EARLY FILIPINO - WET METHOD: rice was
Inheritance
COMMUNITIES
IMPORTANCE OF TOPOGRAPHY
Communities before lived near
bodies of water because of
- Food from water resources
- Easy access to food
- Means of transportation
- Not easily attacked by an
enemy
EARLY SHELTER
1. Caves
- deemed safer then moved to
plains and coastal areas
- Plains : for farming
- Coastal Areas: for fishing
2. Nipa huts
- made of Nipa palm leaves,
wood, bamboo
- square shape; 1 meter
above ground.
- 1 room only, used as dining,
living bedroom and
receiving room.
- Arigue: main post of the
house
- Batalan – place at the back
for water jars and cooking
3. Tree Houses
- to keep safe from enemies
and wild animals. Ladders
were hoisted at night.
4. Houses on Stilts
- along coastal areas
MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD
1. Agriculture
- 2 methods
- KAINGIN: cutting and burning
of plants/grasses. Rituals
were performed before
burning.
2.
planted in areas where dikes
were built to collect water.
2. Hunting
- men used bow and arrow to
hunt for deer. Accompanied
by dogs to chase the deer.
3. Boat Making
- made boats out of wood
- BIREY: boat for 50 to 100
people
- BIROCO : boat for more than
100 people
4. Trading
- Filipinos traded w/ other
Filipinos
- GOLD: standard of exchange
- Malubai: worth 2 pesetas
- Bielu: 3 pesetas
- Linguingi: 4 pesetas
- Oregeras: highest value of 5
pesetas
Communites
- 10 to 20 families
Commercial Communities
- in the coastal areas
Local people
- traded w/ asian countries
that attracted people from
the mountains and forests.
Barangay – ‘Balanghay’, ‘Biniray’,
‘Balangay’, meaning a water vehicle.
Barangay
- refers to ethnic group who
migrated and rode together
- Group was named after their
datu
CHOOSING A LEADER
1. Age
- oldest of the group was the
leader.
- based on blood relations to
the datu (son/daughter. Next
immediate relative)
3. Extent of Knowledge
- knowledge of customs and
traditions of the tribe.
Barangay Government
- 5 to 10 barangays
Datu
- head/ extensive powers/
implemented an made the
laws
Laws of Barangay
- written or unwritten
Council of Elders
- made the laws of the
Barangay
Datu
- recommended a law
Council
- reviews and agrees
Umalahokan
- announces to the barangay
THE TRIAL
1. Trial by Datu
- Datu as judge
- Council of Elders as jury
2. Trial by Ordeal
- Boiling water and stone
- Lighted candle
- Swimming underwater
3. Trial by war
- Fight it out until one gives up
ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNITY
1. Family – most important element
- Very close family ties
PRACTICES/BELIEFS BROUGHT
ABOUT BY THE CLOSE FAMILY TIES:
1. Balata
- wife does not eat until the
husband returns from battle
2. Ginggil
- non-remarrying
INSULTS/REVENGE RELATIONSHIPS
TURN SOUR BECAUSE OF INSULTS
Visayans
- Aswang, Alakawat, Barangan,
Dalondongan
Tagalogs
- Mangkukulam, Mangagaway
Inheritance
- When a father dies, leaves 4
children divided into 4
- Unless father favored 1 child
- Illegitimate child gets
nothing
- No children: brother gets
inheritance
- Succession to throne: Eldest
Son-2nd Eldest Son-Eldest
Daughter
4 KINDS OF GROUPS
1. Datus/Leaders
- showed highest respect
- Made important decisions
- Regarded as savior
- Tagalog: Lakan/Gat
- Wives: Dayang-dayang
2. Maharlika (Free/Noble People)
- Did not pay taxes
- Traveled with the datu
- Supervised the rowers of the
boat
3. Timawa (Ordinary People/ The
Masa)
- Allowed to live in other
Barangays
- Rowers of the Boat
- Protected by the datu
4. Alipin (Ayuey/The Slaves)
- Lowest Status
- Caused by inheritance
- Captured, punished, sold
OTHER IMPORTANT GROUPS
1. Babayland, Baylana or Katalona
- Female priests
- Can communicate with the
gods
- Heads all rituals
2. Tambalan
- Healers or doctors
3. Atubang ng Datu
- Adviser of the datu
4. Daragangan
- Outstanding soldier
- Made to wear pinayusan: a
decorative scarf made of
abaca
- Longer potong: cover the
head
5. Paratabgaw
- Barangay teacher
CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS EARLY
FILIPINO
1. Pagnganga
- Chewing of betel nut
- Tagalog: nganga
- Visaya: buyo
- Malays/Indians: makan sirek
- Nganga: areca seeds, lime
and a leaf of betel (tobacco –
4th ingredient)
2. Belief in the Afterlife
- T’boli: soul/ spirit left the
body during sleep (astral
projection)
- Person awakened only after
the spirit returns
- Dies when the spirit fails to
return to the body
- Bagobo: each had 2 souls,
good and bad
3. Burial Practices
- Manobos: bury dead in trees
- *4 Methods
o Tying the dead to a
branch
o Placing the dead b/w
2 branches
o Placed on a platform
made on the
branches
o Buried inside the
tree trunk
- Sulod: bury inside the tree
trunk/ remove the bones/
placed inside a jar.
