Industrial Oriented Mini Project Report

On
“CASE STUDY ON PROTECTION OF KAKATIYA HERITAGE
AND MONUMENTS-FORT WARANGAL’’

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

1. Ms. T.SRUJANA (15285A0109)

2. Ms. SINGIREDDY PRATHYUSHA (14281A0103)
3. Mr. K. GATTU SWAMY(14281A0152)
4. Mr. NAQUIDDIN AHMED (14281A112)
5. Mr. N. PAVAN (14281A0125)

Under the guidance of

Mr. A.N.S. PRASAD

(Associate professor
Civil engineering)
KAMALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
Department of Civil Engineering
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Singapur, Karimnagar-505 468
2017- 2018
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I firstly thank Prof. M. PanduRanga Rao who is a retired Professor of National Institute
of Technology in Warangal and trustee of Kakatiya heritage trust, Warangal for giving the
opportunity to carry out the industrial oriented mini project.

I am very grateful to our guide Mr. A.N.S. Prasad, Associate professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, who laid the time bound program and valuable guidance for the successful
completion of this project.

I also express deep and sincere thanks to Dr. Mohammed Ali, Prof and Head of the
Department of Civil Engineering, for giving valuable suggestion at various stages of the work.

I immensely thank Dr. K. Shankar, Principal, KITS(S), for permitting us to carry out the
mini project in the field.

I am also thankful to other faculty and staff of Civil Engineering Department for their co-
operation in successful completion of the industrial oriented mini project.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 About the organization

1.2 About the project

1.3 Necessities of the project

CHAPTER 2: FIELD DATA

2.1 Location

2.2 Hydraulic data

2.3 Location and results of boreholes

2.4 Ground water levels and bearing capacity of soils

2.5 Type of foundation

CHAPTER 3: CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

3.1 Rocks used for construction

3.2 Method of construction

3.2.1 Foundation

3.2.2 Columns

3.2.3 Gateway

3.3 Method of jointing members

3.4 Existing foundations and load calculations

3.5 Causes of failure

3.6 Failure of eastern gate and protective measures

3.7 Suggestion
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION:

The Kakatiya Heritage Trust is nonprofit trust that endeavors to preserve, promote,
protect and propagate the contribution made by the Kakatiyas to Telugu culture. The Kakatiya
Heritage Trust was founded in February 1989 by Sri B.V. Papa Rao (I.A.S Retd) and Professor
M. PanduRanga Rao (Ph.D.)

ABOUT THE PROJECT:

Warangal Fort is one of the beautiful constructions made by Kakatiyas. It was started in
1199 A.D. during the king Ganapathi Deva and was completed in 1261A.D. during the period of
Rudramadevi Devi who the daughter of Ganapathi Deva. King Prathaparudra II was the last ruler
of Fort Warangal.

All the Kakatiya monuments were constructed by a single stone known as Ekashila. The
Kakatiya rulers gave much important to the beauty rather than structural aspects.

In the year 1309, Malik Kafur who was the general of Alauddin khilji launched one
attack on Fort Warangal during the period of Prathaparudra II .Many important elements are
found to be missing or buried and the remaining are scattered over. At present, we can see only
the remaining of the Fort area except sanchi-type granite gateways known as Keerthi Thoranas
which are in their original position.

NECCESSITY OF PROJECT:

 To know the art and construction technology used in ancient days.

 To know the comparison between present and ancient technology.
 To identify the causes of failures.
 To give suggestive measures for protection of monuments.

Archeological Survey of India started investigations about Kakatiya monuments in

February 1986.The Expert committee advised carrying various geotechnical and geophysical
investigations of the Kakatiya monuments.
Fig 1-One of the architectural design of Kakatiyas
 CHAPTER - 2

FIELD DATA

LOCATION:

Fort Warangal was located in Hanmakonda mandal of Warangal district in Telangana

state.

 The latitude of Fort Warangal is 79.615 N

 The longitude of Fort Warangal is 17.95E
 FIG. 2.1 SITE PLAN OF FORT WARANGAL

HYDRAULIC DATA:

 Average annual rainfall of Warangal Fort is 955mm.

 As per 2012 records, the annual rainfall was found as 1232mm.

LOCATION OF BOREHOLES:

A number of bore holes were drilled in the fort area to a depth of about 30m to 40m
below ground level to find the profile of soil below the fort and to know the variation of
groundwater level.

