 ∈ G, and
that if g ∈ G then s(g) ∈ G. Then G = N. Observe that it does not say in the
Peano Postulates (Axiom 1.2.1) that the set N is unique, though in fact that
turns out to be true; see Exercise 1.2.8 for details. We can therefore make the
following definition.
We cannot prove that N is precisely what our intuition tells us it should be,
because we cannot prove things about our intuition. The best we can do, and
we will indeed do this, is to prove that N satisfies all the basic properties we
can think of for the natural
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3.1 Conclusion
Both book has an advantages and disadvantages. But its all depend on us, how we see
things in our own prespective. How and what makes us understand the topic is depend
on our own ability, both book has given and present the whole matter of Real Number
in calculus and the rest its on us since human have different ability to ensure and learn
things.
There are no serious differences between the book concidering their present the same
subject of study, but the small things that we can see is The First book stick to the
tables; graphs; and more pictures to represent the data, on the other hand the second
book stick and have more formulas and equation of the real number to show and
present it as an exercises, but both books have the same purpose in order to increase
our intelegence.
3.1 Suggestion
Calculus is an important subject to learn. We can’t take away mathematical equation
from our ordinary live. So it is our responsibility to learn teach it to our heirs for the
sake of humanity. And its our own responsibility as well to make it as easy as possible
to learn so that everyone have the same opportunity to mastering this subject.
I suggest to the future author, please make books especially for calculus book as
attractive as possible, well learned from, and of course by stick to the subject to learn.
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REFERENCES