- Ifugaos: corpse was seated in
a chair for several days/
brought to a cave/ after a
year buried elsewhere
- Sagada: hang the dead by
the side of the mountain
Other Burial Practices
- Corpse was embalmed w/
herbs and oils and perfume/
place in a coffin
- Burried right under the
house/ cave of a cliff
overlooking the sea
- Egyptians: buried w/ dead
are clothes, jewelry, food,
weapons, slaves/eyes were
covered w/ beaten gold
- Morning Period:
relatives/family wore white/
refrained from eating meat
or drinking wine/ hired
professional mourners/ to
chant the good deeds of the
dead.
- Bright lights burned all day
and night. Fires built around
the bereaved homes
- The house would be burned
down and the family left to
live in a new home
- If murdered, the relatives
would kill the guilty party
and their family to appease
their sorrow.
BATTLE OF MACTAN September 20, 1519 Comparison of 2 Islands
- Start of Magellan’s - Name of the place
expedition searching of - Route from Homonhon
Treaty of Tordesillas
passage going to Spice Island - Latitude position
- June 7, 1494 in Tordesillas
- Route to Cebu
Spain
September 26, 1519 - Geographical features
- Eastern lands would belong
- Magellan cross and stopover
to Portugal
at the Canary Island Archipelago de San Lazaro
- Western lands to Spain
- Name given by Magellan to
- Pope Alexander VI
December 13, 1519 the Philippines
- They reached the Rio de
Ferdinand Magellan
Janeiro bay Battle of Mactan
- Portuguese sea captain who
- April 21, 1521
led the expedition in search
January 12, 1519 - Warriors of Lapu-lapu,
for spice islands
- Rio de Plata chieftain of Mactan vs.
- Misconception: First person
Spanish force fighting for
to circumnavigate the world
March 31, 1520 Rajah Humabon of Cebu,
- Puerto san Julian under the command of
HOW MAGELLAN BECOME
Magellan who was killed in
SPANIARD?
October 21, 1520 the battle
- Start of sailing at the All Saint
- 1517, King Manuel I of
Straight Lapu-lapu
Portugal refused Magellan to
- First Filipino to reject
organized expedition in
November 28, 1521 submission to a foreign
search of Spice Island,
- Passing by at Madarian power
nationality was renounced as
Island - Chieftain of Mactan
Portuguese
- 1519, he went to Spain and
March 6, 1521 CAUSES OF BATTLE OF MACTAN
was welcomed by King
- Anchored at Guam and
Charles
called it Los Ladranos - Oppositionj of Lapu-lapu
- September 20, 1519: start of
against Rajah Humabon and
his expedition
March 16, 1521 the orders of Magellan.
