Chapt

er2

Inchapter2,t
heauthorfocusesonav ari
etyofi
nt er
nationalandglobal
l
yorient
edanti
-col
onial
mov ements.Thi
schapterbeginswithar evol
uti
onar yIndi
anmov ementcall
edGhadar.Thent he
authorhasfocusedonpan-Isl
am fr
om t helatenineteenthcentur
y.Thentheauthort
alksabout
anticol
onialmovementsbasedoni nternati
onalcommuni sm.

TheGhadarMov ementwasani mpor tantepi sodei nIndia’ sfreedom st ruggl e.Theai m oft his
mov ementwast oov erthr owt heBr i
tishempi reandgai nf reedom, brotherhood, andequal ity.
TheGhadarPar tywasar evolutionarygr oupwhi chwasf oundedi n1913i nUni tedSt atesand
Canada.OnNov ember1, 1913t hePar tylaunchedi t'
sf i
rstnewspaper-Ghadar .TheGhadar
Partywasmai nlyacoal it
ionofPunj abi mi gr
antwor kersandBengal iandPunj abi intellectuals
andst udent s.Thoughi tscor eleadershi pwasHi ndu, Sikh, andMusl i
m, near l
yni net yper centof
i
tsmember shipwascompr isedofPunj abi Sikhmal es.Ghadarexhor tedr eader st hati twast hei
r
patrioti
cdut ytoci rculatecopi esoft henewspaperamongasmanyI ndiansaspossi ble.The
newspapercont ainedar ti
cleswhi chdescr ibedt hecondi tionsoft hepeopl eofI ndi aundert he
Briti
shr ule.Wi t
ht heout breakoft heFi r
stWor l
dWari n1914, theGhadarPar tyl aunchedi nt o
action.Theywer esear chingf oranoppor tunemomentt oor ganizeupr i
singsi nbot hI ndiaand
Briti
shi mper ialout post s,bet ween1914and1918, t
heGhadarPar tymobi li
zednear lyeight
thousandI ndiansf rom Nor t
handSout hAmer i
caandEastAsi at or etur
nt oI ndiat oov erthrow
Briti
shr ule.TheGhadarpar tycont actedGer many ,Tur key ,Afghani stan,Chi naandot her
count r
ies, butnotmuchhel pcamef rom anyoft hese.Ger manysy mpat hizedwi tht heGhadar
partyandoccasi onal l
yt riedt orendersomehel pint hef or m ofweaponsandmoney ,butt hese
oftenf ail
edt or eacht hepar t
yandcapt uredonr outebyt heBr iti
sh.Howev er,theGhadar
mov ementwasnotsuccessf ulbecausesomeoft het rai
t orsinsidepar tyleakedoutt hesecr et
plant otheBr i
ti
shspi es.

Pan-
Asianism (alsoknownasAsi ani
sm orGreat
erAsiani
sm)isanideol
ogythatpr
omot est
he
uni
tyofAsianpeopl es.Thi
smov ementwasagai nstt
heWesternimperi
ali
sm anditwasbased
onabeliefthat"Asianval
ues"shouldtakepr
ecedenceover"
Europeanval
ues."Dur
ingtheCold
War,t
hemov ementbecameweak.

Pan-Af
ri
canism r
efer
stot
heuni t
yofAf
ri
canpeopl
e.I
tisbasedonthebelieft
hatunityi
svi
tal
to
economic,
social
,andpol
i
tical
progr
essandai
msto"unif
yandupli
ft"peopleofAfr
ica.

Pan-
Isl
ami
sm ref
erstotheI
slami
cunityt
hatemergedamongMusl
im peopl
es,st
art
ingi
nthe
mid–ni
net
eent
hcenturyandcont
inui
ngthr
oughoutthet
went
iet
hcent
ury.Theneedforauni
fi
ed
Isl
ami ci denti
tywasapr oductoft hechal lengesposedbyWest erni ntervent i
onanddomi nati
on
ofMusl i
m soci etiesdur ingt hecol oni al
istper i
od.Leader st hroughoutt heMusl i
m wor ld
appealedt otheI slamict raditiont osol idifypubl i
copposit i
ont of or eignoccupat i
onandt her
eby
gainpol iti
calindependence.Theot tomanempi rewasamusl im st atet hatexi st
edbet ween1299
to1923.Ot tomansul t
answer et hef i
rsttoi mpl ementpan- Islami sm asof ficialstate.Thepan-
Isl
ami cappeal wast i
edt othegr owi ngWest erninfl
uencei nt heMusl im wor l
d.Theneedt o
reform hadbecomeappar entasEur opeanpeopl esbegant owi nbackt er
ritoryinthe
sev ent
eent handei ghteent hcent ur iest hathadbeenl ostt otheOt t
omanexpansi oni ntoEurope
duringt hef i
ft
eent handsi xteent hcent uri
es.Thesamer isingt ideoft echnol ogical advancement
thathadal l
owedEur opeannat i
onst odef eattheOt t
omansi nEur opeal soper mittedt hem to
projectt hei
rpowerabr oad.Consci ousoft heirdecli
ningpower ,theOt tomansembar kedona
seriesofmi l
it
ar y,educat ional ,soci al,andgov ernment al
r eformst hr oughoutt hefirsthalfofthe
nineteent hcent ury.SultanAbdul Hami dI Iwasanot t
omanr uler.Headopt edPan- Isl
ami sm to
resisttheEur opeanCol onial powerandt oi ncreasehispol iti
cal power .

Communi sm isapol i
ti
cal andeconomi csy stem t hatseekst ocr eateacl asslesssoci ety.
The  hi
storyofcommuni sm  circledar oundt hr oughawi dev arietyof  
ideol ogi
es  and  poli
ti
cal
mov ement s.Mostmoder nf ormsof  
communi sm aregr oundedi n Mar xism,ani deol ogyf ounded
by Karl Mar x.Mar xi
sm gai nedpopul ari
tyqui ckl yi
nEur ope.Att hel ate18t hcent uryitcauseda
numberoff ail
edr evolutionsonEur ope.Col dWarwasar ival
ryt hatdev elopedaf t
erWor ldWarII
betweent heUni tedSt atesandt heSov ietUni on.TheCol dWarwasbasedonpol iti
cal ,
economi c,andpr opagandaf r
ont sandhadonl yli
mi t
edr ecour set oweapons.I tlast edf r
om the
l
ate1940sunt ilthecol l
apseoft heSov i
etUni onin1991. Thewarwascol donl yint hatthey
neverf oughti nadi rectmi li
taryconf rontati
on.Theyi ndirect l
yf oughti npr oxywar s( e.g.Korean
war ,Vietnam war )
.TheSov ietUni onwasacommuni stcount ry.Inacommuni stcount r
y
every t
hingi sownedbyt hegov ernmentandt hendi videdupequal lyamongt hepeopl e.The
UnitedSt ateswasacapi tali
stwhi chmeantt hepeopl ecoul downl andandbusi nessand
compet ewi ththemsel ves.Thust heirdifferenti deologiesi nfluencedot hercount r
iest ojoinwith
them asal l
ies.Communi stI nternat i
onal  (
alsoknownast heCommi ntern)wasonemaj orcause
oftensi onsdur ingthe Col dWar .TheComi nt ernandt he communi stpar ti
es i
n
the colonies underi t
sgui danceandcont r
ol act edasmaj orcat alystsofant i
-colonial activi
sm.
TheCommuni stPar tyofGr eatBr i
tain( CPGB)hadbeenheav i
lyinv olvedi nant i-
coloni alacti
vi
sm.