About eight Auger bore holes were drilled in the site in the four gateways of the fort.

 BH-1 was located under the Lingam Peetha.

 BH-2, BH-3 and BH-4 were very close to the east gate which is subjected to more tilting.
 BH-5 was located in the midway between East and North gate on the line joining them.
 BH-6, BH-7 and BH-8 were located near the North, South and West gates respectively.
 The maximum depth of Auger boreholes is 5 m below ground level.

RESULTS OF BOREHOLE DATA:

The result of boreholes identified that the Fort area is composed of three types of soil profile they
are:

1. Top soils - Silt Clayey soils with Silt Sand ;

2. Murom (Weathered Granite );
3. Bed rock (Granite).
The depth of these rocks was found to be varying at various points.
 At all the points in the area the bed has encountered immediately below the Murom zone.
 At the points 19, 20 and 21 i.e., in the S-E region, the bed rock is identified at shallow
depth around 6 to 7m.
 At points 25, 5 and 11 i.e., in the NW-SE direction the bed rock is found beyond 19m
FIG 2.2 LOCATION OF BOREHOLES AT FORT WARANGAL
GROUND WATER LEVELS:

The fluctuations in water table were found to be very high and they are controlled by
rainfall distribution .The water table was shallow during monsoon period (about 4 m).

 The depth of ground water table was in between 2.71m to 20.74m below the ground
level.

BEARING CAPACITY OF SOILS:

 The allowable bearing capacity of the sand used in foundation from both shear and
settlement criteria sand was found to be 23t/m2.
 The safe bearing capacity of the Murom below the foundation was found to be around
27t/m2.

TRIAL PITS AND TRENCHES:

 Trial pits and trenches and trenches indicated that the temples in between four gateways
had shallow depth of foundations below which sand cushion of varying thickness was
used.
 They also found boulders of 30 to 40 cm size in between sand cushion.

RESISTIVITY SURVEYS:

Archeological Survey of India has carried out resistivity survey at 28 points in the entire
Fort area.

 A low resistivity zone was observed near the Eastern gate (about 13 Ohm m) while at the
other points it was found to be fairly good (about 22 Ohm m).
 From the resistivity surveys it has observed that thickness of weathering is at maximum
depth under the Eastern gate.
 Accumulation of thick clayey soil was also observed below the Eastern gate.
 The thickness of weathered rock was much less at both North and South gates.
 FIG 2.3RESULT OF RESISTIVITY SURVE

TYPE OF FOUNDATION:

 Geotechnical investigations have identified that Kakatiyas have used “Confined Sand
Box” method of construction.
 The foundations appear like star from top view.
 The load bearing columns were directly placed over the prepared floor beam resting on
the sand cushion.
 This type of foundation can resist the earthquake forces also due to its confinement in the
ground.
 CHAPTER - 3

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

ROCKS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION:

Kakatiyas have used mainly three types of rocks for the construction of Keerthi Thoranas. They
are:

i. Grey granite
ii. Pink granite
iii. Dolerite
 The basement of Eastern gate was composed of beautiful pink granite.
 Keerthi thoranas were carved with grey granites.
 Decorative Hamsas (swans) were carved with dolerites.

FIG.3.1 PROTECTED PARTS OF FORT WARANGAL

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:

FOUNDATION:

 For the construction of foundation for Thoranas a big trench of 12.44m*4.55m size was
dug to a depth of about 3.35m below average ground level. The trench was completely
filled with fine sand.
 Over the sand two large Granite blocks of size 3.64m*1.4m with 40 cm thickness were
placed to a depth of 2.67m over the sand.

COLUMNS:

 Two stone columns of 1.1m*1.1m square cross section and 9.1m height were placed on
each of the stone block.
 The clear gap between columns is .46m at centre.
 The overall width from outside to outside of exterior columns is 9.0m.
 The columns and the bottom stone blocks were covered with external coverage upto a
depth of 1.75m above ground to give grip.
 The overall width of gateway was 11.6m.

GATEWAY:

 The top of the gateway is covered with central panel placed on two interior columns.
 Two extra panels were placed on either side of central panel.
 These panels were supported on two exterior columns leaving a cantilever of 1.30m
 They are further supported by a bracket joining the column from top.
 Over these panels, two more panels were provided for supporting them.
 On the extended cantilever, two Hamsa idols were placed to provide lateral stability.
 The entire construction technique provides all protective measures to ensure stability in
the vertical direction.
 It also prevents tension by bending or tilting.