- 5 ships: Trinidad,
- Landed at the shore of - Zula seek help of Magellan to
Conception, Victoria,
Homonhon defeat Lapu-lapu
Santiago, San Antonio
- They want to convert the
March 28, 1521 religion to Christianity
- Magellan went to Limasawa
REASONS FOR EXPEDITION
Kingdom of Mactan
- Alternate Route
March 31, 1521 - Leader: Lapu-lapu
- Age of Discovery
- A mass was held - 1,500 native warriors
- Spain wants to make their
- Several killed and wounded
territory bigger and spread
April 7, 1521
Christianity
- Magellan reached Cebu w/ Kingdom of Cebu + Magellan
the help of Rajah Kulambu Expedition
- Leader: Ferdinand Magellan,
TIMELINE OF MAGELLAN’S
April 14, 1521 Rajah Humabon, Datu Zula
EXPEDITION
- Rajah Kolambu and - 49 Spanish, 200 to 300 allied
Magellan’s blood compact native warriors
March 22, 1519
- At least 14 Spanish killed
- King Charles V support the
First mass in the Philippines including Magellan and 150
Voyage of Magellan to
- Limasawa or Butuan? natives
search for the Spice Island
RESULTS OF BATTLE OF MACTAN words of those who have and factual descriptions of
experienced the event the event.
- Lapu-lapu defeated - Lessons of strategies - Conceptualizations and
Spaniards that lead to reconstruction of the events
Magellan’s death FILIPINO TRAITS - E.g. what happened? What
- Spaniards didn’t own the was it like?
respect of the Cebuanos - Hospitality
- Kinship and camaraderie The WHY:
AFTERMATH - Close family relations - Invites the historian to
provide explanation of the
- Body of Magellan was not pattern of event that they
recovered have about the past.
- Juan Sebastian Elcano: - Involves the identification of
succeeded Magellan who
HISTORY causes, action forces that
ordered immediate brought about the facts of
ETYMOLOGY
departure after Humabon’s history
betrayal
- Greek “historia” meaning
- Returned to Spain in 1522 The HOW
knowledge acquired from
completing the first - Historians’ interest of the
studying the past through
circumnavigation around the account of the historical
written documents
world matter or event is brought
- Latin “historia”, “history”
clearer
one who sees or knows
RESULTS OF MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE - Explanation of the event
o Knowledge can be
answering more of the how
gained through
- Proved the world was round than the why question
communication w/
- Europe became aware that - Details that give further
someone.
the greatest of all oceans lies explanation
b/w the New World and Asia
History
- Enhanced geographical Making the CONNECTIONS
- study of past events
knowledge and made - Final output of history
- study of series of events
Europeans eager to explore - Historians piece together the
connected to someone
and conquer the Pacific human meanings and
- a written document
- Paved the way for the intention that underlie the
- working def’n: History is the
Spanish colonization and series of historical actions so
study of people, the study of
Christianity of the Philippines that it will help others in
our past.
understanding the thoughts,
FIVE EXPEDITIONS AFTER MAGELLAN motives, state of mind of the
Why’s and Relevancy?
participants.
- In understanding the past,
- LOAISA - Involves the interpretation of
man may be able to gain a
- CABOT actions, meaning and
more balanced view of the
- SAAVEDRA intentions.
present.
- VILLALOBOS - E.g. Why does the Filipino
- Contemporary lives are
- LEGAZPI: most successful President argue that the war
shaped by the decisions and
on drugs is for the youth
actions made by people
Importance despite the consequences
years ago.
- Signified the defense of the about it?
o This is a continuous
Philippines against foreign
pattern.
invaders (Spain)
HISTORY AND ITS REPRESENTATION
Relevance
- Making Philippines known by
The WHAT:
the whole world through the
- Historians are interested in
providing conceptualizations
Historiography Internal Criticism
- The history of history - Try to look at the context
- Covers how historians have and content
studied and developed - Examination of the
history including its truthfulness and factuality of
resources the evidence
- Focused on how a certain - Looks at the content of the
historical text was written, sources and examines the
who wrote it, what was the circumstances of its
context of its publication. production
- Could be done by looking at
the author
HISTORICAL SOURCES - Questions to answer
(Primary Document)
o Eyewitness or
Primary Sources secondhand
- Produced at the same time account?
of the event o Why was it written?
- E.g. minutes, records, o Literal meaning?
newspaper clippings o Internal consistency?
o Connotations?
o Meaning in Context?
Secondary sources
- Sources produced by an
author who use primary
sources
- Repacking
- E.g. Philippine Revolution
1935, Teodoro Agoncillo’s
Revold of the Masses 1956

External Criticism
- Verifying the authenticity of
the evidence by examining
the physical characteristics,
consistency w/ the historical
characteristics of the time
when it was produced
- Questions to answer
(Primary Document)
o When was it written?
o Where was it
written?
o Why did it survive?
o Who was the real
author?
o Authenticity?