Thus the whole system may be treated as “Pre-stressing of stones”.

 FIG 3.2 KEERTHI THORANA OF FORT WARANGAL

 The four columns resting on two stone bocks were preserved in position gripping them by
providing 5 layers of stone blocks enclosing these columns in rectangular rings and
filling the space between them with compacted soil .This can be clearly observed from
the photo.
 FIG 3.3 PLAN AND SECTIONS OF MAIN FRAME

These drawings were prepared by Archeological survey of India after observing the
construction in the fort area.
METHOD FOR JOINTING MEMBERS:

 For joining two stone blocks, they have used iron dowels in between two pieces of
stones.

 Iron in poured into the gap of stone blocks in a liquid state and after cooling it will
become hard and provides a good bonding between the stone blocks.

FIG 3.4 IRON DOWELS USED FOR JOINING TWO STONE BLOCKS
EXISTING FOUNDATIONS:

Present we can only see the four main gates (Keerthi Thoranas) in the entire Fort area
but, they are also in a bad condition giving no scope for restoration and reconstruct in their
original shape.

FIG 3.5 RUINS OF FORT WARANGAL

 The specialty of Kakatiya temples was their roof. The roof was made with layers of
stone in a decreasing order of size from bottom to top. When we look from bottom of
roof, it appears like a beautiful carving of stone.

In the above photo, we can observe the roof of one temple which was made of
pink granite.
 FIG 3.6 SHIVA TEMPLE AT FORT WARANGAL

 One Shiva temple was found in the buried monuments.

 This was originally constructed with pink granite but due to weathering, its color was
changed to red.
LOAD CALCULATIONS:

FIG 3.7 LINE DIAGRAM OF MAIN LOAD

TABLE 1-LOAD ON MEMBERS

S. No. Description Member load Total load

(tonne) (tonne)

1. Counter panels (1,2) 4.825 9.65

2. End panels (3,5) 8.62 17.24

3. Central panel(4) 12.17 12.17

4. Columns (6,7,8,9) 29.18 58.36

5. Bracket (10,11) 3.8 7.6

6. Foundation Stone (12,13) 5.43 10.86

7. Hamsa (A,B) 1 2
 8. TOTAL LOAD ON FOUNDATION SOIL 117.88

CAUSES OF FAILURE:

There were many causes for the failure of Fort Warangal, they are:

INADEQUATE FOUNDATIONS:

 Absence of either isolated deep foundations under the columns or alternatively

single mat foundation to distribute their loads on the entire sand box.
 Loss of confinement of the sand in the box foundations.

ATTACKS AND WARS:

 One more reason for the failure is attacks by the Delhi sultans. In 1309, Malik
Kafur who was general of Alauddin khilgi launched an attack and the entire Fort
was destroyed except the four thoranas.

The following are the minor reasons for failure:

 Leakage and seepage.

 Lack of maintenance.
 The presence of thick clayey soils that are liable for consolidation settlement and
the loss of confinement of sand caused the excessive settlements.
FAILURE OF EASTERN GATE:

 Eastern gate of Fort Warangal is not truly vertical and is leaning towards north
direction.
 Because of presence of thick clayey stratum near the Eastern gate caused
differential settlement of the foundation.
 The settlement has also caused a gap between the top central panels of the
gateway.

FIG 3.8 EASTERN GATE OF FORT WARANGAL

 The amount of inclination with vertical axis is 1 in 20 which is greater than
permissible limits.

FIG 3.9 INCLINATION OF EAST THORANA

PROTECTIVE MEASURES TAKEN FOR CONTROL OF SETTLEMENT:

To control the settlement of soil bellow eastern gate, geotechnical engineers have
adopted concrete wall along the periphery of the gate.

When reconstructed, there’s more gap on the right side of tell tale compared to the
left one and other thoranas.

To monitor the settlement phenomenon of east thorana they kept a glass plate in the
gap of right side tell tale and observed for few months to see if settlement is happening

Since the glass has not broken they found amount of tilting is within the limit without
undergoing further settlement.

SUGGESTION:

Strengthening of foundations and creating a lime concrete apron around it and a

subsurface cutoff wall 3m away from the structure and to a depth of 3m could help confine the
sand in sandbox which also prevents infiltration of water into the foundation.